This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module02: ethical principles and theories and the core pr...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) course that was held in Amman in June 2014.
This presentation outlines the main philosophical approaches to medical ethics and public health ethics.
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module02: ethical principles and theories and the core pr...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) course that was held in Amman in June 2014.
This presentation outlines the main philosophical approaches to medical ethics and public health ethics.
CHAPTER 4 ETHICS AND THE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) PROCESSWilheminaRossi174
CHAPTER 4 ETHICS AND THE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) PROCESS
Chapter highlights
The need for ethical review: IRBs; purpose and history of ethical oversight
Nuts and bolts of IRBs: Revised Common Rule including definitions; IRB duties, membership, and types of reviews
Deception and its role in IRB review
Components of IRB proposal (especially, informed consent)
Research with children
The ethics of participant pool use and alternatives to participation
Incentives in research
IRB training modules: CITI and alternatives
OVERVIEW
When thinking about research, one question that arises fairly early is whether there are rules or regulations that govern what you can and cannot study and how you can study it. The answer is “yes.” Regulations, starting at the federal level, have been developed to protect people who participate in research (and animals used in research), the researchers themselves, and the institutions they represent. There are also specific definitions of what constitutes research and what a human subject is. Research is essentially a systematic investigation designed to contribute to generalizable knowledge. A human subject is a living individual from whom the researcher gathers information or biospecimens through interaction or intervention or about whom the researcher has access to identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens. A biospecimen from humans is material such as blood, tissue, urine, cells, or protein. These definitions of research and human subjects come from the federal regulations known as the revised Common Rule (45 CFR Subpart A 46.102[l] and [e][1], respectively), which is discussed in more detail later in the chapter. Not every study rises to the level of research (e.g., a study on food preferences in a single residence hall might not be designed to contribute to generalizable knowledge), but the ethical treatment of people who participate in studies is an important aspect, whether or not the study is technically “research.”
After a lengthy review process that generated over 2,000 public comments in response to the proposed rule changes, the Common Rule has been substantially revised. The essential components of Subpart A of the revised Common Rule (also called the 2018 Requirements and the 2018 Rule), which went into effect on January 21, 2019, are presented in this chapter. Additional subparts (B–D) dealing with subjects in the revised Common Rule include Subpart B: Additional Protections for Pregnant Women, Human Fetuses and Neonates Involved in Research; Subpart C: Additional Protections Pertaining to Biomedical and Behavioral Research Involving Prisoners as Subjects; and Subpart D: Additional Protections for Children Involved as Subjects in Research. While this chapter focuses on the material in Subpart A, additional information regarding the protections for children involved in research will also be highlighted.
Research: With respect to the federal definition (45 CFR 46), research invol ...
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module seven ethical issues in public health research& in...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This is a series of presentations I gave in the Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET)'s Public Health Ethics (PHE) that was held in Amman in June 2014.
This presentation outlines the ethical issues in research, especially the international research in low-middle income countries
Reply week 8 reflection 1-leydina triana Chapter 12 is bas.docxchris293
Reply week 8 reflection
1-leydina triana
Chapter 12 is base in Research ethic. Principles of ethical conduct in research. Research ethics are norms for the conduct of a research. Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents. the term autonomous refers to the ability to make decisions, and the principles refers to honoring those decisions, unless they are detrimental to others. Lack of respect for persons is shown when a person is denied freedom to act on his or her decisions or when information needed to make a decision is withheld without a compelling reason to do so (NIH, 2009 ).You can see that achieving the optimum balance between offering prisoner’s opportunities to participate in research studies and not placing any pressure on them, even too generous an incentive can be considered too much pressure.
In chapter 13 focuses in participant recruitment. Complex studies involving hard to reach populations require an especially detailed plan for recruitment. The plan should include the inclusion and exclusion criteria and address the means by which you will access the population. Potential barriers to participation, how you will establish trust. Lastly how and what will persuade people to participate. There are sources that can provide access to possible participants. They often serve as gatekeepers, protecting the privacy of potential participants but also allowing and facilitating access under appropriate circumstances.
2-marisley tapia
Chapter 12 is focused on the principles of research ethics. Research ethics are based on three fundamental principles, respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Respect for persons. This principle incorporates two elements that deal with respecting people in regard to research: People should be treated as autonomous. The term autonomous means that a person can make his or her own decisions about what to do and what to agree to. Researchers must respect that individuals should make their own informed decisions about whether to participate in research. Beneficence, the definition of beneficence is an action that is done for the benefit of others. This principle states that research should: Do no harm. The purpose of health research is to discover new information that would be helpful to society. The purpose of research should never be to hurt anyone or find out information at the expense of other people. The purpose of much research involving humans is to show whether a drug is safe and effective. This means participants may be exposed to some harms or risks. Researchers are obligated to do their best to minimize those possible risks and to maximize the benefits for participants. Justice, this principle deals with the concept of fairness. Researchers designing trials should consider what is fair in terms of recruitment of participants and choice of location to conduct a trial. This encompasses issues related to who benefits from research and who bears the risks of research. It provides the.
Introduction to ethical issues in public health, Public Health Institute (PHI...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
An introduction to ethical issues in public health practice and research I gave to master students in the Public Health Institute in Sudan -- My Home Country. This was on Jan. 5, 2012.
Ethical considerations in molecular & biotechnology researchDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture presented by Dr. Ghaiath Hussein in University of Khartoum for the students of the MSc programme in Genetics/Molecular Biology.
Session 1 (Introduction): Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
ويقدم فيها سردا تاريخيا لنظريات نشأة الخلق وخلق آدم وكيف ان نظرية التطور هي نظرية علمية وليس دينية لكن تم استغلالها لمحاربة الكنيسة
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptxDr Ghaiath Hussein
My talk @AUBMC Salim El-Hoss Bioethics Webinar Series. In this webinar, we have discussed the following points:
1- How armed conflicts affect the planning and conduct of research?
2- What is ethically unique about research during armed conflicts?
3- How did my doctoral project approach these ethical issues both at the normative and the empirical levels?
4- What are the lessons learned from the conflicts in the middle east (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, etc.) and how do they differ from the situation in Ukraine?
Acknowledgement: This talk is based on my doctoral thesis (http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/8580/), which was fully funded by Wellcome Trust, UK.
Research or Not Research? This Is Not the Question for Public Health Emergencies
November 17, 2021 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST
Speaker:
Ghaiath Hussein, Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and Law, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
About this Seminar:
Public health emergencies, whether natural or man-made, local or global, in peacetime or during armed conflicts are always associated with the need to collect data (and sometimes biological samples) about and from those affected by these emergencies. One of the central questions in the relevant literature is whether the activities that involve the collection of data and/or biological samples are considered ‘research’, with the subsequent endeavour to define what ‘research’ is and whether they should be submitted for ethical approval or not. In this seminar, I will argue that this is not the central question when it comes to research/public health/humanitarian ethics. Using the findings of a systematic review on the research conducted in Darfur and findings from a qualitative project that aimed at defining what constitutes ‘research’ in public health emergencies I will, alternatively, present what I refer to as the ‘ethical characterization’ of these research-like activities and how they can be ethically guided.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Research or not research (jcb 17.11.21)
1. Research or not research?
That is not the question of Public
Health Emergencies
GHAIATH HUSSEIN, MBBS, MHSc, PhD
@GhaiathHussein |
2. Acknowledgment
Wellcome Trust
Prof.s Angus Dawson and
Heather Draper
Dr Khalifa Elmusharaf
Dr Nima Alsomali
CRED - Centre for Research
on the Epidemiology of
Disasters
5. Outline
Working definitions
‘research’ & public health
emergencies (PHEs)
Normative and empirical questions
What the ‘papers’ said?
What the people said?
A way forward
6. Last thing first!
Activity X has to be ethically overseen because it has ethically
relevant/unique/problematic features. If activity Y shares same or
similar ethically relevant/unique/problematic features, then it should
be also ethically overseen.
Ethical oversight ≠ research ethics committees/boards
Moving from research on people to research with people should also
move ethics from ethics on people to ethics from people.
7. A Public Health Emergency
National vs international concern
Direct vs indirect public health implications
Natural vs man-made
Examples:
“an event, condition or agent which has the potential to rapidly harm an exposed population sufficiently
to lead to a crisis.” (HSE, 2020)
“a public health emergency, including significant outbreaks of infectious disease or bioterrorist attacks”
(CDC)
WHO checklist:
Is the public health impact of the event serious? (yes/no)
Is the event unusual or unexpected? (yes/no)
Is there any significant risk of international spread? (yes/no)
Is there any significant risk of international travel or trade restrictions? (yes/no)
8. Research: in pursuit
of a definition
Why is a
definition
needed?
Fund
Consent
Ethical approval
9. Research: in pursuit of a
definition
Methods: The definition of ‘research’ was
searched using:
1. The list of international guidelines in the
International Compilation of Human
Research Standards
2. Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2)
(Canada) and
3. Research Governance Framework for
Health and Social Care (UK)
4. Other national & international guidelines
10. Research: in pursuit of a definition
Samples of definitions
“activities designed to develop or contribute to generalizable health knowledge within the more
classic realm of research with humans, such as observational research, clinical trials, bio-banking
and epidemiological studies” (COIMS, 2016)
“an undertaking intended to extend knowledge through a disciplined inquiry and/or systematic
investigation” (TCPS 2 , 2018)
“[A]ny social science, biomedical, behavioural, or epidemiological activity that entails systematic
collection or analysis of data with the intent to generate new knowledge, in which human beings:
are exposed to manipulation, intervention, observation, or other interaction with investigators either
directly or through alteration of their environment; or
become individually identifiable through investigator's collection, preparation, or use of biological
material or medical or other records”.” (WHO, 2009, p. 7)
11. Research: in pursuit of a definition Results
Systematically conducted
• Follow a methodological approaches to answer a pre-set question
Generalizable knowledge
• i.e. can be applied beyond those from whom the data were collected;
Experimental
• i.e. it includes some deviation from common practice
Involve humans
• Mainly in the form of collecting personal or health-related data and/or biosamples
12. A case study from Darfur, west Sudan
Ethical framework
Empirically informed Philosophically robust ethical analysis
What is the status quo?
Systematic review Empirical qualitative project
Normative question: What ethical standards and procedures ought to guide research that involves
humans in situations of armed conflict?
What were the ethical issues? Which ethical standards and procedures?
14. What the papers said?
Ethical approval ONLINE CRED
Mention of ethical
approval
17 (12.3%) ZERO (0.0%)
18.90%
58.70%
42.60%
12.30%
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00%
ONLINE
CRED
Mention of informed consent in studies
conducted in Darfur (2004-2012)
NO YES
15. 5 possibilities
1. These studies were exempted from ethical review
2. Mentioning ethical review was not required
3. Ethical review was considered by the researchers as if granted
4. Pre-approved proposals
5. The ethical review was not part of the template used
16. What the people said? The empirical project
Researchers
• UN agencies (SSIs)
• INGOs (SSIs & FGDs)
Researched communities
• IDPs (FGDs)
• National NGOs
17. What ‘research’ is?
Involvement of human participants
Data collection methods and tools
Purpose of the activity,
The type of data collected
The activity’s associated risks.
18. What ‘research’ is? Quotes from the field
“[T]he reference definition for research or health research … includes any of
the types of [research],... what matters [is] that all of them have human
subject involvement”
“No, I don’t call it research of course. I cannot call this research [...] because by
the nature of the conflict you cannot perform the studies in their scientific,
precise way [...]”
“That’s research definitely [...], they are making use of the data. [...] So I believe
it is research and once being research, not necessarily to be clinical, even the
one conducted at the community level should have ethical clearance”
“No, I don’t call it research of course. I cannot call this research [...] because by
the nature of the conflict you cannot perform the studies in their scientific,
precise way [...]”
19. Lessons from and beyond Darfur!
Autonomy was not the leading principle. It was trust.
“Consent in conflict-related studies can be described as a multi-tier, multi-person, and multi-
principle community-situated shared decision-making process in which the participants of these
studies were verbally informed, individually and collectively, of the basics of the intended study,
either directly by the data collectors or indirectly by the community leaders.”
The communities have developed sophisticated ethical oversight beyond the REB/REC/IRB
model
[it is] practised within a community-situated, trust-based, continuum of approvals; each
happening at one level of the multi-tier approval system. This apparently complicated approach is
meant to provide more protection, as the collective decision makes the responsibility for this
decision collective as well.
“They (the leaders) gather the people. There would be an announcement that one of the organisations
will be coming to you and then [the people of the] villages gather to wait for the people of the
organisation to come to them, and when they come, the people of the organisation explain to the people
their perception and then share their views on the appropriate option” (IDP-M2/4).
20. Beyond the 5 possibilities: How the researchers
justified the lack/absence of ethical approval?
Reasons for not submitting their studies for ethical approval
1. Studies were considered low-risk
2. The ethical standards were followed without formal review
3. Lack of awareness about and advocacy for ethical review
4. Time-related justifications: Emergency, urgency, and time lag
5. Approved by other (governmental) bodies
6. Pre-approval of the tools used
7. NGOs’ reluctance to submit their studies for ethical review
21. What does that tell us beyond Darfur?
All the features that the ‘real people’ mentioned to refer to ‘research’
apply to many other activities undertaken beyond humanitarian settings
The blurring of where to draw the line between ‘research’ and
‘humanitarian’ did not stop the communities from finding a way to
oversight both categories
This blurring also applies to almost any other aspect of public health
emergencies, e.g. ‘research’ vs surveillance, screening, etc.
Same arguments for skipping ethical review are raised elsewhere.
22. Lessons from and beyond Darfur!
The flaws in the mainstream review do not make the ‘label’ argument valid
If research is moving from being on people to be with people, so should ethics.
There are many innovative models of ethical oversight within and beyond
the committees-based model (e.g. SARS, EBOLA, H1N1, COVID-19)
Ethical oversight ought to be a collective decision within a research-
oriented social contract where ‘we the people’ decide what we want to be
ethically overseen and how
We need the moral imagination and the moral courage to go beyond the
ethical clichés to move to a more viable, reliable, trustworthy, sustainable
model of ethical guidance and governance