report

PROJECT ONE
BUILDING SERVICES [BLD60903]
Case Study of Building Services in Public Buildings
PERTUBUHAN AKITEK MALAYSIA CENTRE
(PAM CENTRE)
Malaysian Institute of Architects
Jalan Tandok, Bangsar
Arina Nadia binti Farid 0324105
Darren Tan Yong Tee 0323398
Kelvin Shim Kah Vun 0331371
Melisa binti Faisal 0325983
Muhammad Ros Syaznaim bin Rosli 0324757
Mohd Nazrul bin Mohamad Kamsol 0325540
Tutor: Ar. Zafarullah Mohamed Rozaly

Building Services [BLD60903] | Project 1 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Abstract
2.0 Acknowledgements
3.0 Introduction to the PAM Centre
4.0 Methodology
5.0 Limitation of Study
6.0 Active and Passive Fire Protection System (by Nazrul Kamsol and Melisa Faisal)
6.1Introduction
6.2Literature Review
6.2.1 Active Fire Protection
6.2.1.1 Fire Detection System
6.2.1.2 Fire Notification System
6.2.1.3 Fire Fighting System
6.2.2 Passive Fire Protection
6.2.2.1 Means of Escape and Firefighter Access
6.2.2.2 Compartmentation
6.2.2.3 Fire Rated Building Materials
6.3Active Fire Protection System at PAM Centre
6.3.1 Fire Detection Systems
6.3.1.1 Addressable Smoke Detector
6.3.2 Fire Notification Systems
6.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Bell
6.3.2.2 Manual Call Point
6.3.2.3 Main Fire Alarm Panel
6.3.2.4 Fire Emergency Light
6.3.2.5 Fireman Intercom
6.3.2.6 Fireman Switch
6.3.3 Fire Fighting Systems
6.3.3.1 Fire Extinguisher
6.3.3.2 Dry Riser System
6.3.3.3 Hose Reel System
6.4Passive Fire Protection System
6.4.1 Means of Escape and Firefighter Access

6.4.1.1 Fire Escape Plan
6.4.1.2 Fire Doors
6.4.1.3 Fire Escape Staircases
6.4.1.4 Exit Sign
6.4.1.5 Door Release Mechanism
6.4.2 Compartmentation
6.4.2.1 Escape Travel Distances
6.4.3 Fire Rated Building Materials
6.4.3.1 Masonry
6.4.3.2 Aluminium Cladding
6.4.3.3 Pre-cast Concrete
6.4.3.4 Steel Elements
6.5Conclusion
7.0 Mechanical Ventilation Systems (by Arina Nadia)
7.1Introduction
7.2.1 Basic Ventilation System
7.2.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
7.2.2.1 Spot Systems
7.2.2.2 Exhaust Systems
7.2.2.3 Supply Systems
7.2.2.4 Balanced Systems
7.2.2.5 Energy Recovery Systems
7.2.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
7.2.3.1 Fans
7.2.3.2 Ductwork
7.2.3.3 Filters
7.2.3.4 Diffusers
7.2.3.5 Fire Dampers
7.2.4 Passive Ventilation
7.2.4.1 Cross Ventilation
7.2.4.2 Stack Effect
7.2.4.3 Spatial Planning
7.3Mechanical Ventilation System at PAM Centre
7.3.1 Spot Ventilation System
7.3.2 Propeller Fans

7.4Passive Design Strategies at PAM Centre
7.4.1 Cross Ventilation
7.4.2 Stack Effect
7.5Compliance to UBBL
7.6Conclusion
8.0 Air Conditioning Systems (by Muhammad Ros Syaznaim)
8.1Introduction
8.2.1 Operating Principles of Air Cooling
8.2.1.1 Refrigeration Cycle
8.2.1.2 Components of Refrigeration Cycle
8.2.2 Air Cycle Process
8.2.2.1 Components of Air Cycle Process
8.2.3 Types of Air Conditioning Systems
8.2.3.1 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Air-Conditioning System
8.3Air Conditioning Systems at PAM Centre
8.3.1 Indoor Unit
8.3.1.1 Fan Coil Unit
8.3.1.1.1 Components of Fan Coil Unit
8.3.1.1.2 Cooling Process
8.3.1.2 Remote Control Unit
8.3.1.3 Cassette Unit
8.3.2 Outdoor Unit
8.3.2.1 Condenser
8.3.2.2 Ductwork
8.4Air Conditioning System At PAM Centre
8.4.1 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems
8.4.1.1 Comfort
8.4.1.2 Environmental
8.4.1.3 Flexibility
8.4.1.4 Reduced Noise
8.4.2 Components of VRF
8.5Conclusion
9.0 Mechanical Transportation System (by Darren Tan)

9.1Introduction
9.3Standard Elevator Components
9.3.1 Car
9.3.2 Hoistway
9.3.3 Counterweight
9.3.4 Machine/Drive System
9.3.5 Control System
9.3.6 Safety System
9.3.7 Buffer
9.4Type of Lift and Specifications at PAM Centre
9.4.1 Operation of Lift
9.5Components of a Lift
9.5.1 Two Panel, Centre-Opening Doors
9.5.2 Buttons
9.5.3 Floor Indicators
9.5.4 Handrail
9.5.5 Fire Resistant Padding
9.6Compliance to UBBL
9.7Conclusion
10.0 Mechanical Parking Systems (by Kelvin Shim)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Review
10.2.1 AGV Systems
10.2.2 Crane Systems
10.2.3 Silo Systems
10.2.4 Tower Systems
10.2.5 Stack Parking Systems
10.2.6 Puzzle Systems
10.3 Types of Mechanical Parking Systems at PAM Centre
10.4 Safety Systems
10.5 Operation and Maintenance
11.0 References
12.0 Conclusion

1.0 ABSTRACT
This assignment requires students to analyse the services in a public building, with a maximum of 14-
storeys, of their choice. In a group of five to six individuals, we are required to perform an observational
analysis and case study of the following building services systems, as well as to tabulate a report in
response to the requirements of the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 and MS1184:
i. Fire Protection Systems
ii. Mechanical Ventilation Systems
iii. Air-Conditioning Systems
iv. Mechanical Transportation Systems
Other additional systems of the building were also investigated:
v. Mechanical Parking Systems
As a result of this assignment, we were introduced to the basic principles, process and equipment of
various building services systems implemented in a public building. The new PAM Centre is indeed a
good example of a contemporary building in which the services comply with the Green Building Index
(GBI) policies, granting it a platinum certification. In addition, the design of the building takes into
careful consideration of the building services and manages to design around it.
In-depth research and analysis were conducted through literature reviews, such as publications,
journals, and online resources. A better understanding of local building regulations and laws through
UBBL would greatly aid us in the subsequent future as students or future practicing architects. It is
anticipated that with this research and report, our understanding of the intricacies of the Malaysian
regulatory environment would serve as one of the foundations in our design process.

2.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to extend our highest appreciation to the following individuals who have assisted us in
our observational analysis as well as contribute greatly throughout our completion of this assignment.
Firstly, we would like to thank our tutor, Ar. Mohamed Zafarullah Mohamed Rozaly who provided us
with intensive tutorial sessions and never-ending guidance throughout the production and data
collection of this report, up until the completion, as well as Ar. Sateerah Hassan for carefully drafting
and designing the modules to produce a beneficial learning environment for us to understand building
systems services. Despite the short duration of this assignment, we have indeed gain a lot of
knowledge.
Lastly, we would like to express our appreciation to the individuals at Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia for
taking time out of their busy schedules to aid us in our research, such as Ms. Madeline Ham for helping
us organise our site visit, and most importantly, Mr. Adi for assisting us and giving us the in-depth
information we needed to complete our research.

3.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PAM CENTRE
Initially, the headquarters for the Malaysian Institute of Architects,
or Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia, PAM, for short, was located in a
century-old building in Jalan Tangsi. The building was built in 1907
during the colonisation of the British regime, and was the residence
of the late Loke Chow Kit (Kamal, 2008), a well-known miner
municipal councillor, and the very first local owner of a department
store, Chow Kit and Co.
Loke Chow Kit sold off the house in 1909. It went through several different tenants until PAM became its fourth
tenant in 1973. The distinctive architectural elements and intricate details that could no longer be replicated
were what drew PAM to turn this into their official headquarters (Kamal, 2008).
In 2010, PAM purchased a four-storey warehouse in Jalan Tandok,
Bangsar in hopes of developing it into a centre for contemporary arts, a
reflection of the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) and National Art Gallery.
The transaction was completed in 2011 but unfortunately, in 2012, the
Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council, or DBKL had given them a notice to
move out of their then headquarters by June of the same year (Mah,
2014), and it was decided that the land in Jalan Tandok was to become
the new PAM Centre.
A competition was held to design the new centre for architects, with 36
entries in total, the winning design was the brainchild of Heikal Hasan of
HMA & Associates. The building was completed in 2016 and is now
categorised as a Green Building Index (GBI) Platinum Certified building due to its passive design strategies
such as rainwater harvesting system used for irrigation and flushing purposes, a 25kW photovoltaic system that
is generated from solar consumption and emphasis on natural ventilation.
The minimal grid design promotes passive air ventilation, while the interiors consist of exposed brick walls, flat
concrete slabs and hidden steel columns.
Figure 3.1 : Former PAM headquarters at Jalan Tongsi
Figure 3.2 :Current PAM headquarters at Jalan
Tandok, Bangsar

4.0 METHODOLOGY
This project was conducted to include a thorough study of the building services systems implemented
are the New PAM Centre in Jalan Tandok, Bangsar. In a period of four weeks, it was carried out in
several phases, firstly literature review, followed by a site visit and observation, data collection and
gathering as well as recording and reporting.
Literature review consisted of research and factual data collected from journals, online resources,
articles, and publications. Our research was focused on fire protection systems, mechanical ventilation
systems, air-conditioning systems, mechanical transportation systems, sanitary and plumbing systems,
mechanical parking systems and command and control centre.
We were then tasked and divided into our respective topics of choice. In preparation for the site visit,
preliminary research and questions were made. Our site visit was assisted by Encik Muhammad Asadi,
who was the Facilities Manager of the PAM Centre, and were given a thorough tour of the building’s
service systems and mechanical equipment. A second site visit was then conducted to obtain more
details and gain access to certain parts of the building under the supervision of Encik Asadi.
With the completion of our data collection, we then compiled our findings into Google Slides, and finally
into Google Word Docs, in which these platforms were easily accessible by everyone and changes can
be made quickly and efficiently. Our data was then analysed thoroughly together as a group during the
drafting and final compiling of the report.

5.0 LIMITATION OF STUDY
A number of issues were encountered during the process of conducting this assignment. Due to the
different timetables and schedules between our group members, it was difficult to organise a site visit
where all the group members were present. Only five out of six members were able to attend the first
site visit.
During the first site visit, however, we were scheduled to meet Encik Asadi along with two other
institutions for the tour. We were early and the first to arrive but had to wait an hour and a half for the
others to arrive, in which they eventually cancelled at the very last minute. As a result, we were not able
to film or take clear photos of the systems at the rooftop due to the heavy rain.
In addition to our second site visit, it was difficult to set a session with Encik Asadi due to his busy
schedule, in which his timings clashed with our Design Studio IV site visit to Ipoh.

6.0 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

6.1 INTRODUCTION
It is in no practical way to design a building in which its occupants would be trapped in case of fire
under any circumstances. It is also impossible to secure an absolute safety surrounding in a building
due to human failure or error happening during fire emergencies. Hence, Architects, Engineers and
building designers are therefore in need to cater the balance of life safety, fire integrity against
practicality, aesthetic design and the fire regulations.
Fire protection system is one of the most effective way to ensure safety and taking security measures
to minimize the risk of fire spreading in a building and it is also effective by providing certain
precautions to combat and escape from it. Fire protection system emphasizes on the safety of the
occupants and the latter, the property in every way possible. Fire protection system works by
diminishing the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fire.
In general, the fire defence strategies for development projects in Malaysia are based on the “Fire
Safety Philosophy” of the Malaysian Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 where lives of people or occupants
is the top most priorities. The fire prevention and operational requirements for both external and internal
fire prevention must be taken into consideration. Facilities must be incorporated together with the
building to allow fire fighters to reach the top most floor to rescue occupants and diminish internal fire
operations.

6.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Fire is essentially as chemical reaction between oxygen together with fuel or any combustible material.
There are four factors that would contribute to initiate a fire. Fire, Oxygen, Heat, and Chemical Reaction.
This is also known as the ‘Fire Tetraheron’.
If this chemical reaction is allowed to happen over a period of time, a spark of a fire could turn into a
disastrous flame causing catastrophe.
Diagram 6.1: Fire Tetrahedron
Knowing the properties of fire or understanding the characteristics how fire is stimulated or spread out
can help Architects, Engineers and other professionals to plot strategies on the life safety and property
protection in building designs and systems.

Diagram 6.2 : Stages of fire Development
Ignition A process in which fuel goes through a chemical reaction with oxygen called
combustion.
Development After the initial growth, fire goes through a development stage. This is where fire
spreads out to other areas, slowly increasing temperature at the same time.
Growth Once fire is started, it can grow rapidly. In an enclosed compartment, a critical stage
may take place where all combustible materials are heated to a flammable
concentrations of gases, this is where the flame would suddenly flashes throughout the
compartment- this is called the flashover.
Flashover A sudden ignition of all combustible material in an enclosed area. Flashover happens
when all the surface or material in a space are heated to the point where they give off
flammable gases that are hot enough to sustain a combustion
Fuel Load Fuel load is the amount of available and potentially combustible material to fuel the fire.
Decay Decay stage is when the fire will burn itself out due to lack of oxygen or fuel.

6.2.1 Active Fire Protection
Active Fire Protection is a system that requires a certain amount of action or motion in order to for it to work
efficiently in case of fire. Actions may be manually operated, for instance, fire extinguisher or automatic, like a
sprinkler, but both of this system requires a certain amount of action. Active Fire Protection (AFP) includes fire
or smoke alarm systems, sprinkler systems, and fire extinguishers. Fire and smoke alarm systems are used to
indicat if there is a fire or smoke is present in a building. Sprinkler systems are used to help diminish the growth
of the fire. Fire extinguishers however are used to help distinguish fire altogether.
There are three types of Active Fire Protection:
 Fire Detection system
 Fire Notification System
 Fire fighting System

6.2.1.1 Fire Detection System
Fire detection system, when combined with other elements of an emergency response and evacuation plan,
can significantly reduce the damage in property, injuries, and loss of life from fire in the workplace, commercial
building, or any form of building usage. Their main function is to quickly alert the occupants and emergency
response personnel in a building to indicate there is a developing fire before any damage can occurs. Fire
detection system are able to do this by by using electronic sensors to detect the smoke, heat, or flames from a
fire by providing a warning at an early stage.
Heat detector
Figure 6.1 Heat Detector
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to be heat-sensitive element to respond when the thermal
energy of a fire is present. All heat detectors have the ability to measure a thermal energy increment. The heat
detector would then alert and allow the emergency personnel to be aware of the fire growth and indicate the
location of the fire.
Smoke detector
Figure 6.2 Smoke Detector
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices
issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also
known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.

6.2.1.2 Fire Notification System
Fire notification system is a system that is used to alert the occupants in a building at an early
stage of fire, giving enough time for occupants to evacuate the building to a more safer
grounds in case of fire after notifying the fire emergency personnel in a building at the same
time.
6.2.1.2.1 Fire Alarm
Figure 6.3 Fire Alarm
Fire Alarm Bells rings in the emergency of fire with a high range to alert all occupants through
audio appliances when smoke, or fire is present in order for them to evacuate a building.
6.2.1.2.2 Manual Call Point
Figure 6.4 Manual Call Point
Manual call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification
of a fire or emergency condition exists, by operating the push button or break glass the alarm
signal can be raised. By breaking the glass, this will automatically activate the Active Fire
Protection System

6.2.1.2.3 Fire Contol Panel
Figure 6.5 Fire Control Panel
Fire Control Panel is a panel that monitors and controls all fire safety and protection system.
From indicating the location of smoke from smoke detector, and controlling the fire sprinkler in
certain location. This would allow fire emergency personnel to easily locate the fire location and
growth.
6.2.1.2.4 Emergency Light System
Figure 6.6 Emergency Light System
An emergency light is a battery-backed lighting system that switches on automatically when
there is a power outage in a building. Emergency lights are standards in new commercial and
high occupancy residential buildings by building codes.

6.2.1.2.4 Firemen Intercom
Figure 6.7 Firemen Intercom
Firemen intercom system is an emergency voice communication system that is able to be use
in the emergency of fire. It provides communication between telephone located within the
building and the master telephone at the fire command centre to alert the firemen.
6.2.1.2.5 Firemen Switch
Figure 6.8 Firemen Switch
The fireman switch is a switch that disconnects all electrical appliances acting as an isolator for
special applications. Firemen switch are usually visible from the outside of a commercial
buildings. They are designed to be easily spotted to be used by firemen to turn off all light
switches or other electrical equipments in the emergency of fire.

6.2.1.3 Fire Fighting System
Fire fighting system are equipment that is designed and allocated in a building to control and
combat fire during fire emergency.
6.2.1.3.1 Fire Hydrant
Figure 6.9 Fire Hydrant
Fire Hydrant or fire pump, is a high pressure connection pump by which firefighters can tap into
a water supply to increase the fire fighting capacity during fire emergency. It is a component
of active fire protection.
6.2.1.3.2 Automatic Sprinkler System
Figure 6.10 Automatic Sprinkler System
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system,
providing a high pressure and flow rate to a water distribution from wet or dry riser system, onto
which fire sprinklers are connected. The sprinklers are only activated when the Active Fire
Protection System is triggered in the presence of fire, or smoke. A pressurized gas emitted
from the dry riser system will emit and sprinkle water throughout the building to execute fire.

6.2.1.3.3 Fire Hose Reel System
Figure 6.11 Fire Hose Reel System
A fire hose is a high-pressure hose that carries out water or other fire retardant to extinguish it.
If located outdoors, it would usually be attached either to a fire hydrant. Indoors, it can be
permanently attached to a building's standpipe or plumbing system. It is usually located
strategically to a certain distance on every habitant enclosed space for ease of fire combat
during fire.
6.2.1.3.4 Dry Riser System
Figure 6.12 Dry Riser System
A dry riser is a normally an empty pipe that can be externally connected to a pressurized water
source by firefighters. It is a vertical pipe used to distribute water to different levels of a building
or structure as a component of the fire suppression system.

6.2.1.3.5 Wet Riser System
Figure 6.13 Wet Riser System
“Wet riser” or “wet standpipe” are pipes that are kept full of water for fire fighting operations.
Water supply pipe installed from a pressurized supply, and fitted with landing valves at
specified points.
6.2.1.3.6 Fire Extinguisher
Figure 6.14 Fire Extinguisher
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish small fires, often being
used in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an excessive fire, such as those
which has reached the ceilings.

6.2.2 Passive Fire System
Passive Fire System is an integral part of fire protection and works hand in hand with active fire
systems. Although this system takes no action in extinguishing the fire, it helps prevent and slows
down fire and smoke from spreading to adjacent spaces through built in structures. The main purpose
of this system is to maximise the time available to evacuate the building safely. Additionally, by
containing the origin of the fire, it minimizes damage to the property and allows firefighters to
extinguish the fire before it spreads too far. Some areas of this system include means of escape,
compartmentalization and fire-resistant materials.
6.2.2.1 Means of Escape
Means of Escape refers to the shortest route that leads occupants to a place of safety. It
consist 3 components namely the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge.
The exit access is generally the unprotected route that leads to an exit which includes
passageways, door and intervening rooms. It does not necessarily have to comply with fire
rating requirements. However, the width and length of the travel of these routes are subjected
to certain By-laws. This is to ensure the shortest route available for occupants. Mechanical
transportation such as lifts and escalators are not allowed to be part of the route due to it’s
unreliability in a fire.
The exit is a portion of the building that is separated from all of the other spaces. It provides a
protected space for occupants to exit the building with minimal hazardous exposure. The exit
also needs to comply with certain By-laws to ensure the safety of occupants. For instance the
exit needs to be made out of fire-rated materials that would withstand the fire for at least half an
hour.The exit must discharge at a safe area outside the building. This refers to the assembly
point and must be located on ground level.

6.2.2.2 Compartmentation
Compartmentation prevents the spread of fire, smoke and heat beyond a restricted area. It is
achieved through separating spaces into smaller compartments wherever it exceeds the
maximum floor area as stated in the Fifth Schedule of the By-law. These compartments are
enclosed with fire-rated materials that are in accordance to the Fire Resistance Period (FRP)
requirement. These may include fire walls, fire barriers and parti walls.
Diagram 6.14 Compartmentation within a building
6.2.2.3 Fire Rated Building Materials
Building materials have varying degree of fire resistance and is determined in the Ninth
Schedule of the By-law. The degree of resistance of the material is measured in the number of
hours it can resist with the minimum being half an hour. There are a few factors that effect the
fire resistance of a material such as the thickness and in the case of masonry, wether it is a
load bearing or non-load bearing wall. The choice of building material is important as it will
determine the effectiveness of the structure in resisting and containing fire.

6.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM AT PAM
CENTRE
6.3.1 Fire Detection Systems
6.3.1.1 Smoke Detector
Figure 6.15 Smoke Detector
The only fire indicator that is being used in the PAM Centre is an smoke detector. In specific, the smoke
detector being used here is an addressable smoke detector. It is a device that senses smoke and harmful gas
particles, such as Carbon Monoxide typically as an indicator of fire.
Because PAM Centre is an institutional building, it is required for PAM Centre to use the commercial standard
smoke detector as to fit the capacity of occupants. Commercial standard smoke detector issues and alarms the
fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system. This would then alert the fire emergency personnel to
take further actions. The differences between a smoke detector and an addressable smoke detector is that with
addressable fire alarm systems, The location of activated smoke detector is being showed in the Fire Control
Panel. This would then ease fire emergency personnel to locate the ignition of fire.

Diagram 6.2 Location of Smoke Detector on the Second Floor of PAM Centre
Smoke detectors are being placed in every meeting rooms, offices and corridors, smoke detectors are also
placed in control rooms, this is to prevent further damage that might occur as electrical rooms has high chances
on catching fire. The smoke detectors are located no less than 10 m apart from one another. Below is the
placement of addressable smoke detectors placed in third floor of PAM Centre.

6.3.2 Fire Notification Systems
6.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Bell
Figure 6.16 Fire Alarm Bell at PAM Centre
Diagram 6.3 Alarm Bell located on the 5th
floor of PAM Centre
Fire alarm bell is activated when it is triggered by the smoke detectors. It is used to alert the occupants to
immediately evacuate and as well as to alert the authorities to take actions in case of fire. In PAM Centre, fire
alarm bells are located at each end of each floor of the building and the centre of every floor together with a
manual call point together with an extinguisher. Therefore, occupants of the building will be easily notified in
case of fire if there’s an emergency.
Reference to UBBL 1984 (as at 1st
November 2015)
Part VIII, Clause 237: Fire Alarms.
1. Fire Alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
2. All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290
square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with two stage alarm system with
evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an
alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section

6.3.2.2 Manual Call Point
Diagram 6.4: Location of Manual Call Point on 3rd
Floor
Figure 6.17: Manual Call Point in PAM Centre
A manual call point is a device in which occupants would be able to manually alert fire emergency by breaking
the glass on the device. By breaking the glass, this would trigger the Fire Alarm Sytem and indirectly alert the
fire emergency personnel. The device that was broken will also be notified in the fire control panel indicating
where it is located for further actions.These manual call points are located on both ends and center of the PAM
Centre on every floor of the building.

6.3.2.3 Main Fire Alarm Panel
The main fire alarm panel is located at the lower ground floor of the PAM Centre in the control room. The main
fire alarm control panel processes signals that are detected by sensors linked to the control alarm devices that
set off alarms to alert the fire department.
The function of this Fire Alarm Panel is to monitor extinguishing systems for functionality and send alert to the
intended authorities when necessary. In any case of emergency, it receives signals from the fire alarm bell,
smoke detectors and manual call point as well as monitors and provides notifications to the occupants in the
building. The fire alarm panel, has the ability to control HVAC systems, access points, building automation
controllers, and elevators to isolate the fire or route personnel during an emergency.
Figure 6.18: Main Fire Alarm Panel in the Control Room
Reference to UBBL 1984:Part Vlll, Clause 238: Command and control centre.
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with command and control
centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor public address, fire brigade
communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm system and with a direct telephone
connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

6.3.2.4 Fire Emergency Light
Fire Emergency light is located in all enclose and open areas throughout the PAM Centre.
From meeting rooms, office, corridors, walkways, even staircase is fully equipped with Fire
Emergency Lights when there is a power cute or power outage to ease the visibility of
occupants to evacuate during emergency.
Figure 6.19: Fire Emergency Light in PAM Centre
6.3.2.5 Fireman Intercom
Diagram 6.5: Location of Fireman Intercom on First Floor
Fireman intercom system is a Remote Telephone Headset that connects both towards fire exit
staircase of PAM Centre on every floor and a master Remote Telephone Headset located at
the lower ground, in close proximity with the Control Room connecting with the main
Firefighting Department and PAM Centre.

Figure 6.20: Firemen Intercom at fire exits
Figure 6.21: Master Firemen Intercom located in the Control Room
Reference to UBBL 1984:Part Vlll, Clause 239: Voice communication system.
There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communication systems, one a
fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station
and the following areas:
1. Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases;
2. In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area
3. In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the
public address system.

6.3.2.6 Fireman Switch
Figure 6.22: Fireman Switch located on the exterior of the building
Fireman switch is specially deisgned switch in which it disconnects any form of high volatage current from the
power supply acting as an isolator. The reason for is to deter any danger that it might contribute more in events
of fire. Located on both exits of stairway in red color, it is strategically placed in order to be easily spotted by
firemen.
Reference to UBBL 1984:Part Vlll, Clause 240: Electrical isolating switch
1. Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an
electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical
power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.
2. The switch shall be of a type similar to fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical
Engineers Regulation then in force.

6.3.3 Fire Fighting Systems
6.3.3.1 Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguisher is intended to use during early stage of fire outbreak to prevent it from further escalation of fire.
According to code of practice, fire extinguishers shall be easily spotted in sight from every directions and shall
be located in close proximity to exit routes.
Figure 6.23: Fire Extinguishers Chart
Figure 6.24: Fire Extinguisher in PAM Centre
Here in PAM Centre, fire extinguishers are strategically located on every exit of fire exit staircase on every floor
as well as the center of the building. The fire extinguishers that PAM Centre has is dry powder fire extinguisher
and carbon dioxide extinguisher. The dry powder extinguishers are able to distinguish all four types of classes
of fire. These four classes of fire are flammable gas, wood, and electrical equipment. Whereas the carbon
dioxide fire extinguishers are able to put out electrical equipment, flammable liquids, and cooking oils.
Reference to UBBL 1984: Part Vlll, Clause 227: Portable Extinguishers.
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in
prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in building shall be
of the same method of operation.

6.3.3.2 Dry Riser System
Figure 6.25: A Dry Riser Inlet
Diagram 6.6: Location of Fireman Intercom on First Floor
Here in PAM Centre, a Dry Riser System is installed instead of a wet riser system for fire fighting purposes.
Fitted with dry riser inlet located at located at Lower Ground floor, where the fire fighting lobby is.
Fitted with inlet connections at fire engine access level and landing valves on multiple floors, water is being
charged by pumping from fire engine pumps. A dry riser system is required when the highest floor is between
18.3 metres to 30.5 metres. The dry riser standpipes are erected vertically to each floor with a standing valve
along with a hose cradle. In PAM Centre, the dry hydrant and hose cradles are located at the lift lobby and
staircase of every floor as well as the carpark located at the lower ground floor
In PAM Centre, the dry riser inlet is installed at the bottom of the riser within an enclosed box, it is located
around 18 metres from the fire access road and not more than 30 metres from the nearest fire hydrant.

UBBL 1984: Part Vlll, Clause 230: Installation and testing of dry rising system
1. Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres bus
less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.
2. A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby
3. Dry riser shall be minimum “class C’ pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to withstand 21
bars water pressure.
4. Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for two hours in the
presence of the fire authority before acceptance
5. All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35 millimetres in 3.05 metres.
6. 102 millimetres diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4 millimetres dry
risers shall equipped with a four-way pumping inlet

6.3.3.3 Hose Reel System
Figure 6.26: Hose Reel located on the Lower Ground of PAM Centre
Hose Reel System is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of a fire and are
usually located in prominent positions at each floor level along escape routes, beside exit doors
or staircases, preferably within recessed enclosure for easy access during emergencies.
Diagram 6.7: Location of Hose Reel in PAM Centre, 5th floor
Hose reels are located on each end of the building along the exits to fire staircase, as well as
the centre of every floor. Each floor has a total of three hose reels altogether. Located along
the evacuation plan. The length of the hose reel however is 30.2m in length

6.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
AT PAM CENTRE
An exit access is the pathway that leads the occupant to a place of safety outside the building and may include
a doorway, corridor and other means of passage. Generally, the pathway consist of 2 parts which are the
unprotected areas and protected areas leading to the exit discharge.
The unprotected areas leading to the exit are subjected to clause 165 of the UBBL which states the maximum
travel distance to exits in reference to the Seventh Schedule. This is to limit the the exposure of occupants to
smoke and fire.
According to clause 165, the maximum travel distance to exits in reference to the Seventh Schedule of an un-
sprinklered office building is 45 metres. The length of the whole building is 52.6 metres and consist of 2 exits at
both ends. Thus, the distance from the centre point of the two exits is approximately 23.3 metres. This is also in
accordance to clause 169 of Part VII which requires a minimum number of 2 exits.
Diagram 6.7: Travel distance of Level 6
Reference to UBBL :
Part VII, Clause 165. Measurement of travel distance to exits.
(4) The maximum travel distances to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of
these By-laws

Seventh Schedule, Maximum Travel Distances
Purpose Group (1) Dead-End Limit (2) Un-sprinklered (3) Sprinkled
IV) Office 15m 45m 60m
Part VII, Clause 166. Exits to be accessible at all times.
(1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey
together with such additional exits as may be necessary.
(2) The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of
travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-law and are readily accessible at all
times.
Part VII, Clause 169, Exit Route.
No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.
6.4.1.2 Fire Escape Plan
A Fire Escape Plan notifies an occupant of two things. Firstly, it indicates the users location in the building and
the shortest exit route from where they are. Secondly, it indicates the location of available firefighting equipment
such as fire extinguisher and hose reel. Every floor has it’s respective escape route and is installed at every lift
lobby.
Figure 6.27: Fire Escape plan for lower ground

6.4.1.3 Exit Signs
Buildings are mandated to have proper exit signage as it is critical during an evacuation. Exit signs help guide
occupants in the direction of the nearest storey exit. It is usually required to be placed at doors exiting a space
and any other horizontal exits. Small occupancy rooms may not need a sign to be installed.
The sign constantly needs to be illuminated during occupancy to be clearly visible at all times . This is because
in the event of a fire, smoke will start entering spaces and thus, impair the vision of the occupant. In addition,
the signs must able to guide the occupants when the building experiences a power loss.
Figure 6.28: Exit (KELUAR) signs in the PAM Building
Reference to UBBL :
Part VII, Clause 172. Emergency exit signs.
(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured
by any decorations, furnishings or other equipments.
(2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where
the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
(3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less then 150 millimetres high
with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red
against a black background.
(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than 15 watts each.

6.4.1.4 Exit Doors
Exit doors are fire-resistant doors that withstand the spread of fire and smoke between separate
compartments for a given period of time. This provides additional time for the occupants to safely exit
the building. The door should swing in the exiting direction to further save time of evacuation.
All exit doors must comply with the requirements of the fire resistance period. The minimum period of
resistance of exit doors must be no less than half an hour. The exit doors at PAM have a resistance
period of one hour complying to clause 163 (b) of part VII. The door is a single leaf door with
dimensions of 900mm x 2100mm. Doors along the corridor of the escape route as well as doors to
M&E rooms are also fire rated to contain the fire within the compartments for at least half an hour.
Figure 6.29: Fire door at the emergency exit Figure 6.30: Fire resistant doors of M&E rooms
Part VII, Clause 162. Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls.
(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP
in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.
(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half
the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no
case less than half hour.
(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors
having FRP half- hour.
(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet
requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance wwith section 3 of BS 476:1951.

Part VII, Clause 163. Half hour and one hour doors
Fire doors conforming to the method of construction as stipulated below shall be deemed to meet the
requirements of the specified FRP:
(b) Doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specifications shall be deem
to satisfy the requirements for doors having FRP of one hour :
(i) a single door not exceeding 900 millimetres wide x 2100 millimeteres high or
double doors not exceeding x 1800 millimetres x 2100 millimeteres high
constructed as for specification (a) for half-hour door but incorporating on both
faces either externally or beneath the plywood faces a layer of asbestos
insulating board to BS 3536 (not asbestos cement) not less than 3 millimetres
thick;
(ii) doors may swing one way only and double doors shall have 12 millimetres wide
rabbet at the meeting stiles;
(iii) a vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed 100 square
metres per leaf with no dimension more than 300 millimetres and it is glazed with
6 millimetres Georgian Wire Glass in hardwood stop;
(iv) doors contructed in accordance with BS 459: Part 3: 1951: Fire Check Flush
Doors and Wood and Metal Frames (One Hour Type);
(v) frames for one hour doors shall be as for half-hour doors except that timber
frames shall be pressured impregnated with 15% to 18% solution of
monoammonium phosphate in water.
Part VII, Clause 164. Door closers for fire doors
(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in
the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.
Part VII, Clause 173. Exit doors
(1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge
or effort.
(2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door
holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the
fire alarm.

6.4.1.5 Fire Emergency Staircase
The staircase plays an important role in an evacuation as it is usually the primary escape route in any building.
It represents a protected area that leads the occupants to the exit discharge. It is separated from the building by
fire rated walls and a fire door which prevents the spread of fire to the staircase.
As mentioned, the PAM centre has 2 emergency staircase at both ends of the building which complies to clause
168 of the UBBL. The staircase is located at the exterior of the building and is an unenclosed space. Smoke
tends to seep into emergency exits every time an occupant opens the door or when there is a constant flow of
occupants which will require the door to be opened for a long time. This would require staircases to implement a
pressurized system. However, since it is an external staircase, it will prevent the accumulation of smoke in the
staircase as it can escape into the open air.
Figure 6.31: Exit discharge leading to the exterior of the building

Diagram 6.8: The two assembly points the emergency staircase leads to emergency gathering points
Part VII, Clause 168. Staircases
(1) Except as provided for in By-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of engress via at least two
separate staircase.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape
purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor
discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.
(3) The required width of a staircase shall be clear the clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on
the required width of the staircase or landing.
Part VII, Clause 190. External Staircases.
Any permanently installed staircase is acceptable as a required exit under the same condition as an internal
staircase:
Provided that such staircase shall comply with all the requirements for internal staircases. External
staircases shall be separated from the interior of the building by walls and fire door of the same fire
resistance rating as required for internal staircases.

6.4.2 Compartmentation
Compartmentation is the segregation of spaces into smaller compartments to prevent the
spread of fire and smoke. This is essential because the hazardous gas produced by the fire
poses a threat to the occupants as they can be exposed to it for a very limited period of time
before fainting or dying.
PAM Centre comprises of up to 50% of open spaces within the buildings. Spaces such as
offices and meeting rooms are enclosed by using a glass partition. This is permissible because
the area of the building is relatively small with a built up space of 3 782 square metres. Even
with a lot of spaces left open, it still does not exceed the limited area.

6.4.2.1 Floor and Walls
Separating walls are barriers that contain the horizontal spread of fire by the use of fire-resistant materials.
Fire walls in PAM Centre are installed in 3 spaces which are the lift lobby and both the emergency staircase.
By-law 147 requires separating walls to be made out of wholly non-combustible materials whilst in
compliance with the FRP requirement. The separating walls in the PAM Centre are made out of reinforced
concrete with a thickness of 150mm. According to Part 1(A) of the Ninth Schedule, the separating wall of
PAM Centre would have a fire resistance of more than 2 hours.
Construction and materials
Minimum thickness excluding plaster (in
mm)for period of fire resistance of
4 hrs 2 hrs
1. Reinforced concrete, minimum concrete cover to
main reinforcement of 25 mm :
(a) unplastered
180 100
Table 6.1: Nine Schedule, Part 1 – Masonry Construction
PAM Centre is not subjected to constructing a compartment floor which enables the buildings to have voids on
every floor. This is in accordance to By-law 137 which only requires buildings exceeding 30 metres in height to
construct a compartment floor. The height of PAM Centre is slight below 30 metres. Nonetheless, the concrete
floor has a fire resistance of up to 2 hours.
Reference to UBBL Part VII, Clause 213. Fire-resistance.
Subject as otherwise provided by this part every element of structure shall be so constructed as to have fire
resistance for not less than whichever of the periods specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws is
relevant, having regard to the purpose group of the building of which it forms part and the dimensions specified
in the Ninth Schedule.

6.4.2.1 Separation of fire risk areas and shaft
Certain spaces of a building such as mechanical and electrical rooms are required to be separated from the
building or by compartments. These rooms are highly dangerous if exposed to fire because it contains
combustible objects and materials.
In PAM Centre, rooms such as the LV, A/C and ELV are compartmented and located away from user
spaces. It is located near the fire emergency exit and equipped with 1 hour fire rated doors.
Consequently, these rooms create shafts whereby utilities such as water and electrical piping penetrate
across separate compartments. According to By-law 161, all pipings and ductings are required to be
effectively fire stopped to prevent leak of smoke through cavities.
Reference to UBBL Part VII, Clause 139. Separation of risk fire areas.
The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are
located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by local authority
based on the degree of fire hazard:
(g) transformer rooms and substations
Part VII, Clause 161, Fire stopping.
(1) Any fire stop required by the provisions of this Part shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent or
retard the passage of flame.
(2) Any fire stop shall-
(a) If provided around a pipe or duct or in a cavity, be made of non-combustible material or, if it is in a
floor or wall constructed of combustible material, of timber not less than 37 millimetres thick and;
(b) If provided around a pipe or duct, be so constructed as not to restrict essential thermal movement.
(3) Any fire stop formed as a seal at the junction of two or more elements of structure shall be made of
non-combustible material.

6.4.3 Fire-Rated Building Materials
The materiality of PAM Centre is very rustic as most materials used are left bare with no finish. Some of
materials that were mainly used are concrete, clay bricks, steel and aluminium
Figure 6.31: PAM Centre materiality

6.4.3.1 Concrete
Figure 6.32: Use of concrete in PAM Centre
The most widely used material in PAM Centre is concrete and is mainly used as load-bearing structures.The
structural elements such as the wall, columns and beams are made up of pre-cast concrete which was then
assembled on site while the floors are made up of polished concrete. These structures are reinforced and thus
has a higher fire resistance due to the steel rods within the walls which helps keep the structure in place before
giving in to the fire.
Minimum thickness excluding plaster (in mm) for period
of fire resistance of
Loadbearing
4 hrs 2 hrs 11/2 hrs 1hr ½ hr
1. Reinforced concrete,
minimum concrete cover to
main reinforcement of 25 mm:
(a) unplastered
180 100 100 75 75
Table 6.2: Nine Schedule, Part 1 – Masonry Construction

Minimum dimension of concrete column *without finish (in mm)
for a fire resistance of -
4 hrs 2 hrs 11/2 hrs 1 hr ½ hr
1.(a) without plaster 450 300 250 200 150
Table 6.3: Ninth Schedule, Part 2 – Reinforced concrete columns
Minimum concrete over without finish to main reinforcement (in
mm) for a fire resistance of -
4 hrs 2 hrs 11/2 hrs 1hr ½ hr
(a) Without plaster 63 45 35 25 12.5
Table 6.4: Ninth Schedule, Part 3 – Reinforced Concrete Beams

6.4.3.2 Masonry
Figure 6.33: Use of masonry in PAM Centre
Clay bricks are also one of the main materials used in PAM Centre as partition and separating walls. It is
used as the walls of the bathroom and some enclosed spaces such as the auditorium and office rooms.
Hence, the clay brick walls are non-load bearing walls. Non-load bearing walls can withstand fire at a higher
rate which means it can be constructed at a smaller thickness than load-bearing walls.
Material and construction
Minimum thickness excluding plaster (in mm) for period of fire
resistance of -
Non-load bearing
4 hrs 2 hrs 1 ½ hrs 1 hr ½ hr
2. Bricks of clay, concrete
or sand-lime :
(a) unplastered
170 100 100 75 75
Table 6.5: Ninth Schedule, Part 1 – Masonry construction

6.4.3.3 Steel
Figure 6.34: Use of steel in PAM Centre
Minor elements in PAM Centre such as bracing, window frame, staircases and conduits uses steel material.
Since steel is a good conductor of heat, insulating materials may be applied to steel work to reduce the
effect of high temperature from fire such as intumescent coatings. These coatings also protect the material
from corrosion.

6.4.3.4 Aluminium
Figure 6.35: Use of aluminium in PAM Centre
The façade of the building is installed with an egg crate shading device made out of black coated aluminium.
The use of aluminium as a shading device is due it’s reflective and lightweight properties as it can reflect uv
rays which reduces heat gain in the building. However, from a fire resistant perspective, aluminium yields
lower strength in comparison to steel which is heavier.
6.5 CONCLUSION
When considering the fire protection measures for a building, it is vital for us to understand that the
safety of occupants, and firefighters are at consideration and prioritized; And that the design solution
should address the effect of fire, smoke, and toxic fumes in extensively.

7.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

7.1 INTRODUCTION
In considering design, ventilation is a vital aspect as its primary purpose is to remove stale air in
buildings and replacing it with fresh air. Ventilation also aids in the process of moderating internal
temperature and humidity, as well as the reduction of moisture, odours, bacteria, dust, smoke, carbon
dioxide, in addition to other unwanted substances. This process requires the creation of air movements
that are needed to improve the indoor air quality and achieve a state of thermal comfort for the
occupants of the building.
During the design process, there are specified conditions for the amount of fresh air supplied into the
building, depending on the usage and function of that particular space.
Ventilation is classified into two categories; passive and mechanical ventilation. Passive ventilation, or
more commonly known as natural ventilation, is reliant on the natural outside air movement and
pressure differences to both naturally ventilate and cool a building. Buildings in hot or tropical regions,
such as Malaysia, try to implement the usage of natural ventilation to help with building's cooling loads
while being ‘energy-saving’ as the usage of mechanical air conditioning systems decrease. On the
other hand, mechanical ventilation, also known as forced ventilation, is controlled by mechanical means
such as fans, air conditioning units, etc. Mechanical ventilation is used in buildings when in certain
cases, natural ventilation is not sufficient enough, for example:
1. The building is too deep to ventilate from the perimeter.
2. The building’s surrounding air quality and noise are poor.
3. The density of the area is dense leading to the lack of natural wind from entering.
4. Privacy is compromised if natural ventilation is used.
5. Too many partition within the buildings floor span, leading to blocked air paths.
6. Density and usage of building creates high heat loads that is not able to be removed
efficiently with natural ventilation.

7.1.1 Basic Ventilation System
A basic ventilation system consists of two elements; a fan and a
makeup supply. The function of the fan is to extract stale or
unwanted air out of the building, which can generally be found in
kitchens, utility closets and restrooms. Air taken by the makeup
supply is from the exterior atmosphere, which is then brought into
the interiors, restoring fresh air supply into the building. The suction
by the exhaust fan creates a negative pressure, pulling air through
the building from the supply pint (exterior) to the pickup point
(interior).
There are both pros and cons to passive and mechanical ventilation. Firstly, passive ventilation
systems are natural, and does not require any operational and maintenance cost. However, passive
ventilation is unpredictable and cannot be controlled. It also carries dust and allergens, as it cannot be
filtered. Mechanical ventilation systems allow fresh air into buildings with depth, ventilation to the
enclosed spaces and restrooms, unlimited control of the systems, and filter unwanted substances.
Nevertheless, these systems require high installation and maintenance costs.
7.1.1 Types of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
7.1.1.1 Spot Systems
Spot ventilation is the use of exhaust fans,
mainly in kitchens and bathrooms, to quickly
remove pollutants at their source as they are
generated, and is an important tool to improve
air quality and ventilation effectiveness
whether or not natural strategies are used.
These systems aid in the improvement of
natural ventilation by removing indoor air pollutants and/or moisture at their source.
Figure 7.1: Exhaust fan
Source:
http://www.tradekorea.com/product/detail/P390495/Exh
aust-Fan.html
Diagram 7.2: Spot Ventilation Systems.
Source:
https://www.energydepot.com/RPUres/library/ventilation.aspc

7.1.1.2 Exhaust Systems
Exhaust ventilation systems operate by
depressurising the building. It creates negative air
pressure into the building, extracts indoor air,
while at the same time, make-up air infiltrates
through openings in the building shell, such as
windows, roofs, and through intentional, passive
vents. This, in turn, reduces the interior air
pressure, going below exterior air pressure.
These systems are suitably applied in cold
climates. A tropical, humid country such as
Malaysia would only draw moist air into the building’s wall cavities during the
depressurisation process, which may result in condensation and eventually, moisture
damage.
7.1.1.3 Supply Systems
Supply ventilation systems are the converse of
exhaust ventilation systems. By pressurisation,
they draw in the outside air into the building,
resulting in positive air pressure, resulting in equal
amount of inside air to diffuse out through holes,
cracks, and openings, or through ducts and vents.
As opposed to exhaust systems, these systems
allow for better manipulation and control of air
entering the interiors. In addition, it filters
pollutants from entering the building envelope as
well as allergens, such as pollen and dust. Supply systems are more suitable to be
used in warm climates.
Diagram 7.3: Exhaust Ventilation System.
Source: http://www.house-
energy.com/House/SupplyVsExhaust.html
Diagram 7.4 : Supply Ventilation System.
Source: http://www.house-
energy.com/House/SupplyVsExhaust.html

7.1.1.4 Combined Systems
Contrary to both exhaust and supply, combined,
or balanced, ventilation systems neither
depressurise nor pressurise a building unless it is
well-designed. It consists of two fans: an inlet fan
that brings fresh air into the building, and the other,
an extract fan, that removes stale interior air. This
results in a balanced airflow throughout the
building.
The placement of the fans and ducts are vital for
the distribution of air in the building. Therefore,
they are placed in relation to the activity, in which fresh air is supplied to rooms such
as habitable common areas. The exhaustion of air, however, occurs at areas with high
moisture, such as kitchens and restrooms.
Combined systems are suitable for all climates, and include filters that aid in the
removal of allergens and dust.
7.1.2 Components of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
It consists of five (5) components:
1.Fans
2.Ductwork
3.Filters
4.Diffusers
5.Fire Dampers
Diagram 7.5: Balanced Ventilation System.
Source: http://www.house-energy.com/House/Heat-
Energy-Recovery-Ventilation.htm

7.1.2.1 Fans
Fans supply the motive power for air movement by conveying static energy or pressure
and kinetic energy or velocity. A fan’s ability for the movement of air is heavily
dependent on its characteristics, such as type, size, shape, number of blades and
speed(Greeno, 1997).
There are three (3) categories of fans suitable for air ventilation systems:
1. Cross-flow or tangential
A cross-flow or tangential fan is a long,
cylindrical unit that consist of peripheral
impellers. Its efficiency is restricted to
approximately 45 per cent, constraining its
application to portable units and fan coil
converters.
2. Propeller
Propeller fans involve several plastic or steel
blades mounted at 90 degree angles to a
central unit. They can be used on desks in
free-standing forms, however, they are most
commonly applied to voids in the walls of
domestic kitchens or restrooms.
These fans are ideal for extract systems for public lavatories, small canteens,
workshops and etc.
3. Axial
Axial fans consist of several aerofoil cross-
section blades mounted on a motor-driven
shaft. The whole unit is located in a circular
housing for adaptation to ductwork, and
improves the speed of air flow as it drives that
air towards a parallel direction in its shaft. They
Diagram 7.6: Cross-flow or tangential fan
Source: Building Services, Technology and Design.
Greeno, Roger, 1997.
Diagram 7.7: Wall-mounted propeller fan
Diagram 7.8: Axial flow fan

can be compact, or large, with belt-driven impellers from an external motor. In
greasy, hot and corrosive conditions, the bifurcated axial fan has a lated housing
to protect the fan-cooled motor.
This type of fan is typically used in basements, tunnels and jet airplanes.
4. Centrifugal
These fans house an impeller rotating in
an involute or scroll-shaped casing. Air is
drawn in at right angles before
discharging radially under centrifugal
force through the delivery ductwork.
Small fans have an integral motor
mounted centrally within the impeller, but
larger models associated with high
pressure and long deliveries have an
external motor and pulley block system of
gearing.
The fan stands on a base, usually located on rooftops of large buildings, as it
requires larger supplies of air and space. These fans are the most powerful and
efficient as they are able to move large and small quantities of air over a wide
range of pressure.
7.1.2.2 Filters
Filters are one of the main components in the mechanical ventilation system. Its
primary function is to remove suspended particles, contaminants and odours that may
otherwise offend occupants of the building, from the external air before it is released
into the interior spaces. There are various types that range from sophisticated
electronic devices, to simple paper elements, in which they link with cost and measure
of efficiency. Classification is in four categories:
Diagram 7.9: Centrifugal fan
Source: Building Services, Technology and Design. Greeno,
Roger, 1997.

1. Dry
Produced from paper, fine woven fabrics, glass fibres, or foamed plastics, and
contains fibrous materials that aid in the removal of impurities and solids.
2. Viscous
Also known as wet filters, they involve rows of corrugated metal sheets with
surface coated in a non-flammable, non-toxic odourless oil. Most suited for spaces
with heavy air contamination is apparent, in which the suspended particles will
adhere to the oily surface.
Diagram 7.10: Disposable elements of a dry
filter.
Diagram 7.11: Viscous filter.
Source: Building Services, Technology and
Design. Greeno, Roger, 1997.

3. Electrostatic
Also known as electrostatic
precipitators, they are a very
expensive, yet extremely efficient
means of removing fine particles,
pollens, and smoke from the air, in
which it uses a self-generated
charge to attract and collect
contaminants, and a pre-filter
normally installed before the main
unit to remove larger dust particles.
4. Activated carbon
These filters are highly absorbent,
specifically designed for greasy,
odorous atmospheres, such as
produce from commercial food-
processing units. They are disposable
elements with glass fibrous matting
comprising the coconut shell charcoal
granules. Usually located within a
cooker hood, it counteracts
penetration and lining the extract
ductwork from grease.
Diagram 7.13: Activated carbon filter.
Source: Building Services, Technology and Design. Greeno, Roger, 1997.
Diagram 7.14: Circular and rectangular ductwork.
Source: Building Services, Technology and Design. Greeno, Roger,
1997.
Diagram 7.12: Electrostatic filter.

7.1.3 Ductwork
The ductwork consists of a shaft that permits airflow from the exterior into the interior
spaces. Usually produced in circular, square, or rectangular cross-sections, in several
different materials. The more efficient are circular ducts. As they have less frictional
resistance to airflow. However, rectangular ducts of high aspect ratio are more convenient
as they can easily be fitted into the building fabric. The most common material is
galvanized mild steel.
Based on the design, certain buildings may choose to hide their ductwork, along with other
service systems, with a ceiling, or leave it exposed as part of their design.
7.1.4 Fire Dampers
In reference to the Building Regulations, multi-
occupancy buildings, such as flats, hotels, or
apartments, commercial and industrial buildings,
are required to be compartmented to contain the
spread of fire, and is commonly installed at the
compartment walls of rooms. It contains folded
metal plates, or louvres, that perform as automatic
barriers from fire.
7.1.5 Diffusers
Also known as grilles, they are located at the edge of
the ductwork, where fresh air is evenly spread out
into the interior spaces. They range from simple
perforated plates, to the more complex and efficient
coned air distributors. The design and selection must
achieve the appropriate amount of air distribution and
throw for the given situation.
Diagram 7.15: Fire dampers.
Roger, 1997.
Diagram 7.16: Diffusers.
Source: Building Services, Technology and Design. Greeno, Roger,
1997.
Diagram 7.15: Fire dampers.
Roger, 1997.

7.1.6 Passive Ventilation
Passive, or natural ventilation moves a source of fresh air at an appropriate temperature
and humidity through a building, without the dependence on fans. Wind or
convection(‘stack’ ventilation) moves air from higher to lower pressure areas through
windows, doors, or openings provided for the purpose, or through non-powered ventilators.
Using natural ventilation aids in keep a building cool in hot weather, supplying fresh air
without the need for machines, and it relies on either:
 Wind direction and pressure
 The stack effect of warm air rising within a building, white cooler air exists exteriorly.
Wind direction and pressure, however, are dependent on a consistent south-west wind
direction. The effectiveness is inconsistent and limited by the unpredictable nature of
weather. In addition, natural ventilation does not prevent contaminants or dust particles to
enter a building envelope, and may offend the occupants of the building.
7.1.6.1 Cross Ventilation
Cross ventilation takes place when there is a
difference in pressure between one side of the
building and the other. It is typically a wind-
driven effect, in which air is drawn into the
building on the high pressure windward side,
and is drawn out on the low pressure side. It is
generally more straight-forward to provide, as
opposed to stack ventilation, however, it may
be the least effective on hot, still days. It is more commonly suited for buildings that are:
 Narrow
 Perpendicular to the prevailing winds
 On exposed sites
 Unrestricted from internal barriers to air flow
 Provided with a regular distribution of openings
Diagram 7.17: Cross ventilation from top view.
Source: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/wind-
ventilation

7.1.6.2 Stack Effect
As warm air rises, it becomes less
dense, and more buoyant. This effect
can be utilised to encourage natural
ventilation in buildings. At a lower level,
cooler outside air is drawing into
buildings, in which it is warmed by
sources of heat within the building
(people, equipment, heating and solar
gain), and then rises through the
building to vent out at a higher level.
At the top of buildings, a positive pressure area is created, and negative pressure area
at the bottom. Stack effect can take place without the aid of mechanical systems,
simply by incorporating openings at the bottom and top of buildings.
Stack ventilation can be efficient in terms of naturally ventilating tall buildings with
vertical spaces which rise throughout their height, such as buildings with double
volume spaces and central atriums. This may be suitable for buildings with depth,
where cross ventilation may not be sufficient enough to penetrate to deep spaces. It is
heavily influenced by:
 Pressure differences in the exterior
 The height of the stack
 Effective area of openings
 Difference in temperature between the bottom and top of the stack
Diagram 7.18: Stack effect ventilation.

7.2 Mechanical Ventilation System at PAM Centre
The PAM Centre does not require a high amount of usage of mechanical ventilation systems
due to its primary assistance of natural ventilation in the corridors, reception areas and
lavatories, in which double volume spaces, air wells, ventilation blocks, louvers, small holes
and tall, large, and long openings are incorporated into the building design. It is an excellent
low-energy model for other buildings to shadow. Despite the reduced usage of mechanical
ventilation systems, the New PAM Centre provides occupants with ultimate safety and comfort.
7.2.1 Spot Ventilation Systems
Lavatory spaces, such as the restaurant
kitchen at ground floor, and restrooms in the
lower ground floor involve extract spot
ventilation systems, as the function of these
spaces as well as the depth and enclosure
prevents fresh air from circulating, and may
encourage moisture, resulting in stench and
growth of mould and decay when high
humidity is involved.
Fresh air from the outside is brought in and
stale air expelled through the ventilation pipes
(VP) in the building. The stale air from the
restrooms are extracted through the grille into
the rectangular cross-section ducts, which are
connected to the vent pipes.
Figure 7.19: Extract Spot Ventilation System in the
Restrooms at Lower Ground Floor.
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.21: Rectangular cross-section ductwork that cuts
through the walls of restroom, connected to a Vent Pipe (the
circular pipe, with blue tape, labelled ‘VP’).
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.20: Vent pipe, labelled ‘VP’.
Credit: Farid, 2018

In reference to Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, PART III: SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION, Mechanical
Ventilation and Air Conditioning (41.):
1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-
laws relating to natural-ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the
discretion of the local authority.
2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the
permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the
air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not
less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified here in a after shall be introduced into the
enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
3. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
mechanical ventilated or air-conditioned.
4. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or
corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule
to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting
shall to apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

7.3 Passive Ventilation at PAM Centre
The PAM Centre incorporates a number of design strategies to encourage natural airflow
throughout the building. This practice results in a reduction of mechanical ventilation systems,
as well as a reduced cost in energy. The following strategies include:
1. Large openings
Large openings and windows encourage the occurrence of cross ventilation.
2. Small openings
Small openings located on the rear of the building, orientated towards where most sunlight
is reflected, not only reduces the amount of heat penetration into the building but also
assists cross ventilation to transpire, in which air enters from the larger openings and exits
through these smaller openings.
Figure 7.24: Square-shaped opening.
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.22: Glass louver windows.
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.23: Tall, large windows.
Credit: Farid, 2018

3. Open and double volume spaces
Atriums and void spaces are primary design elements in the PAM Centre. These spaces
encourage stack-effect and cross ventilation to occur simultaneously throughout the
spaces.
Figure 7.25 : Double volume space,
overlooking from the second floor all the way to
the ground floor reception area.
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.26 : Double volume space.
Credit: Farid, 2018

4. Propeller fans
Located at the open spaces, large ceiling propeller fans are used to aid natural ventilation
by cooling the surrounding air. This involves the wind chill effect, in which the fan runs
anti-clockwise, and air is pushed down, forcing the space to be cooler than usual.
Figure 7.27 : Large propeller ceiling fan, which can be seen
from the reception area at Ground Floor.
Credit: Farid, 2018
In reference to Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, PART III: SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION, Open
spaces to be provided (30.):
Every building which is erected shall, unless the local authority is of the opinion that in any particular case
air space is otherwise sufficiently and permanently provided for, have directly attached thereto an open
space exclusively belonging thereto of such dimensions as may be prescribed thereafter.

5. Ventilation blocks and air vents
Ventilation blocks are also used to encourage airflow in and out of lavatory spaces and
utility closets, such as the restrooms and pantries from ground floor to the topmost floor.
Figure 7.28: Air vents located at the rooftop, which
encourages airflow from bottom to top in stack-effect.
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.29: Ventilation blocks located in a utility closet in
the basement.
Figure7.30 : Air vents used in the restrooms, as seen from
exterior.
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.31: Ventilation blocks used to bring in air
flow in an office space.
Credit: Farid, 2018

6. Air wells
The presence of air wells (as can be seen in Figures 7.31, 7.32 and 7.33) also promote
stack ventilation throughout the building.
Figure 7.31 : Air well with air vents, taken from rooftop.
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.33 : Metal grilles, located near the
staircases are used to further promote airflow
throughout the spaces and air wells.
Credit: Farid, 2018
Figure 7.32 : Air well near staircase.
Credit: Farid, 2018
In reference to Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, PART III: SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION, Air-wells
(40.):
1. a. The minimum size of each air-well where provided in all buildings shall be as follows:
v. for buildings more than 8 storeys in height, 15 square meters.
b. The minimum width of such air-wells in any direction shall be 2.5 metres.

Total size of an Air-well:
Height x Width = 4.89m x 4.94m (min. width requirement by UBBL 1984 = 2.5m.)
= 24.16 sqm. (min. requirement by UBBL 1984 = 15 sqm.)
The size of the air well meets the minimum requirement by UBBL 1984.
Diagram 7.19: Section view of PAM Centre.

7.3.1 Cross Ventilation
A combination of the large openings, high ceilings, open spaces, air wells encourage cross
ventilation:
7.3.2 Stack-Effect Ventilation
The air-wells play a huge role in the stack-effect ventilation throughout the PAM Centre:
Diagram 7.20: Cross Ventilation on Plan View at PAM
Centre.
Diagram 7.21: Stack-effect ventilation at PAM Centre.

7.4 Conclusion
As a conclusion, mechanical ventilation systems are vital to buildings in which enclosed spaces
and depth are a common element. The lack of these systems may result in insufficient airflow
and discomfort to its occupants. The PAM Centre is the epitome of an economical and energy-
saving building, as it only requires mechanical ventilation systems in small amounts of spaces,
and encourages passive ventilation all throughout the circulation and corridor spaces.
From our analysis, the PAM Centre’s design meets the minimum requirements of the Uniform
Building By-Laws 1984, with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut-off or volume
reduction when ventilation is not required.
With that being said, the mechanical ventilation systems of the PAM Centre were carefully and
considerately designed to not only meet with the requirements of UBBL 1984, but to also give
thermal comfort to its occupants through cost-effective, sustainable means.

8.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

8.1 INTRODUCTION
Air condition is the process of altering the properties of air (temperature and humidity) to a more favourable
condition. It is an integral component in a building, especially in Malaysia, where the temperature is hot and at
the same time humid.
In Malaysia, the temperature and the humidity level of a building on average is already set to 20 – 28 Degree
Celsius and 50-70% humidity level, where the air is maintained in order to achieve comfortable conditions. On
the other side, air regulations are needed for industrial processes, which cannot be carried out in natural
external climatic conditions.
There are a lot of air-condition system that are being used in building all across Malaysia. However, choosing a
proper system for specific building is crucial to maximize the covering area of cooling at the same time
minimizing of energy.
An unsuitable design or system of air conditioning can have dire consequences and have undesirable effect on
user comfort, health and cost, as well as lowering the quality of air in the space.
HVAC (heating, ventilation & air conditioning) heating system is not needed in as environmental conditions of
Malaysia is already hot and humid. The focus would be on cooling system and lowering the humidity of air in a
room or space.
The air conditioning system is also connected to other building services, such as electrical supply and for larger
building complex, water supply.
PAM Centre is a good example of how a building integrates mechanical ventilation system and air condition
system, where the energy used for air conditioning, is very low. Hence, it is one of the reasons why we chose to
research about PAM Centre.

8.2.1 Operating cycle of air-cooling
Gas will turn into liquid when it is being compressed at a certain point, and when this happens,
it will release a huge amount of latent heat from within the gas.
The same concept applies to liquid, when the pressure decreases on a liquid; it vaporizes into
gas where huge amount of latent heat is absorbed into the liquid.
Air conditioning system works in a simple concept, where it removes heat from an interior of a
space and releases the collected heat into the air outdoors.
This concept applies to all types of air conditioning system, whether it is a split system,
windowed system or even VRF system, the concept still remain the same. The systems
involved are called Refrigerant cycle and Air cycle.
8.2.2.1 Refrigeration cycle
The refrigeration cycle is basically removing the heat from the room.
It is mainly compromised of 4 main components, which are:
Evaporator
Compressor
Condenser
Expansion valve
Principles of Refrigeration
Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas
Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.
Diagram 8.1 : The refrigerant cycle

8.2.2.2 Components in the Refrigerant cycle
Compressor
The compressor’s use is to pull the low temperature and pressure from the
evaporator and compress it to make it high temperature and pressure so that it
is ready to its next process, which flows to the condenser.
Condenser
Condenser’s main purpose is to liquefy the high pressure refrigerant that
passes through the condenser coils and turns cools down the refrigerant hence
turning it into liquid.
This liquid will flow to the discharge line.
Evaporator
Evaporator has coils in it and is used to change the liquid refrigerant to gas
state and at the same time absorb the heat so that when air is being blown on
the surface of the evaporator, it becomes cooled.
Expansion valve It is a valve that allows liquid refrigerant to flow into the evaporator.
It removes pressure of the liquid refrigerant

Refrigerant cycle Process
The cycle is as follows:
1. The process starts at the compressor, where refrigerant flows in the compressor with a low pressure
gas, then being compressed and turns into high pressure gas
2. The gas flows to the condenser, which turns the gas into liquid and at the same time heat is released to
the outside air
3. Then, the refrigerant gas flows to the expansion valve under high pressure, the expansion valve
restricts the amount of liquid flowing through the evaporator and reduces the pressure when it leaves
the expansion valve.
4. The low pressure liquid refrigerant flows to the evaporator, where heat in the room is absorbed and
changing the liquid refrigerant into a gas state.
5. The low pressure gas moves back to the compressor, and the whole process is repeated.
Diagram 8.2: The low and high pressure points and where the refrigerant turns into gas and liquid

b) Air cycle
(AHU)
Diagram 8.3: Example of air cycle in room and air handling unit
Air cycle is a process to distribute treated air in a room that needs to be conditioned, where the evaporator
absorbs the heat. The reason is remove the latent heat from the room.
Heat from the room is slowly removed by the movement of air flowing to the ductworks in the room or water
flowing through the chilled water pipes.

Components in the Air cycle
Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Air handling unit consist of one or more fans to circulate, clean, heating
cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying the air in a room.
Air Filter
Air filter is needed to filtrate the dust and unwanted particles from the air. It
reduces the amounts of dust and pollutants in the air and purifies it.
Blower Fan
Centrifugal fan is used in Air Handling Unit as it can move small and large
amount of air efficiently whereas propeller fan is used to remove heat from
the condenser.
Ductwork and Diffusers
Ductwork is usually located above the ceiling and also hidden. It is used to
move air from the Air Handling Unit to the room that needs to be
conditioned.
Fresh Air intake
It is where the distribution of clean air occurs when frsh air is circulated. Hot
and dirty air is blown outside while fresh air is pulled in and filtered.

8.2.2.3 Types of air conditioning system
There are many types of air conditioning system that is available currently and can be utilized in a building.
These designs vary in order to fit the function and the size of the building, whether it is residential, commercial,
institutional or even recreational, building users can choose whichever type they see fit their needs.
There are 4 types of air conditioning system:
 Window Air Conditioning System
 Split Air conditioning System
 Multi Split Airconditiong System
 Variable Refrigerant Flow System (VRF)
a) Window Air Conditioning System
The window air conditioner system is the simplest and basic form of air conditioning where it is very suitable for
small room. It is also one of the cheapest types of air conditioner compared to the rest.
This system is usually seen in small spaces where they are installed at a designated slot in the wall of the
space. Window air conditioning system are reliable as they are easy to install for keeping the room cool while
avoiding the costly centralized air system.
Figure 8.1: The unit mounted in the wall

The unit sits on the wall, where half of it is remain indoors while the other half protrude outwards. Front panel is
where the digital, or the older version, mechanical controls are located and is usually visible to the panel.
The system has double shaft fan motors mounted on the both sides on the motor, one at the evaporator side,
and the other at condenser side. The evaporator side faces the room for cooling while the condenser faces
outwards to remove heat from the room.
The usage of window air conditioning system reduces as they are less efficient, noisy due to the fan and blower,
and aesthetically not nice due to its blocks shape. However, modern technology has improved the system in
many ways, such as efficiency, size, and power.
b) Split Air Conditioning System
Split air conditioning system is the most famous system out of all the types. Due to its efficiency and the elegant
looks, Users tend to choose this type.
It compromises of two parts;
 Outdoor unit
 Indoor unit
The outdoor unit fitted outside the room, house like the condenser, compressor and the expansion valve
whereas the indoor unit is located in the room, consisting of the evaporator, cooling coil and cooling fan.
Figure 8.2: The outdoor and indoor unit of split air conditioning system respective

8.3.2 Outdoor unit:
The outdoor unit contains important parts such as the compressor, condenser and the expansion valve.
The condenser is covered with aluminium fins so that the heat can be removed at a faster rate.The
propeller blows it over the compressor and the condenser thus cooling them.
Indoor unit:
The indoor unit makes the cooling effect in the room, where the air blown over the evaporator gets
spread into the room evenly. The indoor unit consist of evaporators (cooling coil), supply air louvers, air
filter and control panel.The blower draws in warm air from the room and it passes through the filter then
the evaporator, where it looses its heat and cooling of air happens.
c) Multi Split Air Conditioning System
The similarity of multi air conditioning system and split air conditioning system is the design. However, what
makes the multi split air conditioner is its capability of having up to 4 outlets for only one compressor instead of
having one outlet for compressor. Not only it is energy and cost saving, it is also efficient in terms of having the
cooled air distribute evenly throughout the room.
Ductwork is not needed for this system and each unit can be controlled independently, enabling temperature in
the room be regulated according to one’s need.
Figure 8.3: How a single compressor can accommodate few multi or single split air conditioning system

8.3 Variable Refrigerant Flow System (VRF)
The variable refrigerant flow in air conditioning system is very sophisticated in terms of technology and is based
on several principles:
1. The only medium of cooling for this system is refrigerant and not chilled water or air
2. Few air handling unit (AHU) are used in a single refrigerant cycle
3. When inverter compressors are being used, the power consumption decreases with partial
cooling/heating loads.
4. Modular expansion is allowed as several more units can fit into one refrigerant cycle, allowing it to grow.
This is very useful for big-scaled projects.
Figure 8.4: The outdoor unit of a Variable

Refrigerant System (VRF)
The system consist of an outdoor unit, together with few indoor unit,copper refrigerant piping and special wiring
for controls. This system is digitalized by communication wiring which consist of two wired cable linking outdoor
to all indoor unit.
Figure 8.5 : the connection between the outdoor unit and indoor unit as well as the control panel
The control panel is already built in inside the system and caters for each vrf manufacturer. The user inputs
their desired temperature and gets data from the surrounding temperature, then according to the data
implements to get a desired comfort temperature while utilizing its optimal power consumptions.
One of the factors why Variable Refrigerant System (VRF) is so efficient is because of the ability to adapt and
adjust itself to its outdoor conditions, compares to the traditional water cooled system, based on chillers and fan
coils.

Types of VRF System:
1. Heat pump system
A heat pump system operates all of the indoor units at the same mode, whether it is cooling or heating. If any of
the unit changes mode (except master unit), the will automatically change into a standby mode until the outdoor
unit mode is changed. There are many ways to change the mode of the system, such as manual changeover,
external input (sensor temperature, switch, etc.), master controller (handled by one person) and automatic
changeover (when temperature exceeds a set temperature).
2. Heat recovery system
The energy recovered from an indoor unit operating in one mode can be transferred to one or more indoor units.
In most cases, a heat recovery system can provide user with the mode necessary to cool or to heat for the
space, subject to manufacturer’s limitations. Hence it is important to consult with the manufacturer when
designing a heat recovery system.
5. Considerations to UBBL
In reference to Uniform Building By-Laws 1984
Third Schedule, Clause 41: Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation and air conditioning is intended, the relevant building by laws
relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of room may be waived at the discretion of the local
authority.

8.4 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM AT PAM CENTRE
The new PAM Centre uses Variable Refrigerant Flow System (VRF) that allows one outdoor condensing unit to
supply several indoor units. This is possible due to the ability of the system to flow refrigerant through multiple
evaporators (indoor unit), reaching multiple rooms by separate Air Handling Units (AHU).
VRF system is a system where it is based on a gas or liquid compression cycle, similar to a split or multi split
system but in a bigger scale, and the ability to continuously control and adjust the amount of refrigerant flowing
to the indoor units, depending on the cooling need of a room or space. The amount of flow is adjusted precisely
using an electronic expansion valve (EEV) together with inverters and multiple compressors.
In relation to PAM Centre’s design strategy, one of the reason how the building can be awarded as platinum
was due to the amount of energy saved in air conditioning system alone. It is estimated to use only 11% to 17%
less energy compared to conventional units at a relatively higher cost. The higher cost is mainly due to the
installation of longer refrigerant piping and multiple indoor units with different controls.
The new PAM Centre uses Panasonic FSV – EX system with multiple outdoor units and multiple indoor units
allowing the temperatures to be controlled separately. Panasonic FSV – EX system enables cooling even when
the temperature outside 52 Degree Celsius, making its operation enable even under extreme high temperature.
Figure 8.6: The compressor of Panasonic FSV EX

8.4.1 Benefits of VRF in the new PAM Centre
8.4.1.1 Comfort
The compressor unit used in PAM Centre has the ability to accurately configure the suitable temperature of
every room and send the precise amount of refrigerant to each air handling unit (indoor). This precise amount is
able to eliminate the hot spots of a room as well and the humidity level, making the employee inside more
comfortable and definitely will increase their productivity level.
The compressor used in PAM Centre, the Panasonic FSV EX inverter uses variable speed compressor, which
allows users to use 10 to 100% of the capacity, depending on the settings they chose from the control panel,
located in the room. The inverter technology is able to maintain precise temperature within 1 degree Celsius.
This is crucial for energy conservation in buildings such as PAM Centre that has large openings for natural
ventilation.
8.4.1.2 Environmental
The inverter technology in VRF reacts to the outdoor and indoor temperature by adjusting its power
consumptions and compressor speed to ensure optimal power usage. This inverter’s energy efficiency allows
comfortable environment that is eco friendly. Based on a test conducted by the maintenance manager of PAM
Centre, the system can reduce energy by 30% - 40% a year compared to traditional rotary system.
The system is very responsive and efficient, since it is arranged in a modular arrangement, indoor unit can be
switched off for spaces that requires no cooling or heating, making it very reliable for the users in PAM Centre
and at the same time maintain its optimal efficiency.

8.4.1.3 Flexibility
The VRF system allows a lot of indoor units to be connected to a single outdoor unit. This proves that its
flexibility can be easily modify for expansion or reconfiguration of space if needed, and the location of indoor
unit is not limited to the setup of outdoor unit.
Known for its space saving feature, it is very ideal for PAM Centre to use this system. As mentioned earlier
where the system is very modular, 8 outdoor unit were placed on top of the building, where each outdoor unit
serves a floor, so that it can achieve its maximum cooling capacities.
Figure 8.7: Outdoor unit located on top of PAM Centre
8.4.1.4 Reduced Noise
Panasonic FSV EX inverter is known for its silence ability, hence allowing it to be placed anywhere in the
building. The units were placed on the 8th
floor of Pam Centre, which is also an open courtyard. The operating
sound of indoor unit can be as low as 27db.

8.4.2 Components of VRF
8.4.2.1 Outdoor Unit
The VRF system used in PAM Centre works the same way as a split/ multi conventional system. But,
the system does not need any type of duct working due to refrigerant being delivered directly to indoor
unit by piping works. Panasonic FSV EX inverter, the outdoor unit used at PAM Centre, includes a DC
inverter to power the compressor, which increase or decrease its capacity bases o the load by
increasing or decreasing the rotation speed of the fan.
Figure 8.8: The piping works at the outdoor unit,
which sends refrigerant to the indoor unit
1. DC Inverter Compressor
It is a compressor which compressor R410A, the refrigerant used in the system, raising its temperature
and pressure hence exiting in a hot, high pressured gas state.
Figure 8.9: A DC Inverter Compressor

2. Condenser
The condenser coils takes the pressurized R410A refrigerant and let it flow through the
condenser, extracting the heat and releasing it to the outside air.
Figure 8.10: A condenser
3. Piping
The piping works send cooled refrigerant from the condenser to the indoor unit and distribute it
evenly by and electronic expansion valve to cool the room.
Figure 8.11: Piping connection made out of copper
4. Control Unit
The outdoor unit is controlled by a control panel, which adjusts DC input for the compressor.

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