Breeding aspects of carrot

1. 1

2. UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES BAGALKOT
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE , BENGALURU
Course tittle: BREEDING OF VEGETABLE CROPS-II (VSC512-2+1)
Presented By :
Sanmathi Naik A T S
Jr.M.Sc(Hort)
Department of vegetable science
College Of Horticulture, Bengaluru
TOPIC: CARROT BREEDING
2

3. CARROT
Botanical Name: Daucus carota
Family: Apiaceae(Umbelliferae)
Centre of Origin : Afghanistan
Pollination system: Cross pollination
Chromosome number:2n=18
3

4.  It is enlarged fleshy tap root
 It is a cool season crop grown best at a mean
temperature of 16-18oC
 Top growth is reduced at mean temperature 28oC and
roots become very strong flavored
 Cool night temperature is required for carrot
production in the tropics.
 Taste of carrot is mainly due to presence of glutamic
acid.
 Isocoumarin is responsible for bitter flavour in carrot
4

5.  Salad and cooked as vegetable.
 Soupes, Stew, curries, pies, Juice, Pickles,
Gajar ka halwa, Kanji
 Rich source of carotene( provitamin A)
 In france cultivated for its essential oil
extraction from seeds.
 Used as folk medicine for thread worms
 Carrot leaves used as vegetable and are good
source of leaf protein.
 Seeds are carminative, aromatic .
 They are useful for kidney and dropsy disease.
Uses
5

6. AREA AND PRODUCTION
 It is among the top-ten most economically important vegetable
crops in the world both in terms of acreage and market value.
 Mainly grown in Punjab, Assam, Haryana, UP, Karnataka , AP etc.
 Carrot occupies an area of 86 Hectares with production of
1379MT(NHB-2017)
 In 2005, the world production of carrot stood at 24 million
tones on 1.1 million hectares.
 The total traded carrot seed crop at global level is estimated as
100 million USD.
6

7. Origin and Distribution
 Primary centre of origin: Afghanistan in western Asia
 Secondary centre of origin: Ethiopia , North America
 European carrot are derived from asiatic form of carrot.
 Afghanistan is the centre of diversity for purple type of
carrot.
 Asiatic + European = present day yellow carrot(mutants of
anthocyanin carrot)
 These are originated and spread to meditaranian region and
European region in 11th century,
 Orange carrots(mutant of yellow carrot) were 1st cultivated in
Netherland.
 Introduced to India from persia.
7

8. TAXONOMY
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Sub phylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Daucus
Species: carota
8

9. Daucus
Eucarota :Annual and
Biennials
D.Carota , D.maritima,
D.major, D.sativus
Gummifera:
Perennials
D.Gummifera etc
D.carota and D.sativus are only cultivated genera of the spp
9

10. CYTOLOGY
• Cultivated carrot: Daucus carota L. With n=9.2n=18
• Carrot crosses readily with wild (Queen Anne’s lace )
Daucus carota ssp.carota which is distributed world
wide.
• Almost 80 Daucus spp have been identified and their
ploidy level ranges from n=7 to n=11
• The only reported interspecific cross with carrot is
with Daucus capillifolius, where n=9
10

11. Plant Characters
Habit: Annual or biennial herb
with an erect much branched stem
of 30-120cm.
Stem: Usually the stem elongates
and produces rough , hispid
branches during the second year.
Leaves : Pinnatly compond
Root: It is the edible portion of
plant enlarged fleshy taproot of
about 15 to 30cm
11

12. Botany
 Andromonoecious, Consist of hermaphrodite flowers
in the peripheral region and central zone, male
flowers in the intermediate zone
 Male sterility controlled by a cytoplasmic factor and
one or more recessive genes has been reported
 Protandry is also responsible for cross pollination
 The stigma becomes receptive on the 5th day after
flower opening and active for 8 days ,but the better
fruit sets are from pollination on 6 to 11 days after
flower opening .Over 95% of cross pollination has
been observed in carrot
12

13. 13

14.  Flowers : Perfect with small petals, usually white or
yellowish in colour, calyx is entire
 Stamens: 5 in number
 Ovary: Inferior with 2 locules each with a single ovule.
On the upper surface of the ovary, there is swollen
nectar which supports the style and stigma.
 Seed: Seed is indehicent mericarp, containing a single
seed . In fact 2 mericarps pair to form the schizocarps,
the true carrot fruit which develops from a two loculed
ovary the mericarp or the seed is some what flattened
on one side and the opposite side has longitudinal ribs
with bristly hairs.
14

15. Inflorescence
 There are five small sepals, five petals, five stamens and
two carpels.
 The inflorescence of carrot is a compound umbel. A primary
umbel can have over 1000 flowers at maturity, whereas
secondary, tertiary and quaternary umbels bear fewer
flowers.
 Floral development is centripetal i.e. the flowers to dehisce
first are on the outer edges of the outer umbellets.
 Carrot is protandrous.
 Flowers are epigynous.
15

16.  As soon as the first bud in an umbel opens, the whole umbel of
the female parent is bagged in a muslin/cloth bag.
 The flowers are removed daily until peak flowering has
reached. Anthers are removed from the early opening outer
flowers in the outer whorl of umbellets until sufficient
flowers are emasculated
 Unopened central florets in the emasculated umbellets and all
late flowering umbellets are removed.
 Thus, only the emasculated flowers are left on the female
inflorescence inside the bag.
EMASCULATION METHOD
16

17.  A pollen bearing umbel from previously protected male
plant is inserted into the bag of the female parent along
with some house-flies to ensure pollination.
 Daily for a few days in the morning, the male umbel is
gently rubbed against the emasculated umbel to enhance
artificial cross-pollination.
 Sometimes, 1-2 flowering umbels of both the parents
are enclosed in the same cloth cage along with some
house-flies.
 Seed from each parent is sown in adjacent rows.
 The hybrids and the parents could be identified (not
always) and necessary roguing done to remove the selfed
plants.
17

18. Simon has described another alternative commonly used
method in Europe for intercrossing male fertile plants.
A single isolated umbel will not develop seeds even
though pollen is present in the flowers as this is
protandrous.
This umbel can serve as the seed parent in a cross if,
one week after anthesis, the flowers of such an isolated
umbel are sprinkled with water to flush out pollen.
After it dries, pollen from the intended pollen parent
can be introduced with a brush and the seed parent umbel
again placed in isolation.
18

19.  Seeds thus produced are nearly always hybrids.
 Sometimes two parents to be crossed are covered by
a plastic or cloth screen pollination cage.
 Flies are released in the pollination cage to move
pollen or pollen is moved by hand or brush. In this
system, selfed and crossed seeds are harvested
together.
 The selfed and crossed progenies need to be
identified by phenotypic or molecular markers or by
hybrid vigour when inbreds are crossed.
19

20. Classifications
Sl.
NO
Asiatic carrot/
Anthocyanin carrot
European carrot/carotene
carrot
1 Heat tolerant Cold tolerant
2 Deep red or purple
coloured
Orange coloured
3 High yielding and low in
carotene
Rich in carotene
4 Produce seed under
tropical condition
Produce seed only in
temperate condition
5 More anthocyanin pigment Less anthocyanin
6 Annual for root and seed
producton
Biennial for seed production
7 Core is distinct Core is indistinct
20

21. Breeding Goals of Carrot
 High root yield
 Good eating quality
 Scarlet/orange colour roots
 High carotene content in roots
 Uniformity in root shape and size
 Thick flesh roots
 Thin and self coloured core in roots
 Broad shouldered, cylindrical, uniformly tapering or stump rooted
carrot with non- branching habit 21

22.  Early rooting
 Cracking free roots (major gene Ck known for root cracking)
 Smooth, shiny root
 High sugar and dry matter in roots
 Slow bolting habit
 Heat tolerance
 Crown or upper surface (shoulder) free from green colour, flat
or slightly up-lifted rather than concave or shrunken
 Resistance to: Alternaria blight (Alternaria dauci), Cercospora
leaf blight (Cercospora carotae)
22

23. Genetics
Root shape: Governed by 3 genes D, N,P
 Long or Desi type: Long and Taphy :D-N-P. Eg: Pusa Desi
 Cylindrical type: Cylindrical: dd,nn,p. Eg: Nanthes
 Chanteny type: Obvate root: dd,N-Pp. Eg: Red variety
Root colour: Digenic P-Y-and 2 modifier E and I
 Red : iiPPyyee
 Light red : iippyyee
 Yellow :IippYYee
 Diffused purple : iiPPyyee
 Purple : iiPPYYee
 Deep purple : iiPPYYEE
Root tip: Monogenic(S), Blunt type is completely dominant over pointed root tip
Root cracking: Monogenic, susceptible dominant to resistance.
Isocoumarin responsible for bitter taste is quantitative genetic character
23

24. Genetics
24

25. Genetic Resources of Carrot
As for most vegetables, carrot genetic resources are in the form of open-
pollinated cultivars. The U.S. and European databases are on internet.
Centres on carrot germplasm accessions are as follow:
 1. USDA – ARS (http://www(dot)ars – grin(dot)gov/ npgs = 723 accessions of
Daucus carota.
 2. European cooperative programme for Crop Genetic Resources – ECP/GR
(http:// www(dot)warwick(dot)ac(dot)uk/fac/sci/hri2/about
staff/dastley/gbrhrigru/ecpumbel/ = 5037 accessions of D. carota.
 3. National Centre for Vegetable Crops research- Carrot Breeding Collection
(CNPH), Eurpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecularia-Brazil = 200
accessions.
 4. BAZ – Inst, of Horticultural Crops, Germany = 5 species, 25 subspecies,
30 wild relatives.
 5. National Gene Bank – Rural Development Administration, Korea (http://
genebank(dot)rda(dot)go(dot)kr = 695 accessions.
25

26. Selection criteria
1.Colour and quality:
 Visual examination of roots ,cross section of roots and
longitudinal section of roots is effective .
 Same colour should extend from crown to down tap root.
 The colour of xylem, phloem and vascular cambium should
match as far as possible.
26

27. 2.Sugar and flavour:
A thin cross sectional slice could be cut and tested . The roots with harsh
flovour are eliminated .
Total sugars which contribute to sweetness and are an important component
of general preference can be estimated by a refractrometer .
Selection for high soluble solids and dry matter is also possible by specific
gravity.
 High dry matter is useful for processors.
Percentage dry weight is easily determined by weighing a fresh sample,
drying and reweighing
3.Non bolting:
Bolting cause serious loss in yield and quality ,hence it is important to apply
selection pressure for non bolting.
27

28. 4.Disease resistance:
Susceptible cultivars are generally planted between rows of breeding
lines and the spreader row plants are inoculated to ensure the spread of
disease .
This practice is applicable for both alternaria leaf blight and cercospora
leaf spot
Alternaria leaf blight
28

29. Breeding methods
Introduction:
Easiest method of crop improvement some of successfully introduced
varieties are Imperetor, Danvers, Nanthes and perfection.
Mass selection:
Spontaneous mutation coupled with selection is mainly responsible for
the development of cultivated carrots . Mass selection for root length
resulted in selection of high yielding lines.
Bulk population method:
Successfully used to evolve Pusa Kesar as a selection from the cross
between Nanthes and Local Asiatics.
29

30. Mutation breeding:
Chemical mutagens(0.025-0.6%)NEU(N-nitroso-N-methyl
urea) and 0.012% NMU(N-nitroso + N-M-methyl urea)
were successfully used to develop male sterile line in
carrot
Polyploidy breeding:
Tetraploid (2n=36) and octaploids(2n=72)have been
developed in carrot ; carrot have limited utility in the
crop.
Heterosis breeding:
Poole 1st reported heterosis in carrot. Heterosis has been
reported for earliness, root length, root yield, carotene
content, top weight, core diameter and root diameter.
30

31. Hybrid breeding:
Based on cytoplasmic male sterility with different genetic
back grounds and origin:
1.Brown anther type (ba)
According to O.Banga and his colleagues this type of sterility is due
to interaction of a Sa cytoplasm with two independent nuclear genes
(homozygous aa or dominant B)
Present in all cultivated orange coloured open pollinated varieties
The phenotype is characterised by deformed brown coloured anthers
with nonfunctional pollen caused by a genetic block in meiosis
It is 1st found in Tender Sweet variety
31

32. 2.Petaloid type(pt)
Derived from a wild form of Daucus carota L, and it has
been introduced in many OPV’S
It is 1st discovered in North American wild carrot by
Munger in 1953
Petaloidy: Homeostatic mutation , It is characterised
by transformation of anthers to petal or petal like
structures which is unable to produce functional pollen.
There will be interaction between Sp cytoplasm and 2
independent dominant allele(M1,M2) postulated by T.S
Morelock in 1953
1st found in Cornell wild carrot 32

33. 3. Gum type
It has been detected in alloplamic form of orange
coloured carrot originating from cross between wild
carrot D.carota gummifer Hook and cultivated carrot
D.C.Sativus bt T.Nothangel in 1992.
Characterised by total reduction of anthers and petals.
Recent results on genetic mechanism suggests that an
interaction of ‘ gummifer ’ cytoplasm with a recessive
(gugu)in the nucleus is responsible for expression of this
type of male sterility.
33

34. 34

35. Biotechnological application
 Embryoid formation from callus cell was 1st observed by
Steward.
 In wild carrot adventative embryos were observed from the
culture of callus tissue derived from roots or umbellet
peduncles.
 The embryo germinated and produced normal plant in the
presence of coconut milk.
 Cell suspension culture has been used for regeneration .
 Small spherical single cells produced somatic cells at high
frequency in a suspension culture.
35

36. Long red roots with self coloured core,
triangular shape, suitable for sowing
from mid-September to October The
roots are ready for harvest from
middle of December onwards.
Yield : 30 t/ha
Pusa Rudhira
36
Varieties

37. Early; roots orange with self-
coloured core; short tops. Only
variety having orange coloured flesh
in the tropical group. Produces seeds
in the plains. Suitable for early
sowing. Maturity in 100-120 days
Yield : 25 t/ha days.
Pusa Meghali
37

38. It is black coloured carrot variety.
Maturity 95-100 days. Average Yield
300 q/ha. Gives more than 30% higher
yield over check Pusa Kesar.
Pusa Asita
38

39. It is a new heat tolerant tropical
carrot variety. It is suitable for early
sowing beginning in July under North
Indian plains. Maturity 85-90 days.
Average Yield 250 q/ha.
Pusa Vrishti
39

40. First public sector tropical carrot
hybrid developed using CMS system.
Self red coloured carrot hybrid. High
in total carotenoids, lycopene, TSS and
minerals.
Pusa Vasuda
40

41. Flowers sets seeds under tropical
condition. Deep orange roots with self
colourd core. Smooth root surface.
Conical shape. Root length 15-18 cm,
root diameter 3-4 cm. TSS 8-10%.
Carotene content 11.27 mg%. Tolerant
to powdery mildew and nematodes..
Arka Suraj
41

42. 42
Variety Special Features
Pusa Vasuda 1st tropical carrot hybrid using
CMS(Petaloid type)
Pusa Asita 1St Black colour carrot variety in India
Pusa Vrishti Tolerant to heat and humidity and suitable
for kharif sowing
Pusa Rudhira Red self colour core variety
Pusa Meghali Highest vitamin A
Arka Suraj Deep orange coloured
Pusa Kesar Tolerant to high temperature and useful
for seed production in plains.
Pusa Kulfi Cremish yellow coloured roots
Hissar Gairic Self coloured core
Tropical carrots

43. 43
Variety Special features
Pusa Nayanjyothi 1st Temperate carrot hybrid developed
using CMS
Pusa Yamadagni Self-coloured core variety
Imperator Mid season to late maturing variety
Chanteny Excellent cultivar for canning and storage
Zeno Introduction from germany suitable for
Nilgiri hills
Royal chanteny Suitable variety for home gardens
Danvers Suitable for both fresh and processing
Oxheart Heart shaped roots
Temperate carrots

44. Breeding Achievements
 Resistant to motley virus: Sweet Crop, Top Weight
 Resistant to Pythium sp: Nanthes ,Imperator
 Resistant to Nematode(Heterodera carotae): Vilmorium 66
 Free from tip burn(Physilogical disorder): Scarlet ,Nanthes
 Pusa Yamadagni: From IARI Catrin 12-15 t/ha , Long roots(15-
16cm), Orange coloured, Rich in carotene.
 Pusa Meghali :Suitable for halwa preparation.
44
Heat tolerant : Kuroda and New Kuroda,Deep orange, Stump root.
Exotic cultivars commercially grown in India: Chanteny, Danvers, Nanthes,
Early Horn, Early Gem
Pusa Payasa:Mustard coloued core variety

45. 45
Future thrust in carrot breeding
Collection of germplasm to increase variability.
Wild and related novel species maintained for utilization in the future
breeding programme .
Development of parental lines/varieties superior in quality traits-
carotene flavour, texture, higher sugar, dry matter and smoothness.
Development of stable brown anther CMS lines.
Exploring new seed production area with no or mild precipitation at
seed setting and maturity.
Standardize the techniques to increase seed productivity (In hybrid
and open pollinated varieties)

46. 46
1.Vegetable breeding principles and practices- Harihar ram
2.Genetics And Breeding Of Vegetable Crops- K.V Peter
3.Advances in Horticulture- K.L Chadda , G. Kalloo
4.Genetic Improvement of vegetable crops- G. Kalloo and B.O Bergh
5.Glaustus of Horticulture- Muthukumar,Selvakumar,
6.Vegetable Science and Technology In India- Vishnu Swaroop
7.A Text Book Of Glaustus Olericulture : R. Selvakumar
8.Google
References

47. 47