Reproductive system of okra
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Okra is one of the most popular vegetables in subtropical Asia and Eastern Africa. Warm climates and are very productive, producing 100 okras per plant. A tall-growing, warm-season, annual vegetable Okra is a tropical vegetable
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Reproductive system of okra
- 2. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 2
- 4. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM BY ISHTIAQ SHARIQ ROLL # 2 SEMESTER 7th PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture 4
- 5. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM KINGDOM Plantae ORDER Malvales FAMILY Malvaceae GENUS Abelmoschus SPECIE A. esculentus BINOMIAL NAME Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) 5
- 6. •Okra is one of the most popular vegetables in subtropical Asia and Eastern Africa. •Warm climates and are very productive, producing 100 okras per plant. •A tall-growing, warm-season, annual vegetable •Okra is a tropical vegetable ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 6
- 7. •Grown throughout the Inter-tropical and Mediterranean area. •Little work has been done on the floral biology of the cultivated okra, Abelmoschus esculentus. •It is know by many names (AKA): Lady Fingers, Gombo, Okro, Ochr, bhindi, bindi, bamia. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 7
- 10. •Large, hermaphrodite, ephemeral •Flower has five yellow petals with crimson spot on claw. •Petals are 5-7 cm long. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 10
- 12. •There are 5-9 stigmas, a style surrounded by staminal column having infinite number of stamen. •Growth of the upper part of the stamen column causes contact between the upper stamens and the edge of the stigma. •Stamens are yellow and stigma is deep red ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 12
- 14. •The ovary is inferior, having least five carpels each containing ten to twenty ovules. Some cultivated forms display up to twelve carpels. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 14
- 15. •It has been seen that this is not the case since wild species have frequently more ovules per flower than cultivated forms. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 15
- 16. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM LOCULE 16 SEED
- 17. •The flower bud, to open on a given day, is easy to identify on the preceding day as it swells night. The flower is open at dawn, remains open all morning and closes in the middle of the afternoon. •It is wilted in the evening and the petals fall the next day. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 17
- 18. •So, conditions are favorable for autogamy but, as the process is not mechanically obligatory, opportunity is left for allogamy. •Okra reproductive mode near facultative autogamy ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 18
- 19. •Anther dehiscence well after anthesis and suggested strongly allogamous behaviour. •Purewal & Randhawa (1957) presumed that there was very strong autogamy. They showed that pollen grain germination begins a few minutes after the contact with stigmas. •In their opinion, because the style is thought to be receptive before flower opening, there would be enough time for self pollination to take place before anthesis. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 19
- 20. •Okra is not strictly autogamous nor allogamous. •However, none of the present approaches has been able to give clear information on how pollination actually takes place. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 20
- 21. •When a plant begins to flower (about two months after sowing), it continues to produce two or three flowers a week for one to two months. •Young pods grow immediately. Harvesting for consumption is carried out three to four days after flowering. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 21
- 22. •Growth then slows and the final fruit size (10 to 45 cm) forms a varietal criterion. •However, full maturity necessary for seed production is only attained after a month ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 22
- 26. •Okra is attractive to a broad range of insects. They are frequently preferentially phytophagous •Between them, pollen-carriers include bees. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 26
- 27. •Tanda (1985) has shown that in okra plantations bees do not finally disperse pollen between plants for a radius of more than six metres. •This is nevertheless enough for allo- fertilization and hybrid production. •Everything probably depends on the time at which they are in flowers pattern. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 27
- 28. •Weevils (Bruchs) make long, repeated visits (up to three hours per flower) generally in the morning, thus contributing to self-fertilization. •In contrast bees and bumble-bees make only short and frequent visits and above all during the afternoon. •Thus they contribute to allo-fertilization ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 28
- 30. •Few active dipters are often seen inside the corolla of okra flowers, just after anthesis. •They seem to stay all day long in the flower and could help for self-pollination. •In the morning, the external temperature is relatively low (20-24' C), it increases rapidly, at 10.00 hr, to 28-30' C. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 30
- 31. •Simultaneously insects, like bees, become more active. So, in our experimental conditions, allogamy may arise if the self-pollination is not fully effective at 10.00 hr. •This is really in accordance with breeding system but does not explain the pollination mechanism. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 31
- 33. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 1- The reproductive biology of okra. 1. Study of the breeding system in four Abelmoschus species Serge Hamon & Jean Koechlin 33 2- The reproductive biology of okra. 2. Self-fertilization kinetics in the cultivated okra (Abelmoschus-esculentus), and consequences for breeding Serge Hamon & Jean Koechlin
Editor's Notes
- UNIVERSITY COLLEGE of AGRICULTURE
- ephemeral, in botany, any short-lived plant, usually one that has one or more generations per year, growing only during favourable periods (as when adequate moisture is available) and passing the unfavourable periods in the form of seeds. The seed coats of some species contain a growth inhibitor that can be washed off only by a copious quantity of water, thus preventing germination after only a brief shower.
- The reproductive biology of okra. 1. Study of the breeding system in four Abelmoschus species
- Inferior ovary[edit] An inferior ovary lies below the attachment of other floral parts. A pome is a type of fleshy fruit that is often cited as an example, but close inspection of some pomes (such as Pyracantha) will show that it is really a half-inferior ovary. Flowers with inferior ovaries are termed epigynous
- The reproductive biology of okra. 1. Study of the breeding system in four Abelmoschus species