Research on swatcha barath

IMT Faridabad Volume III, Special Issue I April 2017 Page 1
A Study of Effectiveness of Swachha Bharat Abhiyan in Delhi
Prof. (Dr.) Tusshar Mahajan
Professor, Management Deptt., Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad
Mail-id: tushar.mahajan8@gmail.com Mob. +91-7042816601
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Abstract
Indian government decided to launch the Swachh Bharat Mission on October 2, 2014. Swachh Bharat Mission is a
massive mass movement which seeks to create a Clean India by 2019. The mission will cover all rural and urban areas.
The urban component of the mission will be implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development, and the rural
component by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The mission is divided into 3 different parameters i.e.
Status of Drinking Water, Status of Sanitation and status of Hygiene.
Major share of population in India is shared by young people; statistics says approximately 66% of the total population.
Hence they can play an important role for the effectiveness of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA). The present study focused
on the effectiveness of SBA in Urban Areas with special focus on Delhi, being capital of India. The study focused on the
initiatives undertaken till now and the effectiveness of those initiatives. The study showed how youth can become the
change agent and reduce the functionality gap between the initiatives taken and the actual implementation.
Keywords: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), Urban Areas, Young people, Change agent.
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INTRODUCTION
Since 1 April 1999, the Government of India reorganized the Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme and
launched the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Later on Total Sanitation Campaign, with effect from June 2003 the
government launched an incentive scheme in the form of an award for total sanitation coverage, maintenance of a
clean environment and open defecation-free panchayat villages, blocks and districts called Nirmal Gram
Puraskar.After 1 April 2012, the TSC was renamed to Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. It evolved from the limited
achievements of the first structured programme for rural sanitation in India, the Central Rural Sanitation
Programme, which had minimal community participation. The main goal of Total Sanitation Campaign is to
eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2017. Community-led total sanitation is not focused on building
infrastructure, but on changing cultural norms to prevent open defecation. (Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan)

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
The father of our nationMahatma Gandhi always gave emphasis on “Swachhta” as it leads to healthy and prosperous
life. Keeping this in mind, the Indian government decided to launch the Swachh Bharat Mission on October 2, 2014.
Swachh Bharat Mission is a massive mass movement which seeks to create a Clean India by 2019. The mission will
cover all rural and urban areas. The urban component of the mission will be implemented by the Ministry of Urban
Development, and the rural component by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The mission is divided
into 3 different parameters i.e. Status of Drinking Water, Status of Sanitation and status of Hygiene. The campaign
was launched by considering the following objectivesi.e. Elimination of open defecation, Conversion of insanitary
toilets to pour flush toilets, Eradication of manual scavenging, 100% collection and scientific
processing/disposal/reuse/recycling of municipal solid waste, A behavioral change in people regarding healthy
sanitation practices, Generation of awareness among citizens about sanitation and its linkages with public health,
Supporting urban local bodies in designing, executing and operating waste disposal systems, Facilitating private-
sector participation in capital expenditure. (Swachh Bharat Mission, 2014)
Significance of Youth in Implementing SBA in Delhi
Major share of population in India is shared by young people; statistics says approximately 66% of the total
population. Hence they can play an important role for the effectiveness of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA). The
present study focused on the effectiveness of SBA in Urban Areas with special focus on Delhi, being capital of
India. The study focused on the initiatives undertaken till now and the effectiveness of those initiatives. The study
showed how youth can become the change agent and reduce the functionality gap between the initiatives taken and
the actual implementation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The aim of Swachh Bharat Abhiyanprogramme is to bring improvement in the quality of life in the urban and rural
areas, by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open defecation and accelerate sanitation coverage in rural
areas. An article on February, 2015 opined that the government has made an allocation of Rs 1700 crores for
effective implementation of the programme1
.Another report by thePress Trust of India, 20152
revealed that the main
activities under the mission of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan are incentives for individual household latrines, construction
of community sanitary complexes, solid and liquid waste management projects, information education and
communication, capacity building, monitoring and evaluation.
1
http://www.firstpost.com:http://www.firstpost.com/business/modi-govt-allocates-rs-1700-crores-swachh-
bharat-abhiyan-2077149.html
2
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/open-defecationfree-country-became-national-slogan-in-2014/520778-3.html

‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ was launched by The Honorable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi launched in New
Delhi on October 2, 2014. The Prime Minister paid homage to two great sons of Mother India, Mahatma Gandhi and
former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, on their birth anniversary. It was a landmark initiative to build
consciousness about cleanliness and create a sense of accountability and responsibility in every Indian about keeping
the country clean as stated in a Press Release by ICICI Bank in November 20143
.
Dr. Shubhangi Rathispecifiedthe concept of Swachh Bharat is to provide sanitation facilities to every family,
including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness, and safe and adequate drinking water
supply and to achieve this by 2019 as a befitting tribute to the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, on his 150th
birth anniversary.
In a report published by Government of India4
, it was published that the Hon’ble Prime Minister had nominated few
eminent personalities to take forward this campaign. The invited nine public figures were: Mridula Sinha, Sachin
Tendulkar, Baba Ramdev, Shashi Tharoor, Anil Ambani, Kamal Hasan, Salman Khan, Priyanka Chopra and Team
Tarak Mehta ka Oolta Chashma – to make a contribution towards Swachh Bharat, share the same on social media,
and invite nine other people to do the same, hence forming a chain, where he also urged people to share their
contributions on social media.
According to an article published by Priyanka Bhardwaj (2014)directives of the central government, all states and
departments joined the Prime Minister’s march and more than 3 million government employees and students of
schools and colleges were administered the Clean India pledge. Activities like walking, running and flying kites
were conducted to highlight the significance of the mission. Prime minister called out to the 1.25 billon citizens to
assume responsibility of the outcome of the movement, individually dedicate 10 hours every year and to discipline
themselves. The banks were also invited by our Prime Minister Narendra Modi to create one lakh "Swachhta
Entrepreneurs" within a year, to make the "Swachh Bharat" vision a sustainable reality.5
Effective Implementations towards SBA
A. Implementation by of Government of India
 India is the first country to implement mandatory CSR for certain class of companies who are required to
shell out at least 2 per cent of their three year annual average net profit towards Corporate Social
3
http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/article.page?identifier=news--20141111115728149
4
http://india.gov.in/spotlight/swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-ek-kadam-swachhata-ki-ore
5
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pm-modi-calls-for-creating-swachhta-entrepreneurs/521025-3.html

Responsibility (CSR) activities under the Companies Act, 2013.The amount will be used in the initiatives
of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. The article published in livemint in October 2014 pointed that widening the
activities coming under ambit of corporate social responsibility (CSR), contributions made by corporates
towards the Swachh Bharat and Clean Ganga schemes will now be considered as social welfare spending
work.6
 Ministry of Human Resource Development, 20147
initiated a programme namely Swachh Bharat: Swachh
Vidyalaya also known as Clean India: Clean Schools. The key feature of the campaign is to ensure that
every school in India has a set of functioning and well maintained water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.
Water, sanitation and hygiene in schools refers to a combination of two aspects i.e. technical which
includes drinking water, hand washing, toilet and soap facilities in the school compound for use by children
and teachers and human development components are the activities that promote conditions within the
school and the practices of children that help to prevent water, hygiene and sanitation related diseases.
 In an effort by Ministry of Women and Child Development, 20148
on 14th November 2014, Smt. Menka
Gandhi launched the National Bal Swachhta Mission in New Delhi on 125th birth anniversary of first
Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. The mission is a part of the nationwide sanitation initiative of
‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ launched by the Prime Minister on 2nd October, 2014.
The nationwide Bal Swachhta Mission consisted of six themes:-
 Clean Anganwadis
 Clean Surroundings e.g. Playgrounds
 Clean Self (Personal Hygiene/Child Health)
 Clean Food
 Clean Drinking Water
 Clean Toilets
Under this mission, Bal Swachhta Week was observed from 14th to 19th November, 2014, the Women and
Child Development Departments of various states will implement the Bal Swachhta Mission with the help
of Departments of School Education, Urban Development, Drinking Water and Sanitation, and Information
and Publicity.
6
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Py6EO6gzxfVggvuUGjZTvO/Money-spent-on-Swachh-Bharat-Clean-Ganga-
schemes-brought-un.html
7
http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/Eng_Swachch-Bharat-Swachch-Vidhalaya.pdf
8
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=111387

B. Implementation by Corporates
 The Hindu9
published in an article cited that the staff of Spencer's retail outlets launched a clean-up drive in
Abhiramapuram and Mandaveli as part of the 'Clean India' campaign.Prasad, business manager of the
Spencer's, stated the campaign is part of their obligation to the society.He said Spencer's has 21 outlets in
Chennai. He hopes to carry forward the campaign in areas covered by all these outlets.’
 After the launch of the cleanliness drive, in Varanasi nine new members were invited by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi ji, the 5000 dabbawalas of Mumbai, who have become world-famous for their efficiency
and co-ordination, were one of them as reported by the correspondent of The Hindu.10
 In an article mentioned in IBN live11
, major beverage company Coca-Cola will target 1,000 schools and 3,
50,000 students in the next two years by the name 'Support My School' to help the government in its
"Swachh Bharat, Swachh Vidyalaya" initiative, as a part of Coca-Cola India, NDTV and UN-Habitat's
multi partner programme for 'Happy, Healthy and Active schools.
 As stated in an online article published by Zeenews12
, India, it was briefed that joining Prime Minister
Narendra Modi's call, TCS, Vedanta, Bharti Enterprises and Laresn & Toubro will construct toilets across
the country to strengthen government's "Swachh Bharat" campaign”.
 A M Naik, Group Executive Chairman, L&T, announced a major CSR initiative that would add
traction to the ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ programme.Observing that the objectives of L&T’s ongoing
CSR programme were aligned to the mission”.
 Sunil Mittal-led Bharti Enterprises' development arm Bharti Foundation had also announced
investment of up to Rs 100 crore in constructing toilets in Ludhiana over the next three years.
 Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) had pledged Rs 100 crore towards financing hygienic sanitation
facilities for girl students across 10,000 schools.
 Vedanta Group announced to build 10,000 more toilets in addition to 30,000 which they are already
building in collaboration of Rajasthan government.
9
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/spencers-launches-clean-
up%20drive/article6640261.ece?topicpage=true&topicId=1813
10
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dabbawalas-join-swachh-bharat-
drive/article6725090.ece?topicpage=true&topicId=1813
11
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/coca-cola-to-cover-1000-schools-under-cleanliness-drive/512579-3.html
12
http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-tcs-bharti-vedanta-landt-to-build-
toilets-on-pm-modi-s-call_109377.html

 Industry body CII will also work with companies to help mobilise construction of 10,000 toilets in
schools across the country by FY 2015-16.
C. Implementation by Educational Institution
 Correspondent of HT Campus 13
reported that the members of Rotaract Club of MCKV Institute of
Engineering took an initiative of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan There were 40 Rotaractors, College faculty
members, Administrative Staffs, Dean, Students affairs involved in this project that took place in the
Howrah railway station subway. The groups to clean the surrounding areas and also create awareness
among the people to support this initiative of social and personal hygiene and help make our country a
better place to live in.
 One of the private universities of India, Galgotias University conducted its flagship event – Nirmaan, a
youth parliament on 15th
November, 2014 which aimed atpromoting participation of youth into politics and
also the event highlighted the 'Bal Swachhta Mission' which was observed between 14th and 19th,
November 2014.14
 Prasad Joshi from Indian express15
revealed that the Marathi department of the Savitribai Phule Pune
University participated in the Abhiyaan. The department including student and teachers participated in the
Abhiyan by removing the scrap from a room that was immediately converted into a reading room for
students and their efforts went on for almost a week.
 Nidhi Bahl from HT Campus16
reported that DIAS an institute affiliated with GGSIPU, organized a
Cleanliness and Sanitation Drive with the help of its social responsibility cell ‘Kartavaya’ along with Eco-
Club organized a Cleanliness and Sanitation Drive in compliance with Swachh Bharat Abhiyan on 2nd
October,2014.
 The ‘Social Management Philosophy’ of Suryadatta Group of Institutes, Pune, organized a rally on ‘Clean
India Healthy India’ theme. It was an initiative towards creating an awareness which coincided with the
‘Clean India Project’ inaugurated by PM Shri Narendra Modi on the same day. The rally was flagged off by
13
http://www.htcampus.com/article/swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-initiative-mckv-institute-engineering/
14
http://www.htcampus.com/article/galgotias-university-conduct-its-flagship-event-nirmaan-youth-parliament-
2014/
15
http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/swacch-bharat-abhiyaan-carves-out-space-in-marathi-department-
of-university/
16
http://www.htcampus.com/article/cleanliness-and-sanitation-drive-delhi-institute-advanced-studies-dias/

two freedom fighters namely Shri Shivaji Sambhaji Jindum and Shri Ranganath Balaji Sonawne along with
other dignitaries from Ahmadnagar from Delhi Gate. The rally went through Chitale road, Kapad bazaar,
Surjepura and reached back to Delhi gate. The rally had a gathering of 300 people. 250 Highly Energetic
students of Suryadatta Group of Institutes, Pune, were joined by 50 local citizens as cited in article
published by India education diary.17
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present study focuses on the effectiveness of SBA in Urban Area with special reference to Delhi, being capital
of India. The study aims on how youth can become the change agent and help in reducing the functionality gap
between the initiatives taken and the actual implementation.
This study attempted to describe the characteristics of college going students specifically with regard to
effectiveness of SBA. Hence this study is based on Descriptive Research Design with retrospective perspective.
Source of primary data collection for the present study is self-designed questionnaire. The area of study was Delhi
and sample size selected for the study was 100 college-going students from Delhi to know how youth can play the
role of change agent for effectiveness of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Questionnaire designing was based on the
objectives for which closed ended questions with multiple choice questions based on 5 point Likert scale were used.
The questionnaire consists of two parts, section A is demographic profile and section B, SBA related questions.
Data analysis was based on Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 21. SPSS software is used to
check the reliability of questionnaire by calculating Cronbach's Alpha value. KMO and Bartlett’s test of sphericity is
used to measure of sampling adequacy. Also, the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity relates to the significance of the study
and thereby shows the validity and suitability of the responses collected. Since there is homogeneity in population,
so parametric tests can be applied hence for the present study; Weighted Mean method and Independent-sample t-
test were applied.
Objectives of the study:
1. To study effectiveness of Government initiatives towards SBA in Delhi.
2. To determine attitude of youth towards SBA in Delhi.
3. To suggest measures for Effective Implementation of SBA through youth as change agent.
Hypotheses of the study:
Ho1: There is no significance difference between attitude of under graduate and post graduate levelyouth towards
SBA.
Ho2: There is no significance difference between attitude of under-graduate male and female youth towards SBA.
17
http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Shownews.asp?newsid=31735

Ho3: There is no significance difference between attitude of post-graduate male and female youth towards SBA.
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Independent samples t-test has been applied to prove the following hypotheses:-
Ho1: There is no significance difference between attitude of under graduate and post graduate level youth
towards SBA.
Result: After analysis, p-value of t-Test is found to be 0.564. Since p-value > 0.05 hence Ho1 is accepted.
Hence no significance difference was found between attitude of under graduate and post graduate level
youth towards SBA.
Ho2: There is no significance difference between attitude of under-graduate male and female youth towards
SBA.
Result: After analysis, p-value of t-Test is found to be 0.319. Since p-value > 0.05 hence Ho2 is accepted. It
indicates that no significance difference was found between attitude of under-graduate male and female
youth towards SBA.
Ho3: There is no significance difference between attitude of post-graduate male and female youth towards
SBA.
Result: After analysis, p-value of t-Test is found to be 0.814. Since p-value > 0.05 hence Ho3is accepted. It
indicates that no significance difference was found between attitude of post-graduate male and female
youth towards SBA.
WEIGHTED MEAN ANALYSIS
1 SBA is a good initiative of GOI Weighted Mean
4 Agree
2 People in your area/locality have awareness towards SBA Weighted Mean
4 Agree
3 Government policy is appropriate for SBA Weighted Mean
4 Agree
4 GOI is following policy implementation Weighted Mean
4 Agree
5
Actual performance is as per pre-determined goal for projecting
better image of India
Weighted Mean
3 Neutral
6 Mission can be completed by 2019 Weighted Mean
3 Neutral

7
Government and private organizations are adopting and following
SBA
Weighted Mean
3 Neutral
8 Educational institutes can play more important role for SBA Weighted Mean
4 Agree
9 Youth are most effective agents towards SBA Weighted Mean
4 Agree
10 Youth are participating and showing positive attitude towards SBA Weighted Mean
4 Agree
11 Sanitation facility is proper in your locality Weighted Mean
3 Neutral
12 NGO’s and students together can work in this field Weighted Mean
4 Agree
13
Written instructions should be there in every locality for disposition
of waste matter
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
14
Major illnesses are caused due to non-availability of sanitation
facilities
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
15
Active participation in “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” is a matter of
pride
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
16 Loss of Unity and Commitment is a reason for uncleanliness Weighted Mean
4 Agree
17
Concepts like local circles in different regions of Delhi should be
propagated among youth
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
18
Willingly youth should come forward for this Social Cause leading
to betterment of our country
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
19
RWA(Resident welfare association) of society Should work in this
aspect
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
20
Bringing 9 more youth along with you for this social cause will lead
to a chain movement
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
21
Promotion of strategy like “If not helping in cleaning, then at least
don’t litter” will be helpful for SBA
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
22
Youth should make a group and offer voluntary service to any one
particular area for helping in SBA
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
23
SBA is a movement of the Indians, by Indians and for the Indians
i.e. for better India
Weighted Mean
4 Agree
Hence, majority of respondents agree with the statement

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
1. A Behavioral Change is needed among citizens, youth and also civic authorities/municipalities for SBA. As
observed the two critical elements needed for success of SBA are:
a) Effective engagement of Local Civic Bodies/Municipalities.
b) Civic Sense inculcation in Citizens specially among youth as being generation next
2. Local Circles should be created by youth of particular locality which will enable people of that locality to
connect with functionary bodies like government, NGO’s etc. which will help in identifying Causes, Interests
and Needs and will seek information/assistance when needed thus enabling to come together for various
initiatives and improvements.
3. This circle connects all citizens who want to give inputs to the new Delhi Government and play a role in
Making Delhi Better. Youth can serve as volunteers as needed by the Government to help with a particular issue
or solution.
4. Initiatives by youth with help of various functionary bodies can assist in improving governance and thus in turn
will help in SBA.
5. India being a religious and pious country following various religious customs across the country, different
occasions are celebrated with large gatherings generally at public places with offering of various food items. .At
such places appropriate steps should be taken for waste management by organizers/youth volunteers/local
circles to contribute towards SBA.
6. As a Swachh Bharat mission every youth must act as a representative/Ambassador of their locality towards
cleanliness
7. Youth should act as representative of government for maintaining hygiene and cleanliness of public places.Like
public offices, banks, post offices, petrol pumps, bus stops, railway stations, Metro stations, hospitals, schools,
health centres etc.
8. Keeping in view the above mentioned facts youth should help in creating awareness and spreadinstructions
issued by all municipal commissioners, civic bodies etc. to ensure effectiveness of SBA.
9. Spitting and writing at public places are very common problem and is a big menace. Our streets, walls, public
places, historical places are dirty due to spits and writing. Youth should act as a role model and should make
“not spitting and not writing at public places” a movement. Also they should encourage people to avoid such
activities and contribute towards “Clean India, Green India”.
10. Service Level Benchmarks should be created by Municipal Corporations and mst be embarked at all
RWA.Youth can also help in tracking the performance/delivery of a municipal corporation. RWA must follow
one rule that everybody should use the dust bin supplied by the Municpal .Nobodyshould throw the garbage on
the road or back side of the house.

11. The mission to clean India brings with it new business opportunities for entrepreneurs and new jobs for our
young workforce. For example joint ventures can be formed say they should bid for different cities and given
charge to build and maintain hygiene and cleanliness as a corporate activity not as a corporate social
responsibility.
12. Youth along with NGO’s and various working agencies can implement one idea that there should be a
competition among colonies or sectors of particular area /region of Delhi regarding cleanliness and should
award colony of the month.A cleaner neighborhood is a healthier neighborhood, an organized neighborhood,
where home values also rises at a faster rate than the others.
13. Generally it is observed that some equipment are missing with most of the civic authorities/municipalities like:-
a) Small Dumpers of the size of fork-lift for scooping debris on the road and loading to truck.
b) The drainage cleaning staff does not have bamboos and iron rods.
c) They should have pumps which suck sewage, grind and fill tanks.
d) Washable and reusable nose mash for the employees is missing.
e) Municipality has no equipment for pruning the trees.
f) Hand glove, gum boots etc. to handle the waste are mostly missing.
g) Cleaning staff is also missing ‘litter grabbers’.
h) Automated vehicles to empty the large municipal bins are missing.
i) Dust protection eye-glasses.
j) Light weight shovels.
k) Small oxygen cylinders with oxygen pipes for people working inside the Hume pipes of drainage system.
l) Vehicle with motorized ladders for emergencies and contingencies.
In this direction youth can look into which equipment’s are missing in their locality and further they can play
intermediate role between locality and civic authorities for the information and action needed.

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