The document provides information on reservoir systems and major depositional environments. It discusses reservoir systems including the reservoir, trap, and kitchen. It then describes major depositional systems such as terrigenous fan systems, fluvial depositional systems, deltaic depositional systems, barrier/strandplain systems, terrigenous shelf systems, slope and abyssal depositional systems, and eolian systems. Key aspects of each system are defined including characteristics, processes, and facies associations. Internal geometry models and detailed facies analysis are also covered.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
Basin margins and its formation mechanism.Usama Shah
This great work done by M. Wajid Manzoor, student of PU Lahore, will help you to understand basics of Basin Margins, its formation mechanism, and most important thing that is Sedimentary Basins of Pakistan.
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Basin margins and its formation mechanism.Usama Shah
This great work done by M. Wajid Manzoor, student of PU Lahore, will help you to understand basics of Basin Margins, its formation mechanism, and most important thing that is Sedimentary Basins of Pakistan.
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Integrated Sequence Stratigraphy in Clastic ReservoirspetroEDGE
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The study of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary system in Muglad Basiniosrjce
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combine well logging, seismic and core observation, and comprehensive analysis of each well rock type, color,
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Want to learn, how to make beautiful presentation and impress you colleagues and boost your confidence?..then explore this!!
Many things to learn about powerpoint and proper usage of all the features.
Explore everything inside!!
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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Topics covered:
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UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
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2. RESERVOIR SYSTEM
• Reservoir: porous medium
• Trap: seal medium
• Kitchen: sources of petroleum, should not
be too far.
3. Fig. 1 – Mosaic of different geologic trap mechanisms
4. DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT
CHARACTER OF MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS
- Terrigenous Fan System
- Fluvial Depositional Systems
- Deltaic Depositional Systems
- Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
- Terrigenous Shelf Systems
- Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
- Eolian Systems
6. Terminology and Definition in Reservoir
Characterization
• Genetic approach to facies analysis
This approach benefits from detailed, three-dimensonal
studies of modern facies that are related to sedimentary
environments and the associated depositional
processes.
8. Terminology and Definition in Reservoir
Characterization
• Sedimentary Environment
Defined as a part of the earth’s surface that is physically,
chemically, and biologically distinct from adjacent areas
(Selley, 1978).
Physical parameters: current velocity and direction,
water depth, temperature, wind speed and direction.
Chemical parameters: water salinity, pH, oxidation
potential.
Biological parameters: effects of organisms, energy-
damping effects of vegetation, and contributions of
organic matter.
10. Terminology and Definition in Reservoir
Characterization
• Focus of Geological Models
External Geometry:
most, these models have been primarily used in
exploration.
Internal Geometry:
fewer, finer-scale of depositional components, shows
strong relation between original depositional controls,
reservoir quality, and hydrocarbon distribution.
12. Terminology and Definition in Reservoir
Characterization
• Facies
- Derived from the latin “facia”, relating to the external
appearance or look of something (Walker, 1984).
- A three-dimensional body of sediment (Modern) or rock
(Ancient) whose genesis (environment, processes) can
be inferred reliably from its composition, petrography,
external geometry, sedimentary structures, organic
content, stratigraphic relations, and spatially associated
facies (Fisher an Brown, 1984).
- Middleton (1978) noted that facies may simply be given
alphabetic or numeric designations or brief descriptive
names defined by lithology, sedimentary structures, or
prominent trace fossils, but it is understood that each
facies will ultimately be given an environmental
interpretation.
13. Terminology and Definition in Reservoir
Characterization
• Depositional system
- A three-dimensional assemblage of lithogenetic facies
linked by observed (Modern) or inferred (Ancient)
depositional environments and associated processes
(Fisher and McGowen, 1967; Fisher an Brown, 1984).
• Genetic stratigraphy
- The process of interpreting sedimentary rocks using
lithogenetic facies as the fundamental stratigraphic unit,
and the organization of those facies into depositional
systems.
15. Character of Major Depositional Systems
Terrigenous Fan Systems
Fluvial Depositional Systems
Deltaic Depositional Systems
Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Terrigenous Shelf Systems
Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
Eolian Systems
16. Terrigenous Fan Systems
• Allufial Fans
Consist of conical piles of sediment, predominantly
coarse-grained clastics
Form the most poorly sorted and source-proximal
depositional systems in the subaerial environment
(Galloway an Hobday, 1983; Fisher and Brown, 1984).
Produce hydrocarbons only in a limited number of
settings because they do not contain and are not
associated laterally with source rocks, do not have wide
areal extent (especially in semiarid environments), are
often not deeply buried, and may have low porosities
and permeabilities and following diagenesis, primarily
where carbonate cementation has occurred (Nilsen,
1982).
18. Terrigenous Fan Systems
• Allufial Fans
Concave in longitudinal profile, convex-upwards in
transverse profile, and may slope from a few hundreds
feet to a view hundred feet per mile to a fiew feet per
mile.
Slopes are steepest on the proximal, upper part of the
fan where sediments are coarsest and texturally
immature.
Coalescing often forms an alluvial plain that extends
parallel to the uplifted source area.
22. Terrigenous Fan Systems
• Operating processes
Combination of stream flow and debris flow, depending
on the avaliable sediment size distribution and the
climate (water).
Stream Flow: Dominant where fines are not available
Debris Flow: Occur in arid to semi arid regions contrast
with wet alluvial fans.
25. Terrigenous Fan Systems
• Mobeetie Field Study
A study in the Texas
Panhandle,
fan-delta progadation onto
a shallow, carbonate-shelf
environment in the
Andarko Basin.
29. Terrigenous Fan Systems
• Reservoir Characteristic at Mobeetie Field
Porosities: - thin section = 0 to 14%
- core plugs = 21%
Permeabilities: - 0.1md to 1450md
- 10’s md to 100’s md (mostly)
Updip fluvial and undisturbed distal fan-delta deposits have
good porosity and permeability, whereas reworked fan-delta
deposits are not productive owing to calcite cement.
30. Character of Major Depositional Systems
Terrigenous Fan Systems
Fluvial Depositional Systems
Deltaic Depositional Systems
Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Terrigenous Shelf Systems
Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
Eolian Systems
31. Fluvial Depositional Systems
• Fluvial Systems
Transport terrigenous clastic depositional sediments from a
source area into lacustrine or marine basins.
Sediment accumulations may occur in fluvial systems such
as tectonically stable coastal plains, intermontane basin, and
broad tectonic forelands.
Internal structure of the channel fill and distribution of the
component facies is determined primarily by the geometry of
the channel segment.
35. Fluvial Depositional Systems
• Braided Fluvial Systems
Typically the most source-proximal of fluvial systems.
Their develpoment is favored by rapid fluctuatuions on
discharge, and compared with meandering systems, braided
systems tend to have higher slope, a heavier load of coarse
sediment, and more easily erodible baks of non-cohesive
sediment.
Contain multilateral sand bodies with high thickness ratio
that are deposited in low sinuosity streams.
37. Fluvial Depositional Systems
• Braided Fluvial Systems
Two bar types predominate:
1. Longitudinal Bars
2. Transverse or oblique bars
Sediments are relatively coarse, consisting mostly of medium-
grained sand to gravel, with little preservation of mud and silt.
The sedimetary structures is limited relative to meandering
systems and is dominated by planar bedding and byy low-
angle-avalanche and tabular cross-stratification.
39. Fluvial Depositional Systems
• Meandering Fluvial Systems: Fine Grained
Represent the opposite end of an idealized continuum of
fluvial types compared with the braided system.
Develop under low gradients, moderately high and
uniform discharge, and high suspended load.
The primary depositional environment for sand is the point
bar, which develops by lateral accretion and migrates
downstream.
Sedimentary structures are more varied than in the
braided systems.
42. Fluvial Depositional Systems
• Meandering Fluvial Systems: Fine Grained
Sand bodies display moderate thickness ratio and commonly develop
multistory sand bodies enclosed within overbank muds.
43. Fluvial Depositional Systems
• Meandering Fluvial Systems: Coarse Grained
This system is midway between braided and fine-grained
meandering fluvial types.
Develops in the lower reaches of moderate to high bed-
load fluvial systems.
Sand bodies are multilateral with high thickness ratio, and
deposits consist of partly developed point bars and channel
fill.
the coarsest sediment typically occurs as main channel lag
and in chute channels.
47. Character of Major Depositional Systems
Terrigenous Fan Systems
Fluvial Depositional Systems
Deltaic Depositional Systems
Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Terrigenous Shelf Systems
Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
Eolian Systems
48. Deltaic Depositional Systems
• Deltaic Deposition
Involves the discharges of water and sediment by a river
system into a standing body of water.
Formed by the interaction of fluvial and marine or
lacustrine processes.
Waves, tidal proccesses or both are active in
determining delta type according to a three-part
classification.
50. Deltaic Depositional Systems
• Effect of Flufial Processes and Sediment Influx
Where sediment input is dominant, the delta developes an
elongate shape
Increasing tidal-energy flux leads to dip-oriented subtidal
and intertidal sand ridges.
52. Deltaic Depositional Systems
• Basic Delta Geometries
High-constructive deltas (river dominated) are referred to as high-
constructive elongate or high-constructive lobate, depending on
their geometry.
High-destructive deltas (marine dominated) may be either high-
destructive, wave dominated or high-destructive, tide dominated.
54. Deltaic Depositional Systems
• River-Dominated Deltas
Progadation due to sediment inpput exceeds the capability of waves, tidal
currents, and longshore currents to redistribute and disperse sediment.
Example: Modern Mississippi delta
55. Deltaic Depositional Systems
River-Dominated Deltas
•
• Elongate Geometries
Distributary channels with subaerial and subaqeous levees and
distributary mouth bars are major framework components of
prograding river-dominated systems.
These systems commonly have a low bed-load to suspend-load
ratio and they develop relatively straight distributary channels.
57. Deltaic Depositional Systems
River-Dominated Deltas
•
• Lobate Geometries
Delta geometry changes from elongate to lobate with
increasing wwave influence in the receiving basin.
58. Deltaic Depositional Systems
River-Dominated Deltas
•
• Lobate Geometries
Upward-coarsening textural trends are well defined
59. Deltaic Depositional Systems
• Wave-Dominated Deltas
In these systems, mouth-bar deposits are continually reworked
alongshore into a series of curved beach ridges that may laterally
fill interdistributary bays or accrete to the mainland shoreline.
The resulting overall sand geometry is strike elongate and may be
skewed in one direction.
Progadation is less rapid and extensive than for river-dominated
deltas
The sequence is upward coarsening.
The proportion of sand and silt beds increases upward.
61. Deltaic Depositional Systems
• Tide-Dominated Deltas
The difference between wave- and tide-dominated deltas depends
primarily on which marine process reworks deltaic sediment.
The estuarine distributary-channel-fill consists of multiple, stacked,
slightly upward-fining sequence.
Tide-dominated estuarine distributaries tend to fill with sand and
form seaward-thickening and seaward-widening lenses.
A generalized vertical profile consists of an upward-coarsening
sequence from prodelta and shelf muds.
62. Deltaic Depositional Systems
Tide-Dominated Deltas
•
• The Mahakam Delta
Deposited in a moderately tide-dominated environment.
63.
64. Deltaic Depositional Systems
Tide-Dominated Deltas
•
• The Mahakam Delta
Sedimentary sequences defined in the Handil and Badak fields
show strong lateral variability in delta-plain marine environments at
scale of 1500 to 5000 feet.
Channel mouth-bars are less crescentric and wave elongate
parallel to tidal current direction than in fluvially-dominated deltas.
72. Character of Major Depositional Systems
Terrigenous Fan Systems
Fluvial Depositional Systems
Deltaic Depositional Systems
Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Terrigenous Shelf Systems
Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
Eolian Systems
73. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
• Barrier-island and Strandplain Systems
These systems are marginal marine depositional
systems distinguished by the presence or absence of
lagoonal facies
Develop under wave-dominated conditions characterized
by strike-parallel longshore reworking and transport of
sediment.
74. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
• Barrier-islands
Barrier islands or barrier spits are flanked lanward by
lagoonal deposits.
Vertical barrier sequences vary, depending on wheter
regression or marine transgression predominate.
• Strandplains
Strandplains, wheter sand rich or mud rich, are
prograding coastal margins fed laterally by a sediment
source but not separated by a lagoon from delta-plain
and other mainland facies.
Strandplains systems are often cut by distributary
channels, the sediment sources from which they develop,
and as such are a component of wave-dominated,
cuspate delta system.
76. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
• Internal Barrier Geometry
The precenses of tidal inlets and the extent of their lateral migration
are significants determinants of internal barrier geometry.
77. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
• Barrier Systems
In macrotidal environment (such as the Gulf Coast),
barriers tend to be long and relatively narrow with widely
spaced tidal inlets.
On mesotidal coasts, barriers are short and stubby and
are more frquently interrupted by tidal inlets.
Climate also acts as an important control on component
facies of the barrier system, and also eolian activity
(example: the Texas Gulf Coast, where a semiarid climate
limits vegetation growth on the barrier).
79. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
• Facies Distributions of Barrier Systems
Divide into three major assemblages:
1) shoreface facies on the seaward side of the barrier.
2) tidal-inlet facies.
3)Barrier-lagoon facies transition.
81. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Shoreface facies
•
Shoreface facies are upward coarsening from subtidal shelf muds into overlying intertidal barrier foreshore facies.
The lower shoreface is defined as seaward of the break in slope of the nearshore sediment prism, predominantly very fine
sand and silt.
The middle to upper shoreface contains cleaner sands and shows more variability in sedimentary structures.
83. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
• Inlet facies
Tidal-inlet facies may be subdevided into tidal-delta and tidal-
cahnnel deposits.
Tidal deltas are arcuate, roughly shore-normally oriented
deposits consisting of a series of a channels and shoals
occuring on the lanward (flood-tidal delta) and seaward (ebb-
tidal delta) side of the barrier system.
The latter would form a seal for any hydrocarbons within the
tidal-delta deposits.
Tidal-channel deposits are laid down while tidal inlets migrate
laterally.
Texturally, tidal-inlet deposits tend to have a coarse base and
fine upwards, but a slight coarsening may occur at the top of the
sequence.
85. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Landward Barrier Margins
•
Shoreface facies are upward coarsening from subtidal shelf muds into overlying intertidal barrier foreshore facies.
Landward interfingering of barrier sandstones with organic-rich facies can provide a ready path of primary migration into
barrier reservoirs.
The middle to upper shoreface contains cleaner sands and shows more variability in sedimentary structures.
86. Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
• Strandplain Systems
Strandplains tend to form relatively thin, tabular unit that
parallel to shoreline and contain an upward-coarsening
shoreface-beach sequence.
Often associated with the flanks of delta systems and
may be cut by distributary channels.
Sand-rich strandplains develop by the seaward accretion
of beach ridges.
88. Character of Major Depositional Systems
Terrigenous Fan Systems
Fluvial Depositional Systems
Deltaic Depositional Systems
Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Terrigenous Shelf Systems
Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
Eolian Systems
89. Terrigenous Shelf Systems
• Terrigenous Shelf Systems
Consist of land-derived clastic material, in contrast to biogenic systems, which consist of organic
sediments, and authigenic sediments, which consist of mainly glauconite and phosporite.
92. Terrigenous Shelf Systems
• Transgressive Shelf Systems
Transgressive storm-dominated shelf sequences are
typically upward finning with a reworked shoreline
deposit at the base grading upward through a
decreasing scale of sedimentary structures.
The structures might include trough cross-stratification,
hummocky cross-stratification, and graded, parallel-
laminated, storm deposits.
The sequence is capped by shelf muds.
Transgressive tide-dominated shelf squence is also
upward fining, with deposits of sand ridges and sand
waves toward the base and large-scale, low-angle
accretion surfaces toward the middle of the sequence.
94. Terrigenous Shelf Systems
• Regressive Shelf Systems
Regressive, or prograding, storm-dominated shelf
sequences will pass from burrowed shelf muds to
crossbedded or storm-reworked and hummocky shelf
sandstones and may, with full regression, be capped by
marginal-marine deposits such as barrier and lagoonal
sediments.
the sequence will be upward coarsening.
95. Character of Major Depositional Systems
Terrigenous Fan Systems
Fluvial Depositional Systems
Deltaic Depositional Systems
Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Terrigenous Shelf Systems
Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
Eolian Systems
96. Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
• Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
Found along continental margins, deep lakes, and
cratonic basins and they develop in reltively deep water
beyond the shelf break.
Modern slopes (depth 150 to 1000 feet) are
predominantly erosional because of the rapid postglacial
rice in sea level.
Present upper slopes are typically areas of sedimentary
bypassing with local progadation and canyon cutting and
filling.
98. Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
• Depositional Sequences in Slope Systems
• Classical Turbidite Sequences
defined as five elements that range upward from a
massive, presumably rapidly deposited bed, trough
upper flow regime flat bed, rippled bed, and parallel-
laminated bed, to turbidite and hemipelagic mud.
Consist of monotonous alternations of parallel-bedded
sandstones and shales.
100. Character of Major Depositional Systems
Terrigenous Fan Systems
Fluvial Depositional Systems
Deltaic Depositional Systems
Barrier/ Strandplain Systems
Terrigenous Shelf Systems
Slope and Abyssal Depositional Systems
Eolian Systems
101. Eolian Systems
• Eolian Systems
Characterized by the transport of loose, uncohessive
sediment by wind.
Eolian sediments tend to be well sorted becouse of continous
active reworking and are typically fine- to medium-grained
quartzose sand.
Interdunal area: poorly sorted, impermeable
Extradune: are not those of dune building, other depositional
system
