The document summarizes APA citation style guidelines for in-text citations and references. It states that APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list, following the author-date method. Guidelines are provided for citing different numbers of authors, sources without authors, quotations, paraphrases, secondary sources, and personal communications.

1.  Presented by
 Sidra Akhtar

2.  APA text citation style refers to the rules
established by the American Psychological
Association for documenting sources used in
a research paper. APA style requires both in-
text citations and a reference list.

3.  When using APA format, follow the
author-date method of in-text citation.
This means that the author's last name
and the year of publication for the source
should appear in the text, for example,
(Jones, 1998), and a
complete reference should appear in
the reference list at the end of the
paper.

4.  When using APA format, follow the author-
date method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the year of
publication for the source should appear in
the text,
for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete
reference should appear in the reference list
at the end of the paper.

5.  If we use sources with the same author
surnames, then include a first name initial. If
the two sources have authors with the same
initials, then include their full names:
 Example:
(J. Johnson 12-13).
Or (John Johnson 12-13).
 If there are two or three authors of the
source, include their last names in the order
they appear on the source:
 Example:
(Smith, Wollensky, and Johnson 45).

6.  Always capitalize proper nouns, including
author names and initials: D. Jones.
 If refer to the title of a source within paper,
capitalize all words that are four letters long
or greater within the title of a
source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions
apply to short words that are verbs, nouns,
pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing
New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose

7.  When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in
a hyphenated compound word:Natural-Born
Cyborgs.
 Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon:
"Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of
Hitchcock's Vertigo."
 Italicize or underline the titles of longer works
such as books, edited collections, movies,
television series, documentaries, or albums: The
Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of
Oz; Friends.

8.  Put quotation marks around the titles of
shorter works such as journal articles,
articles from edited collections, television
series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia
Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds";
"The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

9.  If directly quoting from a work, we will need
to include the author, year of publication,
and the page number for the reference
(preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation
with a signal phrase that includes the
author's last name followed by the date of
publication in parentheses.
 Example
According to Jones (1998), "Students often
had difficulty using APA style, especially
when it was their first time" (p. 199).

10.  Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or
longer, in a free-standing block of type written
lines, and omit quotation marks.
 Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2
inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same
place we would begin a new paragraph.
 Type the entire quotation on the new margin,
and indent the first line of any subsequent
paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from
the new margin. Maintain double-spacing
throughout.
 The parenthetical citation should come after the
closing punctuation mark.

11.  Summary or paraphrase
 When paraphrasing an idea from another work,
we only have to make reference to the author
and year of publication in in-text reference, but
APA guidelines encourage to also provide the
page number (although it is not required.)
 Example
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult
citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-
time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

12.  APA Style gives prominence to the date of a
publication. In-text citations use the author's
last name and the date, separated by a
comma, as a brief reference in the text of
the article to refer the reader to complete
information in the reference list.
 (Austin, 1998)

13.  If the author's name is mentioned in the
narrative, then only the date need be given:
Example
Austin (1998) compared institutional support
 Two authors. Always use both names every
time they are referred to in the text. Use the
ampersand (&) to connect the names in the
parentheses, but spell out "and" in the
running text.
 (Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998)

14.  Cite all the authors in text the first time a
reference occurs; in subsequent citations,
include only the surname of the first author
followed by et al.
 First reference:
 (Parker, Mokhesi-Parker, AuthorC, AuthorD &
AuthorE, 1998)
 Subsequent references:
 (Parker et al.)
 Six or more authors. Cite in text only the
surname of the first author followed by et al.
and the year for the first and subsequent
citations.

15.  Group or corporate authors. Use the name
of the body in the citation:
(World Bank, 1998)
 Unknown author. Use the first few words of
the title as the reference in the text
(capitalize all words in title):
("Structuring Lawmaking", 2002)

16.  Author is listed as "Anonymous". Use it as if
it were the author's name.
 (Anonymous, 2003)
 When paraphrasing, APA style does not
require page numbers in the in-text citation.
However, authors are encouraged to include
page numbers if it will help the reader locate
the relevant information in longer texts.
Consult with your professor regarding the
need for page numbers for paraphrased
information.

17.  If the reference is to an exact quotation,
the author, year and page number must be
included. The page number can be given in
parentheses at the end of the exact
quotation or incorporated into the in-text
citation.
 Newman (1994) concluded "sibling conflict is
so common that its occurence is taken for
granted" (p. 123).

18.  For exact quotations from sources without
page numbers, use paragraph numbers, if
available. If the paragraphs are not
numbered, but there are headings, use the
heading name and count the number of
paragraphs after the heading to the
paragraph containing the quotation.
(Publication Manual, Chapter 6.05, p. 171)
 (Smith, 2003, para. 1)

19.  For citations taken from secondary
sources, include the secondary source in the
reference list and mention the original work
in the text.
 Text citation:
 Goldman and Goldman's study (as cited in
Linebarger, 2001) found ....
 Reference List:
 Linebarger, D. L. (2001). Learning to read
from television: The effects of using captions
and narration. Journal of Educational
Psychology, 93(2), 288-298.

20.  Not all of sources will come from books,
journals, newspapers, etc. Some of them
will consist of personal communications, or
personal conversations, emails, class
lectures, performance art, or research
interviews. Cite personal communications
only in the text, give the initials as well as
the surname of the communicator, and
provide the exact date if possible

21.  If the personal communication is
recoverable, then the source should be cited
as an archived material.
Individual Email
 Since emails are not recoverable, APA treats
them like personal communications
 In text format:
 An example given by M. Lankershim (personal
communication, May 11, 2008)

22.  Personal Interviews, "How Do You Cite an
Interview",
 Because personal interviews are not
considered recoverable data, these
references should not be posted in the
reference list.
 In text format:
 M. Hughes (personal communication,
February 10, 2005) suggests that
 Too many hot dogs are not good for your gut
(M. Hughes, personal communication,
Febrauary 10, 2005

23.  Performance Art , "There's an Art to It")
 Because people cannot go back to the actual
performance unless it has been recorded,
performance art should be formatted like a
personal communication by giving the
artist(s) and date of performance. This
source is not included in the reference
list unless the performance has been
recorded.


24.  Research Interviews
 Though most personal communications include
the communicators first initial and surname, in
the case of research interviewees, the
participant's identity must remain anonymous for
ethical reasons. As a result, we do not include
any identifying information. Here are some ways
to keep participants anonymous:
 Do not provide any identifying information:
 Observations by one of the students interviews
draws more attention to the inital problem:
[Insert quote without other attributions]

25.  Identify the participant by age or some other type
of data:
 "The experience was different and exhausting (male
participant, 43 years of age)."
 "In retrospect, I would have spent more time with the
research librarian (female psychology student)."
 Use letters, nicknames, or roles to identify
participants
 Student A, Student B; Participant A, Partcipant B
John, Mary
Doctor, Patient; Librarian, Patron; Teacher, Student