The document discusses Mahatma Gandhi's views on cleanliness and sanitation and outlines the objectives and concepts to be covered in a seminar on the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. It provides details on the various national sanitation programs in India from the Central Rural Sanitation Programme in 1986 to the current Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2014. It also summarizes the features, results and challenges of each program.

2. SHANABHOGA M.B
PALB 6024
III Ph. D
IV Seminar
On

4. MAHATMA GANDHI SAID……
He made cleanliness and sanitation an integral part of the
Gandhian way of living. His dream was total sanitation for all.

5. 1
• To understand the concept and importance of swachhatha.
2
• To know the various sanitation programmes in India.
3
• To know about Swachh Bharat Abhiyan-special reference with
rural areas.
4
• To review the success stories/ research studies related to
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

6. • Swachhata that is
cleanliness is the abstract
state of being clean and the
habit of achieving and
maintaining that state.
• In Hinduism, cleanliness is
an important virtue and the
Bhagavad Gita describes it
as one of the divine qualities
which everyone must
practice.

7. Central Rural
Sanitation
Programme
(CRSP)
1986
Total Sanitation
Campaign (TSC)
1999
Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan
2012
Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan
2014

8. • Focused to construct the individual sanitary latrines for the
personal use of the people living below the poverty line.
• It had focused to convert the dry latrines to the low cost
sanitary latrines,
• To construct latrines especially for rural women with other
facilities of hand pump, bathing room, sanitation, washing
hands, etc.
• It was targeted that all the provided facilities should be
properly maintained by the village Panchayats.
• Supply driven.
• Comprehensive sanitation.

9. Results
• Between 1986 to 1997,
43,37,607 toilets were
constructed with a total
expenditure of Rs 757.62
crore.
• By 1991, rural sanitation had
improved to 9.7%
Features
• Demarcated the cost for
constructing a toilet into three
divisions, < Rs. 1500, Rs. 1500
– Rs. 2000 and > Rs.2000
• Amount of up to Rs 2 lakhs
would be provided for
construction of public sanitary
complexes.
• Schools to get Rs.14000 to set
up toilets.
• Anganwadis to get Rs.3000 to
set up toilets.

10. • The much hyped programme was a welcome initiative for
the sanitation scenario in India but unfortunately the
number of toilets constructed was insufficient.
• But 13 years later, in 1999, it was found out that nearly 50
per cent of the toilets constructed between that period
remained unused due to lack of awareness, cost issues
related to maintenance and lack of participation by few
states.
• Further, participation of schools and building of community
toilet complexes also did not take off as expected.
• Behavior change aspect is not addressed.
• Low financial allocations.

11. • Focus on awareness generation.
• Community –Led.
• Demand driven approach.
• Principle of “low to no subsidy” where a nominal subsidy in
the form of incentive is given to rural poor households for
construction of toilets.
• Focus on information , education and communication(IEC).
• Strong focus on school sanitation and hygiene promotion.
• Involvement of co-oprtaives, women groups, SHG’s,
NGO’s.
• Cost sharing in construction of sanitation facilities.
• In 2003 Nirmal Gram Puraskar for panchayati Raj
institutions introduced.

12. Features
• Eradication of open defecation
by 2017
• The subsidy amount to be
provided for toilet construction
was increased to Rs.3500.
• 5 % of the central funds were
asked to be spend on creating
awareness on toilet usage.
Results
• 2.4 Cr toilets were built in 12
years.
• TSC spent a total of just above
Rs.10000Cr in 12 years.
• Rural sanitation coverage was
at 30.7% in 2011
• Urban sanitation coverage was
81.4% in 2011
• 28000 villages were awarded
the Nirmal Gram Puraskar

13. • The Total Sanitation Campaign helped in the
improvement of the country’s sanitation coverage, but
still fell short of expectations.
• A number of households remained without access to
toilets.
• The cost of constructing toilets had gone up
considerably, resulting in the subsidy amounts not
covering the costs of building a toilet.

14. • Convergence model.
• With the Madhya Pradesh model of convergence, TSC renamed to
“Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan(NBA).
• Focus on making whole village ODF.
• Convergence with MGNREGA.
• Incentive to:
 All BPL/ SC/ ST.
 APL- small and marginal farmers.
 APL- landless farmers with homestead.
 APL- physically handicapped.
 APL- women headed households.
• Incentive raised from Rs. 3500 to Rs. 5500/HH
• MGNREGA share Rs. 4400/HH.

15. Features
• Aimed to provide 100% access
to toilets in rural households
by 2022.
• First programme to be
converged with the
MGNREGA.
• The government funding was
increased to Rs.5500, bringing
the Total to Rs,10900 as the
subsidy.
Results
• Central govt. failed to utilize
more than Rs.3100 crore for
building toilets.
• More than 9 states failed to
utilize Rs.212 crore each
• Only 6% toilets were
constructed in convergence
with MGNREGA.

16. • More than 30% of the individual household latrines were
defunct/ non-functional for the reasons like poor quality of
construction, incomplete structure, non- maintenance etc.
• It is noted that in more than 9 states that an amount of Rs.
212.14 crore remained unutilized.
• The 25% of the total IEC expenditure during the years was
incurred on activities unrelated to IEC.
• Only 6% of the toilets were constructed in convergence with
MGNREGA.

17. This campaign was described as “beyond politics” and “inspired by
patriotism”.
• “Satyagrah se Swachhagrah”

20. Swachh Bharat or Swachh Bharat Abhiyan(Campaign Clean
India) is a national level campaign by the Government of India
covering 4041 statutory towns to clean the streets, roads and
infrastructure of the country

21. Construction of Individual, cluster and community toilets.
To eliminate or reduce open defecation.
Public awareness to be provided.
An accountable mechanism of monitoring toilet use.
To keep village clean,
Solid and liquid waste management through gram Panchayats
To lay water pipelines in al villages by 2019.

23. Components CRSP TSC NBA SBA
Sanitation
coverage in
India
9.5% 30.7% 38.7% 92%
Numbers of
toilets
constructed
43.4 lakhs 2.4 crore 2.07 crore 8 crore
Number of
villages ODF
7262 19604 24801 4.5lakh
Number of
cities ODF
Nil Nil 2 2900

24. Rs 2000
Rs 3500
Rs10900
Rs 12000
Central rural sanitation
programme
Total sanitation campaign Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Series 1 Column1 Column2

26. Source: Swachhbharaturban.gov.in (August 19th 2018)

27. Source: sbm.gov.in (August 19th 2018)

29. Organized different awareness
programmes on cleanliness and
sanitation
Construction of toilets in schools
and public places
Programmes to eliminate open
defecation

30. Make people aware about the health
issues raised because of open
defecation
Solid and liquid waste management
Take all these initiatives to rural
India also

32. Political will Public policy People’s involvement
People’s
movement

33. Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
(Rural/Grameen)
Ministry of Drinking Water
and Sanitation
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
(Urban)
Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs

34. Swachhata Pakhwada
Solid waste management
Monitoring through Swachh
survekshan
Star ratings for garbage free
cities
Kayakalp
VISHWAS- village based initiative to synergise
health, water and sanitation campaign
Bal Swachhata Mission
Behavioral changes

35. • Started in April 2016 with the objective of bringing a fortnight of intense focus on the issues and
practices of Swachhata by engaging GOI Ministries/ departments in their jurisdictions.
• An annual calendar is pre- circulated among the Ministries to help them plan for the Pakhwada
activities
• During this 15 day process, Ministries report their sanitation activities daily on online portal.

36. Pilot plants are being set up at
Jaipur & New Delhi which
will convert bio-degradable
waste to energy thru bio-
methanation process.
Door to door garbage
collection
Proper disposal of
municipal solid waste
Waste management
and treatment
145128 total waste generation
in India (metric ton/ day)
Rs 37000 crore to
be spent on SWM
In all 67085 wards (80%)have
100% door to door collection
of waste wards

37. Ranking exercise taken up by the Government of India to assess rural and urban areas
for their levels of cleanliness and active implementation of Swachhata mission
initiatives in a timely and innovative manner.
The Quality Council of India (QCI) has been commissioned the responsibility of
carrying out the assessment.

41. • Started in 2015
• Aim of improving infrastructure upkeep, hygiene and sanitation, and infection control
practices in Central Government institutions and public health facilities in all states and
UTs
Objectives
• To promote cleanliness, hygiene and infection control practices.
• To incentivize public healthcare facilities that show exemplary performance in
cleanliness and infection control.
• To inculcate a culture of ongoing assessment to sustain the same

42. Launched by National
Health Mission in July
2017
A year long campaign to
be carried out by VHSNCs
Focus to build community
awareness, social
mobilization and develop
local Champions for action
on water sanitation &
health
Kayakalp initiative for
health facilities is one of
the key strategy adopted
by VISHWAS

43. 1. Annual Planning day for Swachhta
Campaign
2. Village health and sanitation day
3. Open Defecation free village day
4. Hand washing day
5. School & Anganwadi sanitation day
6. Liquid & solid waste management
day
7. Individual & home hygiene day
8. Health awareness day/ health life
style day
9. Vector control day
10. Celebration day for Swachhata
11. Gram Sabha on Sanitation &
Cleanliness.
11 monthly campaign days under VISHWAS

44. six themes of Bal Swachhata Mission
Clean
Anganwadi
s .
Clean
Surroundi
ngs
Clean
Self
Clean
Food.
Clean
Drinking
Water
Clean
Toilets.
Launched on 14th
November 2014, by Union
Minister of Women and
Child Development Smt.
Maneka Gandhi
It was launched on 125th
birth anniversary of first
Prime Minister of India,
Jawaharlal Nehru.
Bal Swachhta Week- 14th
to 19th November

45. • It is an integrated conservation mission approved as “Flagship
Program” by the union Government in June 2014
• Budget of Rs 20,000 crores to accomplish a twin objectives of
effective abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of
National River Ganga.

46. Before Namami Gange
programme
After Namami Gange
programme

47. • Outsourcing of cleanliness of all major stations
• Mechanized cleaning of all platforms
• Providing separate dustbins for diff. types of waste
• Employing CCTVs to monitor cleaning practices
• Installation of bio-toilets in passenger coaches
• On-board housekeeping services
(OBHS),
• 39 ‘Clean Train Station’ (CTS) are
made operational across Indian
Railways.
• Disinfestations of coaches to eradicate
presence of cockroaches

48. JODPUR

49. • Multi-stakeholder initiative focusing
on cleaning up 100 places across
India that are “iconic” due to their
heritage, religious and/or cultural
significance.
• The goal of the Initiative is to
improve the cleanliness conditions
at these places to a distinctly higher
level
• This initiative is in partnership with
Ministries of Urban Development,
Tourism and Culture with MDWS
being the nodal ministry.
• All Iconic Sites have designated
Public Sector undertaking for
financial and technical support.

51. • Punjab is 1st State to launch ODF sustainability App
under its ‘My Village My Pride’ campaign.
• It allows for online submission of complaints regarding
open defecation
• Kerala launches 1st biogas plant under GOBAR-Dhan
• To convert waste into bio energy, gas & compost which would not only benefit people
but also maintain cleanliness in villages.
• New plant in Kannur has capacity of treating 1000 kg of waste per day.

52. PM was awarded ‘UNEP Championship of the Earth’ award, United Nations’ highest
environmental honour.
Award was presented by UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres at special
ceremony in Pravasi Bharatiya Kendra, New Delhi on 3rd Oct.

53. To achieve the status of Open Defecation
Free in rural areas
Swachhameva Jayate , a rural cleanliness and
sanitation campaign launched on August 2nd
2018.
Door-to-door activity headed by children of
primary and secondary schools
Educating people on the importance of building a toilet at home along with other
parameters of cleanliness, hygiene, toilet usage and waste management.
This campaign will aim to boost the Swachh
Survkekshan Grameen in all the districts
with the help of school children.

54. 50.84
percent
(2018)30
percent
(2014)
Karnataka’s sanitation coverage
urban sanitation scenarioRural sanitation scenario
97
percent
(2018)37
percent
(2014)

55. Source: MDWS & MHUA, September 15th , 2018.

56. Rallies Awareness
campaign
Publications. Advertisement.
F.M.
announcements.
Creating
awareness
through paintings
on walls and
damper bins.
Display slides are
movie theaters

57. • y2mate.mp4
• y2mate (1).mp4

58. • According to one estimate Rs.1000 crore worth of various
cleanliness projects are in the pipeline by corporate sector.
• These projects include building toilets in distant villages, running
workshops on behavioral changes, waste management, water
hygiene and sanitation etc.

60. Number of patients affected by jaundice,
cholera, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatitis & malaria
in Indore have reduced from 1,00,000 b/w June
to August 2016 to 35,000 during same period in
2017.
Recent study by Indore Municipal Corporation has
found that vector-borne diseases have reduced by 70 %
due to sanitation interventions under Swachh Bharat
Mission.
Potential value added from solid waste today can be to tune
of more than Rs. 20,000 cr it will be huge contributor to
economy.

61. Challenges
Lack of proper waste
disposal systems
Current status of financing
sanitation is fragmented
between the national and
state govt. which poses
several delivery challenges
Lack of awareness ,
especially in the rural areas,
about the importance of
proper sanitation
Socio-economic factors like
poverty and caste
discrimination among the poor
have led to lower reach of
sanitation and clean drinking
water

66. Objectives :
• To assess the impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan on males, females,
children and senior citizens.
Methodology :
• Locale : Kanpur district of UP
• Sample size: 400
Impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in Indian society
Sneh Lata Singh et al., 2018

69. Objectives :
• To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on arts
students knowledge regarding Health aspects of Swachh Bharat Mission.
• Locale : Sri padmavathi women’s degree college in Tirupati
• Sample size: 50 arts students
• Research design: Pre-experimental design (pre and post intervention) was
utilized
A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching
programme on knowledge regarding health aspects of Swachh
Bharat Mission among arts students at SPW degree college,
Tirupati.
Mrs.B.Kokilamma et al., 2018

72. • 16-year-old Mallamma from Koppal
district in northern Karnataka recently
went on a hunger strike to pressurize her
mother to build a toilet at home.
• The representatives of the panchayat had
been speaking to her village community
about good sanitation practices and the
need to build and use toilets. In her
school too, the teachers talked about the
ill effects of defecating in the open. But
when she asked for a toilet at their
home, her widowed mother,
Sangalingamma was firm in her refusal;
owing to the fact that she had no
resources or the space to construct a
toilet at home.

73. • Determined to have her demand met, one day, Mallamma
simply refused her meal. It was when her mother became
alarmed and people around the village too heard about it and
gathered at her home.
• President of the village panchayat, went across to Mallamma’s
home and seeing that the girl was adamant, persuaded her
mother to build a toilet. He contacted the district
administration and organized finance amounting to Rs 18,000
and within a week a bathroom was built.
• Currently there are 5-6 teams that regularly visit homes each
morning. that include teachers, ward members, Asha workers
and block development officers who engage in the door to
door campaign starting at 5.30 am to motivate residents.
• The Prime Minister's reference to the Koppal example and her
name has made every one in the village proud and motivating
people .

74. • Mawlynnong, is cleanest village from district East Khasi Hills located in
Meghalaya.
• It is known for its natural attraction and the waste is collected in the
dustbins of bamboos.
• From having a dedicated and environmentally conscious village population
to zero tolerance for littering

75. • United in Cleanliness
 Sanitation is considered a community responsibility, and the villagers of Mawlynnong
participate in cleanliness chores from a very young age.
 Children storm the streets armed with brooms, sweeping up garbage before leaving for
school.
 Daily cleaning for children and adults is a regular activity, while the village leader
assigns out work to be completed for the village’s collective good.
 The village community has collectively banned smoking and plastic usage, thus ensuring
basic environmental cleanliness.
Innovative Waste Management
Biodegradable wastage such as leaves are buried and used as manure.
Other wastage is driven far away from the village and burned.
Materials such as plastic, which is toxic when burned, is reused in the form of planters and
swings.
The village has also eradicated open defecation with the presence of toilets in each of its
households.

76. • Clean and green surroundings
 Mawlynnong boasts of houses with clean and green surroundings.
 Natural basins for rainwater harvesting in front yards give the houses a unique look.
 Add to them the bougainvillea and orchid draped patios, and impeccably
maintained gardens.
 But fame often brings downsides with it and Mawlynnong is no exception. In recent
times, villagers have complained of increased noise pollution and lack of
privacy because of the large number of tourists who visit the village.