2. 1. Cell Cycle1. Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle is a sequence of cellThe cell cycle is a sequence of cell
growth and division.growth and division.
• The cell cycle is the period fromThe cell cycle is the period from
the beginning of one division to thethe beginning of one division to the
beginning of the next.beginning of the next.
• The time it takes to complete oneThe time it takes to complete one
cell cycle is thecell cycle is the generation time.generation time.
3.
4. • Cells divide when they reach a certain sizeCells divide when they reach a certain size
NONO (nerve, skeletal muscle and red(nerve, skeletal muscle and red
blood cells)blood cells)
• Cell division involves mitosis andCell division involves mitosis and
cytokinesis.cytokinesis.
• Mitosis involves division of theMitosis involves division of the
chromosomes.chromosomes.
• Cytokinesis involves division of theCytokinesis involves division of the
cytoplasm.cytoplasm.
• Mitosis without cytokinesis results inMitosis without cytokinesis results in
multinucleate cells.multinucleate cells.
6. Eukaryotic cell cycle
Beginning of one division to beginning of
next
Stages in eukaryotic cell cycle
Interphase
First gap phase
Synthesis phase
Second gap phase
M phase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
7. The main stages of the cell cycle are gap
1, synthesis, gap 2, and mitosis.
– Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and
normal functions
Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough
and the DNA undamaged.
– DNA synthesis (S): copies
DNA
– Gap 2 (G2): additional
growth
– Mitosis (M): includes
division of the cell nucleus
(mitosis) and division of the
cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
8. • Chromosomes become duplicatedChromosomes become duplicated
duringduring interphaseinterphase
• Cells are very active duringCells are very active during
interphaseinterphase, synthesizing biological, synthesizing biological
molecules and growing the Gmolecules and growing the G11 (gap)(gap)
phasephase
• The S (synthesis) phase is markedThe S (synthesis) phase is marked
byby DNA replicationDNA replication
• The GThe G22 (gap) phase occurs between(gap) phase occurs between
the S phase and mitosisthe S phase and mitosis
9. Cell division
• Chromosomal packaging of DNA allows
efficient distribution of genetic material
during cell division
• Life cycle requires two distinct types of cell
division processes: mitosis and meiosis
• Cell division: one cell becomes two cells during
an organism’s life cycle
10. 2. Mitosis
Mitosis is nuclear division plus
cytokinesis, and produces two
identical daughter cells during
the following steps:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase.
11. Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis.
DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it.
DNA double
helix
DNA and
histones
Chromatin Supercoiled
DNA
13. Prophase
Chromosome pair up!
1. Chromosomes thicken and shorten
-1 become visible
-2 chromatids joined by a centromere
2. Centrioles move to the opposite sides of the
nucleus
3. Nucleolus disappears
4. Nuclear membrane disintegrate
14.
15. Metaphase
Chromosomes meet in the middle!
1. Chromosomes arrange at equator of
cell
2. Become attached to spindle fibres by
centromeres
3. Homologous chromosomes do not
associate
16.
17. Anaphase
Chromosomes get pulled apart
Spindle fibres contract pulling
chromatids to the opposite poles of
the cell
18. Telophase
Now there are two!
1. Chromosomes uncoil
2. Spindle fibres disintegrate
3. Centrioles replicate
4. Nucleur membrane forms
5. Cell divides
23. Cells divide at different rates.
The rate of cell division varies with the need for those
types of cells.
• Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).
24. 3. Meiosis
4 daughter cells produced
Each daughter cell has half the
chromosomes of the parent
2 sets of cell division involved
25. Reduces chromosome # from
46 --> 23
Reduces the DNA content from
2n --> 1n
One diploid (2n) --> Four haploid (1n) cells
Meiosis
Mitosis
One diploid (2n) cell --> two diploid daughter cells
Maintains chromosome #
46 --> 46
Maintains DNA content
2n --> 2n