Building service pdf

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture
BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 61403)
Project 2 CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTAION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM
Tutor: Ar. Mohamad Zafarullah Mohamad Rozaly
Chee Jia Xin 0337392
Chew Rui Bo 0322334
Kang Zi Shan 0327605
Lee Fei Syen 0323008
Lee Shi Yin 0324679
Ting Xiao Yao 0328663

Table of content
1 ABSTRACT 1
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
3 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING 3
4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 - 28
4.1 Mechanical Ventilation System
4.2 Air Conditioning System
4.3 Fire Protection System
4.4 Mechanical Transportation System
5 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 29 - 51
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Supply Ventilation system
5.3 Exhaust ventilation system
5.4 Components
5.5 Conclusion
6 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 52 - 66
6.1 Overview and Equipment Connections
6.2 HVAC Building Automation System
6.3 Air Conditioner Control Room
6.4 Cooling Tower
6.5 Air Condenser
6.6 Chiller
6.7 Air Handling Unit
6.8 Air Diffusers
6.9 Air Cooled Split Unit
6.10 UBBL Compliance
5 - 11
12 - 13
14 - 18
19 - 28
30
31 - 36
37 - 43
44 - 50
51
53 - 55
56
56
57
58
59 - 61
62 - 64
64
65
66

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7 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 67 - 92
7.1 Fire Alarm and Detection System
7.2 Triggers
7.3 Fire Alarm Bell
7.4 Fire Intercom System
7.5 Fire Alarm Control Panel
7.6 Fireman Switch
7.7 Fire Sprinkler System
7.8 Fire Pump Room
7.9 Sprinkler Alarm Valve
7.10 Sprinkler Tank
7.11 Wet Riser
7.12 Hand Operated Fire Fighting Equipment
7.13 Hose Reels
7.14 External Fire Hydrant System
8 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 93 - 105
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Purpose Group and Compartment
8.3 Means of Escape
9 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 106 - 119
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mechanical Transportation System Supplier
9.3 Elevators
9.4 Emergency
9.5 Lift Motor Room
9.6 Gearless Traction Machine Component
9.7 Schematic Diagram of Elevator
10 CONCLUSION 120
11 REFERENCES 121 - 122
68
69 - 70
71
72
73
74 - 75
76 - 77
78 - 80
81
82 - 83
84 - 86
87 - 88
89 - 90
91 - 92
94
94 - 97
98 - 105
107
107
108 - 112
113 - 115
116 - 117
118
119

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1 Abstract
This is a group project where students conduct a case study on building service systems
applied and installed in a multi-storey building. As a groups, students were introduced to
the common systems that are used in a bigger volume of space to develop the
understanding of the application of building services in construction industry.
In the process of this research, we have selected Quill 9 building as our case study as it is
equipped with the required building service components. A thorough study on all the
service systems was made, including mechanical ventilation systems, air-conditioning
system, active and passive fire protection systems, and mechanical transportation systems.
The analysis is documented and translated via detailed explanation on how each building
services function with the application of correct diagrammatic expression. Each of the
analysed systems would be compared to UBBL 1984 building law requirement to obtain a
better understanding of the regulations applied to different services.

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2 Acknowledgement
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Mr. Fahmi Agil, worker in the Facilities
and Maintenance department of Quill 9 on the 16th
April 2018 and 8th
May 2018 for guiding
us through the visit in Quill 9 building in order to collect the required information about the
building services. His on-site explanation has given us a deeper understanding on how each
systems function. It was our privilege to witness how the machine works out in the room.
We would also like to thank our tutor, Ar Mohamad Zafarullah Mohamad Rozaly, on
providing clearer insights for us to understand the systems used and monitor our progress
of the analysis throughout the time. He motivates us to be curious in order to explore
deeper into our research areas.
The help and guidance from both parties allow us to learn the importance of services and
each service systems contributes to the building’s safety and comfort.

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3 Introduction
Address: Quill 9, 112 Jalan Semangat, 46300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor
Quill 9 building is another prominent commercial development by Quill Group of
Companies sited in the Klang Valley. It is a 9-storey MSC compliance commercial office
building strategically located within the established industrial area of SS14. The area has
grown tremendously several new mixed commercial complex developments, and is suitable
for corporate offices as well as showrooms.
This corporate tower has a total leasable area of 279,877sf. Typical floor plate area ranges
from 20,500sf (mezannine and 1st floor), 26,000sf (2nd and 3rd floor) and 49,000sf (4th
floor) and 50,000sf (6th floor). This modern building is equipped with broadband and
centralized air-conditioning system. It boasts 648 car park bays. This low density building
successfully portray a bold corporate look by its modern looking design.
It is equipped with complete services of active and passive fire protection, mechanical
ventilation system, air conditioning system and mechanical transportation. Each floor is
connected with elevators for easy access, equipped with proper fire protection system to
ensure the safety of users during emergency. Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning
system is also used to provide comfort to the occupants in the building.

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4.3 Fire protection system
Literature
review

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4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.1.1 Ventilation
Ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove ‘stale’ air and replace it with ‘fresh air’ to
ensure high indoor air quality.
Figure 4.1.1 How does the ventilation function
Function of ventilation system in a building
- Helping to moderate internal temperatures
- Helping to moderate internal humidity
- Replenishing oxygen
- Reduce the accumulation of moisture, odors, bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide, smoke
and other contaminants that can build up during occupied periods
- Creating air movement which improves the comfort of occupants.
Type of Ventilation
Ventilation system in buildings can be categories as ‘natural’ or ‘mechanical’.
However, mixed mode, hybrid or assisted ventilation systems involve natural ventilation
supplemented by mechanical systems.
Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Driven by pressure differences
between one part of building and
another, or pressure differences
between inside and outside.
Mechanical Ventilation
Driven by fans or other mechanical
plant.

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4.1.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation System
Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans, rather than relying
on airflow through small holes or cracks in a home’s walls, roof or windows. Without
mechanical ventilation to provide fresh air, moisture, odors and other pollutants can build
up inside a home. Besides ensuring a better indoor air quality for the building, the other
advantage of mechanical ventilation is to have more control over the intake and outtake of
fresh air in an appropriate location and improving comfort for the user of the building
through filtration, dehumidification and also conditioning of incoming air.
Figure 4.1.2 Diagram of example of basic mechanical ventilation system
4.1.2 Functions of mechanical ventilation system
a) Filtration
Mechanical ventilation systems help to get rid of the polluted stale air containing water
vapor, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants by expel the internal air
from a space.
b) Dehumidification
Mechanical ventilation systems constantly draw in outside air which presumably
contains fewer pollutants and less water vapor.
c) Conditioning of incoming air
Mechanical ventilation systems distribute/circulate the outside air throughout the
house by using the devices to create pressure difference.

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4.1.3 Comparison of mechanical ventilation system to natural ventilation system
Figure 4.1.3 Diagram of example of mechanical ventilation system
and natural ventilation system.
NATURAL VENTILATION MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Difficulty in controlling airflow path Airflow path can be controlled
Inconsistent airflow Consistent airflow
Maintenance not needed Maintenance needed
Filtration systems cannot be installed Filtration systems can be installed
Does not required electricity to operate Required electricity to operate
Relies on natural sources such as wind and
temperature
Use of mechanical devices such as
ductwork and fans
Fresh air is provided naturally into the
space
Fresh air + positive ventilation is provided
all the time

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4.1.4 Advantages and significances of mechanical ventilation system
a) Better Indoor Air Quality
Mechanical ventilation systems can be retrofitted to almost evert house and a large
number of commercial premises to promote fresh air into spaces and then remove
any latent heat.
b) More Control
Mechanical ventilation systems are considered to be reliable in delivering the
designed flow rate, regardless of the impacts of variable wind and ambient
temperate. As mechanical ventilation can be integrated easily into air-conditioning,
the indoor air temperature and humidity can also be controlled.
c) Expel of pollutant
Filtration systems can be installed in mechanical ventilation so that harmful
microorganisms, particulates, gases, odors and vapors can be removed.
d) Reduce noise and air pollution
Mechanical ventilation is the only option when the building is located in noisy areas
or in the areas where the local air quality is poor, and therefore the use of openable
windows for natural ventilation is not a practical solution.
e) Climatic independence
The ability to provide a comfortable and well-ventilated indoor environment
regardless of exterior climatic conditions.
f) Architectural flexibility
Mechanical Systems allow for greater freedom of architectural expression as the
physical constraints of passive systems are relieved.
4.1.5 Application of mechanical ventilation system
Mechanical ventilation systems are necessary when:
a) The building is too deep to ventilate from the perimeter.
b) Local air quality is poor, for example if a building is next to a busy road.
c) Local noise levels mean that windows cannot be opened.
d) The local urban structure is very dense and shelters the building from the wind.
e) Privacy or security requirements prevent windows from being opened.
f) Internal partitions block air paths
g) The density of occupation, equipment, lightning and so on creates very high heat
loads or high levels of contaminants

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4.1.6 Type of mechanical ventilation systems
There are variety of mechanical ventilation systems are available to select from, based on
local climate and the building’s heating and cooling system. The typical systems are
described below:
a) Supply Ventilation System
Supply ventilation systems work by pressurization, they bring outside air into
the space, causing an equal amount of inside air to exit the building. Most supply
ventilation system use the existing ductwork of the central heating and cooling
systems, and their blowers. They only require a small supply duct connecting the air
handler to the outdoors, to bring in the outside air.
Figure 4.1.4 Diagram of supply ventilation system
The inlet of the supply ventilation system is normally installed at the roof top of
the building to promote air from the upper level to be drawn in, it should not be
located too close to the outlet to prevent the escape of air.
Fresh air is drawn in through an air “intake” vent and distributed to many rooms
by a fan and duct system. A fan and set of ducts dedicated solely to ventilation can
be used, or an outside air intake can be connected to the main return air duct,
allowing the heating and cooling system’s fan and ducts to distribute the fresh air.
This system can be found in use in spaces like living areas, public malls and
interior rooms of a building. The benefit of connecting to the return air duct is that
outdoor air can be air conditioned or dehumidified before it is introduced into the
space. Because supply systems continually introduce outdoor air, a space can
become slightly pressurized and means in order to maintain positive pressure of the
space.

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b) Exhaust Ventilation System
Exhaust ventilation systems work by depressurizing the building. By reducing
the air inside air pressure below the outdoor air pressure, they extract indoor air
from a house while make-up air infiltrates through leaks the building shell and
though intentional, passive vents. In warm climates or humid summers,
depressurization can draw moist air into building wall cavities, where it may
condense and cause moisture damage.
Exhaust ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install.
Basically, an exhaust ventilation system is composed of a single fan connected to a
centrally located, single exhaust point in the house.
Figure 4.1.5 Diagram of exhaust ventilation system
Exhaust ventilation systems is a system which uses the natural inlet, opening in
a building enclose to draw in fresh air from the outside and extracting the stale air
through mechanical devices. Mechanical devices like the central exhaust fan is
installed at the ceiling or rooftop to help removing the stale air from the interior
space.
This system is usually installed at the kitchen, internal toilet and basement. The
devices usually used by this system including exhaust fan, surface mounted fan,
remote mounted in line fan, and ventilator.

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c) Balanced / Combined Ventilation System
Combined ventilation systems rely on natural driving forces to provide the
desired flow rate. It uses mechanical ventilation when the natural ventilation flow
rate is too low. Hence, causing the pressure level in the internal space to remain at
neutral.
Figure 4.1.6 Diagram of balanced ventilation system
A combined ventilation system usually has two fans and two duct systems. It
facilitates good distribution of fresh air by placing supply and exhaust vents in
appropriate places. Like both supply and exhaust systems, combined ventilation
systems do not temper or remove moisture from the air before it enters the house.
The combined ventilation system is not affected by the outdoor weather and is
known as a more efficient ventilation system.
It’s often found in area that is hardly accessible where natural ventilation is not
easily promoted and applied. For example, the basement, theatres and crawl spaces.
One positive side about this system is it has a controlled air flow rates, inlet air can
also be filters before being directed to the interior spaces.

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4.2.1 Introduction
The air conditioning system is the process of altering the properties of air to more
favourable conditions. It helps to keep humans more comfortable inside the house than
they are outside. Just like other office buildings, Quill 9 uses centralised air conditioning
plant system. In the central air conditioning systems there is a plant room where large
compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator are kept in the
large plant room.
a) HVAC building Automation system
HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort
b) Air conditioner control room
HVAC systems often interface to Building Automation System (BAS) to allow the building
owners to have more control over the heating or cooling units. The objectives of having
building automation are to improve occupant comfort, efficient operation of building
systems, reduction in energy consumption and operating costs, and improved life cycle of
utilities.
c) Cooling Tower
The function of the cooling tower is to cool the warm water from the chiller condenser.
Following the central air conditioning system cycle, the heat from the rooms in a building is
transferred to chilled water, which is then transferred into the refrigerant, and finally to
the cooling water.
d) Air Condenser
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a
substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is
given up by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment
e) Chiller
A Chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via
a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated
through a heat exchanger to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or
process water). As a necessary by product, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be
exhausted to ambience, or for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes.
f) Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Air Handling Unit (AHU) An Air Handling Unit (AHU) is used to re-condition and
circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system. Depending on the
required temperature of the re-conditioned air, the fresh air is either heated by a
recovery unit or heating coil, or cooled by a cooling coil.

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g) Air Diffusers
An air diffuser is a device that is designed to provide uniform air flow throughout a room. It
works to increase the efficiency of air conditioning units by dividing and distributing cooled
air. When an even airflow is maintained, drafts and hotspots in a room are eliminated,
providing greater comfort to occupants, while increasing energy efficiency.
h)Air Cooled Split Unit
A split air conditioner consists of two main parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The
outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room or space that you wish to
cool. The unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or capillary
tubing. The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower and an air
filter.

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4.3 Fire Protection System
4.3.1 Active Fire Protection System (AFP)
Active fire protection refers to systems that involve a triggered response to a fire. It consists
of manual and automatic operated fire mechanical system such as
- smoke detector
- manual call point
- main fire control panel
- fireman switch, fire sprinkler system
- hose reel
- fire extinguisher
- external fire hydrant system
These systems are considered to be a proactive approach to extinguishing fires and
controlling the spread of smoke. AFP system is essential in a building as it detects the early
stages of fire and respond by sending out evacuation orders meanwhile alerting local
emergency services. It also helps in reducing the spread of fire by putting off the small
localized fire and removing the excess smoke to allow better visibility for evacuation.
a) Fireman Switch
Fireman's switches are DC switch-disconnectors that isolate the electrical lines that
allow firefighters to operate without risk of electrocution.
b) Main Fire Control Panel
A fire control panel is a component that provides control through a fire alarm or
notification system. Sensors are installed throughout the building and these sensors
redirect information to this control panel. They include environmental changes that
could detect the presence of a fire. The panel receives notifications from potential
operational issues with equipment that could cause a fire. The types of panel include
conventional panel, addressable panel, coded panel and multiplex systems.
c) Fire Sprinkler system
Sprinkler system is a water supply system running across the ceilings in a building. It
detects, reports fire and automatically initiate the extinguishing process with water.
The network of water piping is constantly filled with pressurized water to allow the
sprouting of water through the sprinkler heads installed at a regular spacing. There are
different types of sprinkler systems, including wet-pipe system, dry-pipe system, deluge
system and pre-action system.
d) Fire Pump Room
Fire pump room consists of several types of pump and piping with the purpose of
creating and maintaining pressure to deliver the water to the systems such as sprinkler
and external fire hydrant. The types of pump that can be found within the room include
duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump.

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e) Sprinkler alarm valve
The sprinkler alarm valve is a water flow alarm device installed in the main water
supply to the sprinkler system. The purpose of this device is to maintain the water
supply by providing a one-way valve that will be closed when the water pressure on the
fire sprinkler side exceeds the water supply pressure.
f) Sprinkler tank
Fire protection water storage tanks should be placed in locations where the demand
for water can exceed the available municipal water supply. It should be designed and
built in a way that it requires little maintenance. The galvanized, pressed steel sectional
water tanks are coated internally with bituminous paint for corrosion protection and is
suitable to be used as sprinkler storage tank. Additionally, the panels are covered with
red oxide on the outside of the tank.
g) Wet Riser
Wet Riser is a system of pipework utilised by the fire brigade to quickly get water in the
event of a fire breakout. As one of the firefighting distribution system, wet riser
channels water supply to every level of a building. Therefore, firefighters do not need
to create their own distribution system in order to fight a fire and avoids the breaching
of fire compartments by running hose lines between them.
h) Hand Operated Fire Fighting Equipment
i. Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguisher is a portable device for fire-fighting purposes and is portable
enough to be carried around by hand. They are classified according to the type of
fire they are designed to counteract. All of which are for different purposes and
situations. The number of extinguishers required and location of the extinguishers
depends on the hazard of occupancy.
ii. Hose Reels
Hose reels often referred to as hand-operated firefighting equipment. They are
active fire protection devices used to extinguish or control a fire, often in
emergency situations. There are two main types of fire hose reels, the automatic
reel and the manual reel. They can be recess mounted, cabinet mounted, fixed
or swinging. In fact, they can be manufactured to suite most placements.
i) External Fire Hydrant System
External fire hydrant is usually located outside of a building that act as an emergency
supply of water for firefighting purposes. The water supply may be pressurized, as in
the case of hydrants connected to water mains buried in the street, or unpressurized,
as in the case of hydrants connected to nearby ponds or cisterns.

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4.3.2 Passive Fire Protection System (PFP)
Passive fire protection system on the other hand delays the speed of combustion and
smoke spreading and at the same time protecting the escape routes in order to prolong the
time taken to escape. This system can be done by modifying and altering the architectural
elements with fire resistances characteristic. That is why planning is important and fire
safety factors must be a concern at the design stage of building. The selection of materials,
compartmentalization of building and installations of emergency guidance such as floor
plans and signs are crucial for a safe evacuation.
4.3.2.1 Purpose Group and Compartment
a) Separation of Fire Risk Area
According to UBBL, all fire risk area should be allocated evenly and separately for the
building to reduce fire spreading from one point to another point. UBBL states that
Boiler rooms, laundries, repair shops involving hazardous materials, storage area in
large quantities, liquefied petroleum gas storage, linen room, transformer rooms, and
flammable liquid store shall be separated from the other area of occupancy in which
they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of FRP to be
determined by local authority based on the degree of hazard.
b) Fire Wall
A firewall is a fire resistant barrier used to preclude the spread of fire for a rated period
of time. Firewalls can be used to subdivide a building into separate fire areas and are
constructed in accordance with the locally applicable building codes. Firewalls are a
part of a passive fire protection system. They are typically continuous from a floor
below to a floor or roof above, or from one fire barrier wall to another fire barrier wall,
having a fire resistance rating equal to or greater than the required rating for the
application.
c) Fire Rated Door
A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating. It is used as part of a protection
system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a
structure. All fire door must be installed with the appropriately fire resistant fittings,
such as the frame and door hardware, for it to fully comply with any fire regulations.
Fire doors are usually built along the escape routes and fire escape stair’s corridors to
ensure safety while the users are escaping.

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4.3.2.2 Means of Escape
a) Command and Control Center
A space where the status of fire detection, alarm system, and a communications and
control system are displayed, and system can be manually controlled by the security
guards. When the control unit receives signals from the alarm system, decisions are
made immediately by the security guards.
b) Emergency Escape Route
Emergency escape route plan is very important to provide users an easy and direct
route out of the building to a safe open outdoor assembly point in case of fire outbreak
in the building.
c) Escape Travel Distance
The distance of the escape route is strictly regulated to ensure that every area in the
building are within a reasonable distance to travel to a safety place. The distance of the
escape route should be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the
centre line of the natural path of travel.
d) Fire Escape Staircase
A fire staircase is an emergency exit, usually at the back or corner of the building
separated by fire resistance walls. It provides a method of escape in the event of fire or
other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible. The law
stated that along the way of fire staircase there should be no inhibition objects. The fire
door shall remained closed but not locked at all times.
e) Fire Escape Plan
A floor plan shows the possible evacuation routes in the building. It is color coded and
uses arrows to indicate the designated exit. A room containing hazardous materials is
indicated by the flame symbol. Usually found near exits to emergency staircases. It is a
visual guide for the occupants to choose the right path to safety.
f) Emergency Escape Sign
Fire escape sign usually reads ‘KELUAR’ meaning exit in Malaysia. It directs the path to
a safety area or fire staircases. It is often installed with emergency light within with
bright neon green to provide clear visual guide for occupants during fire.
g) Emergency Light
An emergency light is battery-backed lighting device that switches on automatically
when a building experiences a power outage. Emergency lights are standard in new
commercial and high occupancy residential buildings

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h) Fire Rescue Access
Considerations of fire rescue access is crucial of fire trucks to get in place without
hassle during the fire event. Fire hydrants must be situated nearby for fire-fighting and
rescue activities to be carried out smoothly. The fire brigade access must be clear from
any blockage to allow high reach appliances such as turnable ladders and hydraulic
platforms to be used.
i) Assembly Point
All emergency escape routes must lead occupants from the building to a safe open
outdoor assembly point.

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4.4.1 Introduction
The mechanical transportation is a fundamental part in modern building design, described
as a system that allows various means of transporting of people or goods between different
floors within a building. The common types of transportation systems integrate in modern
buildings are elevators, escalators and travellators.
Figure 4.4.0 Elevator in Quill 9 Figure 4.4.1 Escalator
(source: EITA Elevator, 2013)
Figure 4.4.2 Travellator
(source: CyberjayaCity,2015)
a) Elevator
An elevator, also known as lift, contains of an elevator car that moves in a vertical shaft
to carry passengers or goods between the levels of a multi-storey building. Most
modern elevators are moved by electric motors, with the aid of a counterweight
through cables and sheaves (pulleys).
b) Escalator
An escalator is a moving staircase consisting of an endlessly circulating belt of steps
driven by a motor, to transport people between the floors of a building.
c) Travellator
A travellator is a moving pavement that slowly and safely transport people in short
distances either along level ground or between two floors of a building.

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4.4.2 Elevator
An elevator, also known as lift, contains of an elevator car that moves in a vertical shaft to
carry passengers or goods between the levels of a multi-storey building. Most modern
elevators are moved by electric motors, with the aid of a counterweight through cables and
sheaves (pulleys). Vertical transportation is a requirement for any buildings that exceed 4
storeys to prevent high concentration of human flows within certain periods of working
days.
Elevators can be categorised into four main types of hoist mechanisms – Pneumatic
elevators, Hydraulic elevators, Traction elevators, and Climbing elevators. Hydraulic and
traction lifts are among the two most commonly used lifts.
Traction elevators can be then further classified as Machine room (MR) elevator and
Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator. MR elevators contain of two different types,
which is gearless traction elevator and geared traction elevator.
Hydraulic elevators are machine room-less(MRL), and there are three categories of them –
holed hydraulic, holeless hydraulic and roped hydraulic. The diagram below shows the type
of elevators:
Figure 4.4.3 Types of elevators
Pneumatic Elevator Hydraulic Elevator
Machine Roomless
Hydraulic Elevator
Holed
hydraulic
Holeless
hydraulic
Roped
hydraulic
Climbing Elevator Traction Elevator
Machine Room
Traction Elevator
Gearless
Geared
Machine Roomless
Traction Elevator

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4.4.3 Traction Elevators
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric
motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have
higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more
efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have
to move as much weight.
4.4.3.1 Machine Room Gearless Traction Elevator
Gearless traction elevator has wheel attached
directly to the motor. It can speed up to 2,000
feet per minute with a maximum travel distance of
around 600 meter so it is a suitable for high-rise
applications.
- It uses low speed machine (low RPM) and uses
high torque AC or DC electric motors.
- The traction sheave is connected directly to the
shaft of traction motor and the motor rotation
is transmitted directly to the sheave without
any transitional gearing.
- It can achieve the speed up to 20m/s.
Figure 4.4.6 Gearless Traction Elevators.
(Source: aboutelevator,2015)
Figure 4.4.5 Gearless machine components
(Source: “electricalknowhow”,2013)
Traction Elevator
Machine Room
Traction elevator
Gearless
Geared
Machine Roomless
Traction elevator
Figure 4.4.4 Types of elevator – Traction
elevator

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4.4.3.2 Machine Room Geared Traction Elevator
Geared traction elevators have a gearbox that is
attached to the motor, which drives the wheel to
move the ropes. It is capable of travel speeds up
to 150 meters per minute. The maximum travel
distance for a geared traction elevator is around
75 meters.
- It is driven by AC or DC electric motors.
- It uses worm gears to control the mechanical
movement of elevator cars by rolling the steel
hoist ropes over a sheave attaching to the
gearbox driven by high speed motor.
- It is great for basement or overhead traction
use for speeds up to 3m/s.
elevator
Traction Elevator
Machine Room
Traction elevator
Gearless
Geared
Machine Roomless
Traction elevator
Figure 4.4.9 Geared machine components
(Source: “electricalknowhow”,2013)
Figure 4.4.8 Geared Traction Elevators
(Source: schumacherelevator,2014)

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4.4.3.3 Machine Roomless Traction Elevators
Machine roomless (MRL) traction elevators do not
have a dedicated machine room above the
elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override
space, accessed from the top of the elevator cab
during maintenance. The control boxes are located
in a control room adjacent to the shaft on the
highest landing level.
- It is becoming a popular solution for mid-rise
building.
- It creates more usable space with 70-80%
lesser energy used compare to hydraulic
elevators.
- It is more economical as it requires less power
in comparison to traditional geared traction
equipment.
- It operates at a faster speed compare to
hydraulic elevators but not normal traction
units.
Traction Elevator
Machine Room
Traction elevator
Gearless
Geared
Machine Roomless
Traction elevator
elevator
Figure 4.4.11 Machine roomless (MRL) Elevators

25
4.4.4 Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom to push the elevator up when the electric
motor forces oil or other hydraulic fluid into the piston. It descends as a valve releases the fluid from the
piston.
- Used for low-rise applications (2-8 storeys high)
- Maximum speed at 60 meters per minute
- Machine room located at the lowest level next to the elevator shaft
HOLED HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR HOLELESS HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR ROPED HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
- Elevator car is mounted on a
piston that travels inside a
cylinder.
- When hydraulic fluid pumped
into the cylinder through a valve,
the car rises. When the fluid
returns, the car descends.
- Pistons mounted inside hoist
way to raise and lower the car.
- Direct-acting piston to raise
the car.
- Good in situation when
digging jack holes is impractical.
- Extends the rise up to 18
meters without the need for
underground cylinder.
- Piston attached to a sheave
with a rope passing through.
- Require a governor because
the rope is holding the car.
ADVANTAGES
- Low cost application
- Easiest to install
- Accommodates front and back
opening in any configuration
- No extensive pit or overhead
required
- No jack hole required
- Eliminates the cost from jack
hole drilling and risk of oil
contamination
- No jack hole required
- No extensive pit or overhead
required
DISADVANTAGES
- High risk of oil contamination in
area of frequent seismic activity
- Drilling of jack hole may be
impossible in certain structural
or geological condition
- Jack need to go down equal
distance as the desired travel
height
- Require more overhead. The
further the travel distance, the
greater the overhead must be
- Require wider hoist way for
jacks
- Higher material cost
compared to Holed Hydraulics
elevators.
- Require wider hoist way for
jacks and roped equipment
- Longer installation time
Figure 4.4.14 Roped Hydraulic Elevator
Figure 4.4.13 Holeless Hydraulic Elevator
Figure 4.4.12 Holed Hydraulic Elevator
Table 4.4.15 Type of hydraulic elevators and their characteristics

26
4.4.5 Climbing Elevators
A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with
its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an
electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators
are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make
easy access to parts of these constructions, such as
flight safety lamps for maintenance.
("Elevator - New World Encyclopedia", 2017)
It is often used in work and construction areas.
Figure 4.4.16 Climbing elevator
(Source: indiamart, 2015)
4.4.6 Pneumatic Elevators
Pneumatic elevator is a self-supporting vacuum
elevator. It works according to the principles of physics:
- the difference in air pressure above and beneath the
vacuum pushes the elevator cab to transport
passengers by air. The vacuum pumps or turbines pull
the car up to the next floor while the slow release of air
pressure that floats the car back down.
Figure 4.4.17 Schematic diagram of pneumatic elevator
(Source: daytonaelevator, n.d.)
Disadvantages:
- Noise
- Bouncy ride
- Code compliance: many states do not allow
permits for this elevator
Advantages:
- Easy to install
- Small footprint, easy to fit anywhere
- Easily added to existing home
- Safe: during a power outage, the vacuum elevator
will automatically return to the bottom floor

27
4.4.7 Escalator
An escalator is a power-driven, continuous moving stairway
designed to transport passengers up and down in short vertical
distances. Escalators are used to move pedestrian traffic in
places where elevators would be impractical. The maximum
angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal is 30
degrees with a standard rise up to about 18 m. The speed of
escalator varies between 0.45m/s to 0.7m/s and the width of
the tread varies between 600mm to 1200mm.
4.4.7.1 Types of Escalator Arrangement
Continuous arrangement
(One-way traffic)
This arrangement is used in smaller
department store to link three sales
levels. It requires more space than
the interrupted arrangement.
Interrupted arrangement
(One-way traffic)
This arrangement is inconvenient
for users, but advantages for
department store since the short
detour to the next unit and the
spatial separation between up and
down travel is ideal for leading
customers past strategically placed
advertising displays.
Parallel,
interrupted arrangement
(Two-way traffic)
This arrangement is used places
with heavy traffic volume. When
there are three or more escalators,
it should be possible to reverse the
travelling direction according to the
traffic flow. This arrangement is
economical, since no inner lateral
claddings are required.
Advantages:
- move large numbers of people
- can be placed in the same space as stairs
- no waiting interval, except during peak
hour
- can function as normal staircase when
power is down
Disadvantages:
- Waste of energy when not in use
- Possible injuries when stopped suddenly
- Inconvenient for handicapped or
travelling with stroller
Figure 4.4.18 Single unit escalator
(Source: xwelevator, n.d.)

28
Crisscross,
continuous arrangement
(Two-way traffic)
This arrangement is used mainly in
major department stores, public
buildings and public transport
buildings where transport times
between several levels should be
kept to a minimum.
4.4.7.2 Escalator Components
1. Speed monitor
2. Control cabinet
3. Handrail turning part
4. Step
5. Balustrade
6. Skirt light
7. Skirt panel
8. Handrail belt
9. Front pedal
10. Operational control
11. Reverse standing protection pedal
12. Tensioner
13. Handrail entry protection
14. Step running protection
15. Guide rail
16. Supporting frame
17. Step chain
18. Handrail belt driving device
19. Drive device
Figure 4.4.20 Elevator components (Source: Syneyelevator, n.d.)
Figure 4.4.19 Table of escalator arrangements (Source: xwelevator, n.d.)

29
4.4.8 Travellator
A travellator is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people, across a
horizontal or inclined plane, over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be
used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one for each
direction.
It is usually found in airports, are designed to move people over long distances, usually
between different terminals. Passengers are able to move from gate to gate or from one
baggage area to the next. Travellator are similar to elevators and escalators, offer a smooth
and convenient ride for people while providing outstanding energy efficiency for
commercial building operators.
4.4.8.1 Pallet Type Travellator
A continuous series of flat metal plates join
together to form a walkway – and are
effectively identical to escalators in their
construction. Most have a metal surface,
though some models have rubber surface for
extra traction.
Figure 4.4.21 Pallet type travellator
(Source: electricalknowhow, 2012)
4.4.8.2 Moving Belt Type Travellator
Moving belt type travellators are generally
built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking
surfaces over metal rollers. The walking
surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy"
feel.
Figure 4.4.22 Moving belt type travellator
(Source: electricalknowhow, 2012)
Both types of moving walkway have a grooved surface to mesh with comb plates at the
ends. Also, all moving walkways are built with moving handrails similar to those on
escalators.

30
55.1 Introduction
5.2 Supply Ventilation system
5.4 Components
5.5 Conclusion
MECHANI
CAL
VENTILATI
ON

31
5.1 Introduction
Quill 9 is a 6-storey building with deep basement car park floors and large ground floor
space to accommodate two automobile showrooms with great flexibility and the
Headquarters of the Quill Group of companies on the two uppermost floors. Due to serving
different purpose of retailing and private offices in enclosed space, privacy and security
requirement are needed, hence, inlet and outlet for natural ventilation are not encouraged.
Thus, mechanical ventilation system plays an important role to keep the interior spaces of
the building comfortable and safe for the users.
Types of the mechanical ventilation system applied in Quill 9 consists of below:
I. Supply Ventilation System
a. Pressurize stairwell system
b. Supply air grille
II. Exhaust Ventilation System
a. Exhaust air grille/fan
- Utilities room exhaust system

32
5.2 Supply Ventilation System
a. Pressurized Stairwell System
Figure 5.2.1 Photo of the pressurize stairwell in Quill 9
In a high-rise building, the stairs typically represent the sole means of egress during a
fire. It is imperative for the exit stairs to be free of smoke and to incorporate design
features that improve the speed of occupant egress. Most building codes require the
pressurized stairwell systems in a high-rise building to be pressurized to keep smoke
out.
As Quill 9 is a mixed commercial office complex that often need to accommodate large
number of workers and also visitors. Hence, this type of mechanical ventilation is highly
demanded to guarantee the safety of the users when emergency fire occurs.
UBBL 1984 - Section 202: Pressurized system for staircase.
All staircases serving building of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate
ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization which meets the
functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S

33
Location of unit stairwell:
Figure 5.2.2 The figure above shows the level 5 floor plan of Quill 9 where the pressurized
staircase system is applied in Quill 9. However, the pressurized staircase can be found
from Level 1 to Level 5.
Pressurized staircases

34
Figure 5.2.3 Schematic diagram above shows the section of a typical
pressurized system stairwell.
Quill 9’s feature as a mixed commercial complex led to the use of many staircases as
alternative route and also as fire escape route for the occupant. However, the pressurized
stairwell system is applied in the stairwell in Quill 9 by having constantly supplied into the
space through a central fan, pressure relief damper is installed at each level to help
reducing the pressure. The pressure reduced when the fire rated door is pushed open.
UBBL 1984 - Section 198 - 202:
All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent
openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 sqm per floor.
For staircases in buildings exceeding 18 metres above ground level that are not ventilated in
accordance with by-law 198, two alternative methods of preventing the infiltration of smoke into the
staircase enclosures may be permitted by providing mechanical pressurization. All staircase
enclosures below ground level shall be provided with suitable means of preventing the ingress of
smoke.

35
Analysis and observations
Based on our observation, not all of the unit stairwell in the Quill 9 buildings are pressurized.
However, the supply fan is switched on 24 hours to maintain the pressure in the stairwell.
The pressure relief dampers are functioning well and in good condition. Hence, the overall
performance of the pressurized system is maintained.
Figure 5.2.4 The photo show that pressure relief damper can be
found installed on the wall near the staircases.
The pressure-relief dampers will open and close
automatically. The blades are kept closed by
magnets. If the differential pressure exceeds the set
maximum value, the magnetic force is overcome,
and the blades open. The airflow by which the excess
pressure has been caused can now flow through the
damper.
Figure 5.2.5 The photo show fire rated doors in Quill 9.
The door will affect the pressure and causes it to drop
when opened, sufficient air supply is needed to ensure
the pressure remains as same to prevent the entry of
smoke.

36
b. Supply Air Grille
Central fans are installed in the building to bring in the external air and then supply the
fresh air through air grille into an external space. Diffuser in the building are located at
the edge of ductwork of buildings where the supplied air is released into the room.
Circular louvre bladed, and linear slot diffuser can be seen installed in Quill 9.
UBBL 1984 - Third Schedule Section 41: Room, window, etc., air conditioning units.
Where room, window or wall air-conditioning units are provided as means of air-conditioning, such
units shall be capable of continuously introducing fresh air.
Location of supply air grille:
Figure 5.2.6 The level 5 floor plan of Quill 9 above show the area where the linear slot diffuser and circular louvre
bladed diffuser used. However, this also applied from Level 1 to level 5.
linear slot diffuser
circular louvre bladed
diffuser

37
Figure 5.2.7 The level 6 floor plan of Quill 9 above show the area where the linear slot diffuser and circular louvre
bladed diffuser used. However, this also applied from Level 6 to level 8.
Analysis and Observations:
The supply ventilation system in Quill 9 performs very well as the fresh air is continually
introduce into the interior space. The stale air is replaced with fresh air, hence, the indoor
air quality in Quill 9 is good. Besides, the air movement created by the systems improved
the comfort of occupants in Quill 9.
Figure 5.2.8: The photo shows the circular louvre bladed diffuser
can be found installed on the ceiling of the near lift lobby.
The fresh air will flow through the connecting
ductwork and expel out through the air grille.
Figure 5.2.9: The photo shows linear slot diffuser is found installed at
most of the ceiling in Quill 9.
These are used for an alternative air distribution pattern
and for aesthetic reasons. Air can be delivered around
the perimeter of a room as opposed to point sources
interposed in a ceiling space.
linear slot diffuser
circular louvre bladed diffuser

38
a. Exhaust Air Grille / Fan
Exhaust systems are necessary in a typical commercial building as to remove heat and
humidity and circulate cool air, as to main the indoor air quality, ensuring thermal
comfort for the people. The exhaust systems in Quill 9 are found located in the toilet,
utilities rooms and basement.
Location: Toilet
Figure 5.2.10: The level 5 floor plan of Quill 9 above show the location of toilet in Quill 9.
However, this also applied from Level 1 to level 7.
Figure 5.2.11: The photo shows exhaust grille installed on
the ceiling of female toilet.
Exhaust grille are used to remove odors from a
room and also help to absorb the moisture in
the atmosphere within the room and as a result
in reduction in problems such as mold.
toilet

39
UBBL 1984 - Third Schedule Section 41: Water-closets and toilets
Water-closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures used for
ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the building and in respect of which no such
external walls are present, shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a
minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61 cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air
changes per hour, whichever is the lower.
Location of rectangular galvanized ducting:
Figure 5.2.12: The basement floor plans show the location of rectangular galvanized ducting in Quill 9.
Rectangular galvanized ducting

40
Figure 5.2.13: The sub-basement floor plans show the location of rectangular galvanized ducting in Quill 9.
Figure 5.2.13: The floor plans show the location of rectangular galvanized ducting in Quill 9.

41
Location: Gen set room, water pump room, chiller plant room, lift motor room
Figure 5.2.15 The sub-basement floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location of gen set room and
Water pump room in Quill 9.
Figure 5.2.14: Rectangular galvanized ducting spotted
at the basement carpark.
The air condition in underground is usually
hot and stuffy, with the aid of exhaust
ventilation system, the stale air will be
removed out.
With the helping of axial fan, the ductwork
connects from the internal part of the carpark
and direct outwards to the entrance and exit
of the basement to expel the air
Gen set room
Water pump room

42
Figure 5.2.16 The level 8 floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location of chiller plant room in Quill 9.
Chiller plant room
Lift motor room
Figure 5.2.17: The roof floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location of Lift motor room in Quill 9.

43
Figure 5.2.18: A cylindrical ductwork that connect
from the gen set room.
The usage of the exhaust fan in the gen set
room is to maintain the humidity and also
internal room temperature, it helps to
remove the heat generated from the
machinery out the room through the
exhaust fan.
Figure 5.2.19: An exhaust fan that installed in the
water pump room.
The exhaust system here to remove the
water vapor and reduce the humidity that
caused by the escape of water vapor from
all the pumps. It is to prevent condensation
of bacteria and the growth of mold in the
piping system.
Figure 5.2.20: Exhaust fan that spotted in the lift
motor room.
The heat generated out from the
machinery are remove from the room
through the exhaust fan.
Figure 5.2.21: Exhaust fan that installed in the chiller
plant room
The hot air from the chiller plant room is
remove by the exhaust fan to prevent
overheating of the wire and mechanical
components in the room.

44
Analysis and Observation:
Based on my observation, the number of axial fan in the sub-basement and basement
carpark is sufficient to cover the area of the carpark. However, the axial fan is not operating
all the time. The condition of the sub-basement carpark is more comfortable than the
basement carpark as the sub-basement is partially opened air. However, the basement
carpark is not that comfortable due to the heated air are accumulated down there.
The exhaust system in the utilized room is well organized and planned. They are
well-maintained and functioning well.

45
5.4 Components
I. Exhaust Fan
a. Propeller Fan
b. Axial Fan
II. Ductwork
a. Cylindrical aluminium ducting
b. Rectangular galvanized ducting
III. Damper
a. Fire damper
b. Pressure relief damper
IV. Diffuser
a. Circular louvre bladed diffuser
b. Linear slot diffuser
c. Single grille air outlet
5.4.1 Exhaust Fan
An exhaust fan system provides a number of benefits, including the purifying of air from
pollution and excessive heat. However, exhaust fans are not only used to provide cooler air,
but also to eliminate humidity. It’s one of the important component involved in a
mechanical ventilation system in order to complete the air circulation cycle of system.
Besides, exhaust fan systems are also useful to reduce odours from a room to keep the
fresh air circulating within a space. There are few types of exhaust fans can be found in
Quill 9.
a) Propeller fan
- Ductless
- Can remove large amount of air
- Lower installation cost
Figure 5.4.1.1: Photos shows the exhaust fan installed to the wall in chiller plant room
This propeller fan is found at the chiller plant room, it functions as an exhaust fan for
the room where it helps to remove heat from a liquid via vapor-compression. As a
necessary by product, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted to
ambience. Hence, the propeller fan plays the role of removing the hot air from the
chiller plant room to prevent overheating of the wire and mechanical components in
the room.

46
Figure 5.4.1.2: Propeller Fan in lift motor room
Propeller fan found in the lift motor room at the upper floor of Quill 9, it also help to
removing the hot air from the control room to prevent overheating of wire and
mechanical components in the room.
Figure 5.4.1.3: Propeller fan in water pump room
This propeller fan is found at the water pump room, it functions as an exhaust fan for
the room where it helps to remove the water vapor escaped from the water pump and
reduce the humidity in the room to prevent condensation of bacteria and also the
growth of mould in the room.

47
b) Axial Fan
- A type of fan that causes gas to flow through it in an axial direction, parallel to the
shaft about which the blades rotate.
- Designated to produce a pressure difference, and hence force, to cause a flow
through the fan.
- Consist of an impeller with blades of aerofoil section rotating inside a cylinder
casing.
Figure 5.4.1.4: Axial fan at the basement car park
The axial fan is found to be used at the basement car park of Quill 9, its high-speed
movement of the blades serves the active cooling purpose. It removes the heated air
away in the basement and draw cooler air over. It’s used in basement carpark in Quill 9
as the air movement underground is usually slower and not well circulates, with the
high-speed rotation of inner blades, hot air can be removed faster hence maintaining
the temperature of the underground space. They are pointed toward a certain
direction to ensure the air movement.
UBBL 1984 - Third Schedule Section 41: Mechanical ventilation systems in basement areas.
Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the
air exhausted to the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per
hour. Air extract opening shall be arranged such that it is not less than 0.5 metres above the
floor level period system.

48
Location of axial fan:
Figure 5.4.1.5: The basement floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location and direction of axial fans in Quill 9.
Figure 5.4.1.6: The sub-basement floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location and direction of axial fans in Quill 9.
Location of axial fan
Direction of axial fan pointing to

49
5.4.2 Ductwork
A duct system is called ductwork. It serves as a conduits or passages used in heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air from a room. Ductwork
comes in different shapes and sized which will also effect the efficiency and sustainability.
They are usually made from aluminium, copper and galvanized materials. It’s often
connected to the central supply fan or central exhaust fan of the mechanical ventilation
system. There are few types of ducting can be found in Quill 9.
a) Cylindrical Aluminium Ducting
Figure 5.4.2.1: Cylindrical ductwork found in the basement carpark
Cylindrical aluminium ducting is seen at the basement carpark, it functions to remove
hot air out from the underground space and disperse them to the upper level. Its
cylindrical shape works more efficiently as less frictional force is created within the
circular shape.
b) Rectangular galvanized ducting
Figure 5.4.2.2 A series of ductwork can be spotted in the Figure 5.4.2.3 Rectangular duct coated with white paint
basement carpark in Quill 9. installed in the level 5 carpark.
The rectangular ducts are designed to withstand strong vibrations and various level of
pressure that occur during operations of air conditioning systems. At the basement car park,
they serve the purpose of channelling air out from the internal space.

50
5.4.3 Damper
A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside a duct or other
air-handling equipment. A damper may be used to cut off central air conditioning to an
unused room, or to regulate it for room-by-room temperature and climate control. Its
operation can be manual or automatic. Few types of damper can be found in Quill 9.
a) Fire damper
Figure 5.4.3.1: Fire damper in the basement carpark
Fire dampers can be seen installed at the external wall in the basement carpark in Quill
9. It is to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire-resistance rated
walls and floors. When a rise in temperature occurs, the fire damper closes.
b) Pressure relief damper
Figure 5.4.3.2: Pressure relief damper photo taken at level 5 next to unit staircase
This type of damper is found used at every enclosed unit stairwell of the Quill 9. It acts
as a pressure relief damper which helps to reduce the pressure created by the supply
ventilated pressured staircases system.

51
5.4.4 Grille and Diffuser
Grille and diffuser are the mechanical devices that usually located at the end of a ductwork
system which air is been released from. A grille is a device for supplying or extracting air
vertically without any deflection. However, a diffuser normally has profiled blades to direct
the air at an angle a it leaves the unit into the space. They can be come in different sizes
and shapes which serve different functions as well.
a) Circular Louvre Bladed Diffuser
Figure 5.4.4.1: Circular louvre bladed diffuser
The diffuser can be found at the ceiling near the Lift lobby in the Quill 9.They are used
to diffuse the air supply coming from the internal ducting that connect to the central
supply fan. The curve blades deflect air in one, two , three or four directions depending
on where the diffuser is situated.
b) Linear slot diffuser
Figure 5.4.4.2: Linear slot diffuser in Quill 9
The diffuser can be found at most of the ceiling in the Quill 9 except for lift lobby. They
are used to diffuse the air supply coming from the internal ducting that connect to the
central supply fan. Air can be delivered around the perimeter of a space as opposed to
point sources interposed in a ceiling space.
c) Single grille air outlet
Figure 5.4.4.3: Single grille air outlet that connect to the exhaust fan inside in the sprinkler pump room of sub-basement.
The single grille function as an outlet for the hot air drew by the exhaust fan in the
utility room like elevator control room in Quill 9. They help to avoid overheating from
damaging the mechanical devices in these room. It also serves as an outlet for humid
air drew out from the sprinkler pump room as well.

52
5.5 Conclusion
Based on our observation, personal experiences and analysis, the mechanical
ventilation system used in Quill 9 is above satisfactory. They have complete mechanical
ventilation system which included air diffusers, propeller fan, exhaust grille, exhaust fan,
fire damper, axial fan, ductwork and etc. It viably flows the air and control the temperature
inside the Quill 9.
The supply air grille ventilation system assumes a decent part in ensure the buildings
ventilated throughout the day. Besides, the exhaust ventilation system installed are also
functioning in a satisfactory way, the ductworks are arranged in orderly and organized way.
In conclusion, the mechanical ventilation system of the building should be maintained
in this level to ensure the occupant have a better indoor air quality and also the thermal
comfort of the occupant can be guarantee.

53
6.4 Cooling Tower
6.5 Air Condenser
6.6 Chiller
6.8 Air Diffusers
AIR
CONDITIONI
NG
SYSTEM

54
Centralised air conditioning plant system is more useful for large buildings comprising of a
number of floors. In office building such as Quill 9, it has the plant room where all the
important units like the compressor, condenser, throttling valve and the evaporator are
housed.
The evaporator is a shell and tube. On the tube side the Freon fluid passes at extremely low
temperature, while on the shell side the brine solution is passed. After passing through the
evaporator, the brine solution gets chilled and is pumped to the various air handling units
installed at different floors of the building. The air handling units comprise the cooling coil
through which the chilled brine flows, and the blower. The blower sucks hot return air from
the room via ducts and blows it over the cooling coil. The cool air is then supplied to the
space to be cooled through the ducts. The brine solution which has absorbed the room heat
comes back to the evaporator, gets chilled and is again pumped back to the air handling
unit.
Figure 6.1.1 Image from ‘Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plants’

55
6.1.1 Location of Equipment
Ground floor plan
First floor plan
AHU ROOM AHU ROOM
AHU ROOM
AIR COND
CONTROL
ROOM

56
Second floor plan (location of AHU ROOM same goes to level 3-7)
Level 8 floor plan
AHU ROOM 1 AHU ROOM 2
AIR COND
TANK
COOLING
TOWER
CHILLER PLANT
ROOM AHU ROOM

57
HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. By using HVAC system in Quill 9 is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality by able to control air temperature, relative humidity, air
movement and air purification through the usage of mechanical equipment.
Figure 6.2.1 Image from ‘HVAC building Automation system cycle’
HVAC systems often interface to Building Automation System (BAS) to allow the building
owners to have more control over the heating or cooling units. The objectives of having
building automation in Quill 9 are to improve occupant comfort, efficient operation of
building systems, reduction in energy consumption and operating costs, and improved life
cycle of utilities. The air conditioning control system is located together with other control
system such as lift emergency signal panel and fire emergency system.
Figure 6.3.1 Control room inside Quill 9

58
6.4 Cooling Tower
6.4.1 Overview
A cooling tower is to cool down the water which has been heated by an industrial process
or in an air-conditioning condenser and pumped to the cooling tower through pipes. It is
able to achieve optimum cooling when it is placed at an elevated position such as the roof.
The cooling towers consists of several mechanical components that function together with
water tanks to cool the chiller water to recycle back into the A/C plant system. From there,
fresh air-conditioning is supplied from several AHU rooms on every floor of Quill 9 to the
rest of the spaces within building via ductworks and diffusers.
Figure 6.4.1 Cooling tower placed at the rooftop of Quill 9.
6.4.2 Crossflow Cooling Tower
Figure 6.4.2 Image from ‘What is a cooling tower?’
A crossflow cooling tower which is a design that let the airflow is directed perpendicular to
the water flow. Air enters through one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet
the fill material. The air continues through the fill and thus past the water flow into an open
plenum volume. The water is collected at the sump below and pumped into the water
outlet pipe that connects to the chiller. Lastly, a fan forces the moisture laden air out into
the atmosphere.

59
6.5 Air Condenser
6.5.1 Overview
Quill 9 has used air cooled condenser unit. An air cooled condenser unit used in central air
conditioning systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense
incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid, a compressor to raise the pressure of the refrigerant
and move it along, and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger section to
cool the refrigerant inside. The photos have shown different design of condenser units
which placed outside of the building.
Figure 6.5.1 Different design of condenser units placed outside of the building.

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6.6 Chiller
There are two types of chiller which including ‘Air Cooled Chiller’ and ‘Water Cooled Chiller’.
Quill 9 has used water cooled chillers which are placed in the plant room where the chiller
is directly connected with the cooling towers and work as a whole. It is function to generate
cold water for air conditioning by removing the unwanted heat from the building. The heat
from the chillers are circulated to the cooling towers that are placed outdoor.
Figure 6.6.1: Chilled water pumped unit placed in the plant room.
6.6.1 Water Cooled Chiller System
The water cooled chiller needs a cooling tower to reject the heat from the building. The
chiller produces chilled water and pushes it around the building to air handling units and
fan coils. The heat exchanger which is installed inside of an air handling unit extract the
unwanted heat before the air is distributed throughout the building. The evaporator of the
chiller generates chilled water and pumped it into Air Handling Units which are placed
around the building. The unwanted heat from Air Handling Units return back to the chiller
at 12 degrees to generate chilled water again. Heat that is picked up in the condenser is
pumped to the cooling tower, where the air dissipates and rejects the heat from the
building and return back to the chiller at 27 degrees.
Figure 6.6.2 Image from ‘Chiller Basic- How Do They Work.’

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6.6.2 Chilled Water Pump Unit
A Chilled Water Pump Unit (CHWP) (figure 6.5.1) is a component under the chiller system. It
functions as to circulate chilled water through the evaporator, air handling units (AHU) and
fan coil units (FCU) located at different parts of the building.
Refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator by absorbing latent heat from the circulated
water. The chilled water will then flow from the evaporator to the cooling coil of the AHU
and FCU. Blowers of AHU and FCU will blow air towards the cooling coils to transfer heat
from the circulating air to the chilled water. The treated cold air is then circulated to the
air-conditioned spaces. After absorbing heat from the cooling coils, the chilled water is
pumped back again to the evaporator of the chiller to cool down, the cycle is then
repeated.
CWS: Chilled Water Supply
CWR: Chilled Water Return
Figure 6.6.3: Chilled water pumped unit in a plant room.
6.6.3 Centrifugal Compressor
Centrifugal compressor and chilled water pump unit are placed together in a plant room.
The centrifugal compressor has two large cylinders, one is called the evaporator and the
other is called the condenser. The evaporator of the chiller is where the chilled water is
generated. The chilled water leaves the evaporator at around 6°C (42.8°F) and is pushed
around the building by the chilled water pump. The chilled water is then piped throughout
the building and connected to air handling unit (AHU).
Figure 6.6.4: Centrifugal Compressor placed inside of the plant room.

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A centrifugal chiller consists of the follow components as shown in Figure 6.5.4. The main
components are the compressor, condenser, and evaporator.
Figure 6.6.5: Components of centrifugal compressor
There are three main circuits inside centrifugal compressor system. The first is refrigeration
circuit, where is the refrigerant which passes around each of the four components
(compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator). The secondary circuit is the
chilled water loop, where heat from the air handling units at 12 degrees, sent to the
evaporator and back again to the building. The third circuit is the condenser circuit, where
the heat is being sent to the cooling tower and coming back to the condenser to pick up
more heat.
Figure 6.6.6: System of the centrifugal compressor

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6.7.1 Overview
Inside Quill 9, the air handling units are installed in the various parts of the building that are
to be air conditioned, in the place called air handling unit rooms. The air handling units
comprise of the cooling coil, air filter, the blower and the supply and return air ducts. When
the chilled water flows through the cooling coil. The blower absorbs the return hot air from
the air conditioned space and blows it over the cooling coil thus cooling the air. This cooled
air passes over the air filter and is passed by the supply air ducts into the space which is to
be air conditioned. The air handling unit and the ducts passing through it are insulated to
reduce the loss of the cooling effect.
Figure 6.7.1: The pipe of chiller connected to AHU
Figure 6.7.2: Air conditioning gauges is used to measure air conditioner units pressure within
closed-system to evaluate or troubleshoot the central air units.

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6.7.2 Components in AHU
Figure 6.7.3: Each AHU room in the building comprises of the AHU which
works in the similar way as the diagram shown above.
6.7.3 Basic system of AHU
AHU are connected to ductwork which provides a defined route for the air to travel around
the building in a simple form. Inside of the ductwork it consists a fan to suck in fresh
ambient outside air which will then pass through filters to remove dusts and dirt. The air
will after that pass through the cooling and heating coil and pushed out around the building.
Another set of ductwork will be collecting warm used air from these rooms and will bring
this back to the AHU via another fan.
Figure 6.7.4: Ductwork connected to AHU
Figure 6.7.5: Air filtration in AHU.

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Figure 6.7.6: Blower of AHU
Blowers are typically positioned at the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply
ductwork (fans). They are usually amplified by fans in the return air duct (return fans)
pushing the air into the AHU. A region of low pressure is established by the fan positioned
before the supply spigot. This further drives in the air through the mixing chambers into the
chilled water coils, where the heat exchange occurs.
6.8 Air Diffusers
Air diffusers serves as a distribution equipment to a space and functions to provide
conditioned air. It is also designed to mix conditioned air with the air which is already in the
space. This is to properly distribute fresh air into the space and to avoid stagnant air via
low-velocity air movement, this also helps ventilates the space.
Figure 6.8.1: Air diffusers located in Quill 9

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Quill 9 uses air cooled split units which are inverter units. Inverter units allows desired
temperature to be achieved at a faster rate. Most of the split units are located in office
room and the condenser are placed outside of the office which is at the carpark.
Figure 6.9.1: Air cooled split unit in the control room
Figure 6.9.2: Thermostat is located at the walkway from level 2 to 6
Figure 6.9.3: Split unit condenser located outside of the office.

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UBBL 1984 - Section 41: Mechanicals ventilation and air conditioning.
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building
by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at
the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to
the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of
ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning
system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be
introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not
functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or
corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third
Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and
natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors

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7.2 Triggers
7.3 Fire Alarm Bell
7.6 Fireman Switch
7.8 Fire Pump Room
7.10 Sprinkler Tank
7.11 Wet Riser
7.13 Hose Reels
Active
Fire
Protection
system

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An alarm system consists of a multiple of devices working together to detect and alert
people through either visual or audio information during the occurrence of smoke, fire,
carbon monoxide or other emergencies. These alarms will be activated through automatic
means such as smoke, heat or flame detectors. Alarms can also be activated manually
through fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.
7.1.1 Smoke detector
Smoke detector is a sensor or a device which able to detect the smoke. Whenever smokes
are getting severe, it can be sensed and send audio signal to the occupants. It can also be
called smoke alarm.
Smoke detectors which are set up on the ceiling of Quill 9 in the lift lobby, machinery room
and the emergency exits. Whenever there is a fire, smoke will be detected by smoke
detector and it will trigger alarm systems to start a loud noise in order to warn the
occupants in the building to seek safety.
Figure7.1.1 shows the smoke detector in Quill 9’s 5th floor
Location of smoke detector refer to 5th
floor plan (Figure 7).
Location of all smoke detector (total 12) refer to 5th
UBBL 1984 - Section 153:
1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light
beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirtyseconds
of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

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7.2 Triggers
Manual fire alarm activation is categorized into two types:
a) Manual Call Point
b) Manual Pull Station
7.2.1 Manual Call Point
Manual call point is connected to the main fire alarm control panel which is used to activate
an alarm. It can be activated by breaking the glass then the signal will be transderred to the
monitor to show where the location is.
Figure7.2.1 shows the Manual Call Point in Quill 9’s 5th floor
Location of manual call point refer to 5th
Location of all manual call point (total 10) refer to 5th
7.2.2 Manual Pull Station
A manual pull station can be activated by pulling down the handle to ring the alarm. It can
be stopped or reset by opening the key ignition panel with the specific key. Hence, alarm is
reset from the fire alarm control panel when the handle is back to its original position.
Figure7.2.2 shows the manual pull station in Quill 9’s sub-basement.

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Figure7.2.3 shows the location of Manual Pull station in Sub-Basement of Quill9
The manual pull stations are spaced at a maximum distance of 25m. Some mounting
height of the manual pull stations are at a lower height so that the disabled people can
operate the stations. Manual pull stations are located on escape routes, exits points to
open year.

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7.3 Fire Alarm Bell
Fire alarm is important device to send signals to occupants in the building by producing a
high pressure of siren when there has a fire. It alerts the people to escape from the building
before the fire burns tragically.
Figure7.3.1 fire alarm bell in Quill 9’s 5th floor
Location of alarm bell refer to 5th
Location of all fire alarm bell (total 10) refer to 5th
There are 10 fire alarm bells can be found in 5th floor of Quill 9. During a fire, activation of
an alarm with the sufficient amount fire alarm bells in just a floor, occupants should be able
to get noticed when the bells activate and escaped from the building before the fire engulfs
them. As for alarm bells, a minimum sound level of 65db (A) or 5db (A) above ambient
noise level sustainable for a period of minimum 20 seconds should be produced by Sounder
Unit. The alarm are mounted on the wall at a minimum height of 2.1m from floor level.
UBBL 1984 - Section 237 : Fire Alarms
1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding
929 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a teo stage alarm
system with evacuation ( continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the
premises while an alert ( intermittent signal ) shall be given in adjoining section.
3) Provision Shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
4) Alarm Bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db (A) pr + 5db (A) above any background
noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.
u

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Fireman intercom system is an important device for firefighters to communicate in a
burning building. When buildings are installed with fireman intercom systems, it helps the
firefighters to instantly change their plans to fight a fire. This can be a life saving component
of a fire response. Using this system, it can reduce the possibility of false alarms. From Quill
9, fireman intercom system has been found and they do consider about the safety measure.
Figure 7.4.1 Fireman Intercom System in Quill 9’s 5th floor.
Location of fireman intercom system refer to 5th
Location of all fire intercom system refer to 5th
UBBL 1984 - Section 239: Voice Communication System.
There shall be two seperate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communication
systems, one a fire bigade communications system and the other a public address system between
the central control station and the following areas:
a) Lifts, lifts lobbies, corridors and staircases.
b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area
c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be
combined with the public address system.
u

74
The fire control panel of Quill 9 is known as addressable fire control panel. It informs the
users the exact address and condition of the location of a fire. Instead of responding to
changes in electrical current flow which happened in conventional panel, the data is sent
back and forth between the addressable panel and the devices in the field. The employees
could use the information to determine what fire and safety training protocol to follow
based on the circumstances identified. The fire control panel is located inside the Command
and Control Center of Quill 9.
Figure7.5.1 showing the fire alarm control panel at ground floor.
Figure7.5.2 showing the emergency plan with sensor lights.
UBBL 1984 - SECTION 238:
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters height shall be provided with a command
and control located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor them. Public
address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, ; fire detection and alarm
systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing by-the
switchboard.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Clause 25:
a) All control and indicating equipment for the fire alarm and other fire safety systems for the
building. This should include a facility to sound the evacuation signal in each evacuation zone
throughout the building, with the ability to signal a total evacuation, unless stairs have been
provided to cope only with phased evacuation. A facility to cancel any automatic sequencing of
phases of an evacuation procedure except for the initial phase should be provided.
b) Control systems showing the location of the incident and status of all automatic fire protection
installations and facilities.
U

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7.6 Fireman Switch
When fire occurs, firefighters arrive on scene are able to operate and turn off the fire
switch. It is a switch-disconnector or isolator that allow the firefighters to disconnect power
source from high voltage devices that may carry hazard in the event of emergency. Fireman
switches are usually located at places that are easily accessible to control the electrical
appliances of the building.
In Quill 9, fireman switches are located at the fire escape staircase of every floor. They are
used by firemen to turn off neon lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment. The case
of fireman switch is made of non-combustible material (aluminium) and painted in red to
make them easy to spot. In event of fire, switches are turned off to prevent explosion of
electrical equipment.
Figure 7.6.1: Fireman’s switch located at the fire escape staircase.
Figure 7.6.2: Location of fireman switch at fifth floor.
Fireman Switch

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UBBL 1984 - Section 240: Electrical Isolating Switch.
(1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided
with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure permit the disconnection
of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.
(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of
Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Clause 26:
Discharge lighting installations, such as floodlights and neon advertising signs, can operate at
voltages that are a hazard to firefighters. They should be able to be switched off in the case of a fire.
It is recommended to provide a facility to cut-off the power supply at location subject to fire
authority approval.

78
In event of fire, the smoke detector operates and the sprinklers located at the immediate
proximity of the fire will be activated to allow the flow of water. A flow alarm is initiated to
indicate the system is running as the water flow across the system. It extinguishes fire
quickly, prevents fire from spreading over a large area and also ready to reuse after a
replacement.
Upright sprinkler head can be seen across the ceiling of Quill 9. They point toward the
ceiling instead of the downward direction to provide a better coverage between
obstructions like air ducts. The type of sprinkler system used in Quill 9 is considered the
wet-pipe system. They are constantly filled with water and is only restricted to spaces with
temperature not lower than 4.4 degree Celsius.
The sprinkler heads are not all activated at once since each one of them is independent. It
will only activate once it’s exposed to heat. The main advantage of wet-pipe system is that
it can significantly reduce damage in the event of false alarm since only one sprinkler head
will be activated. Whenever there is a fire breakout, the temperature of the fire causes the
glass bulb of the sprinkler to shatter, allowing water in the pipe to flow through. The water
will be dispersed accordingly by the deflector head of the sprinkler.
Figure 7.7.1: Fire sprinkler system running across the ceiling of Quill 9 building.
Figure 7.7.2: Close up shot of upright sprinkler.

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Figure 7.7.3: Diagram showing sprinkler system in action when a fire outbreak.
Figure 7.7.4: Diagram showing sprinkler distribution system.
UBBL 1984 - Section 226: Automatic System for Hazardous Occupancy.
Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic
sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to
extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.
UBBL 1984 - Section 228: Sprinkler Valves.
(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be
readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Clause
31.2.2:
All buildings with an occupied storey over 30 m above access level should be sprinkler protected.

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7.8 Fire Pump Room
Fire pump room usually consists of different pumps that drive water into the systems. In
Quill 9, there are two types of pump room exist, the fire pump room which supplies water
to the wet riser system and the water pump room which delivers water to the sprinkler
system. They consist of different types of pump including duty pump, standby pump and
jockey pump with each serving different purposes.
a) Duty Pump
Duty pump is used to generate pressure within the sprinkler piping system to ensure
continuous water pumping process. The duty pump operates when the pressure in the
fire sprinkler system drops below a certain set-point. This happens when the sprinklers
open and its system pressure drops as they are exposed to heat above their design
temperature, the pressure switches give a signal and the duty pump starts.
b) Standby Pump
The standby pump serves the same function if the duty pump does not start for any
reason. It receives signal from secondary pressure switch.
c) Jockey Pump
The jockey pump is a smaller pump that works along the duty pump to keep the water
pressure of the pipes within a specific range. As pipe leakage often happens and causes
water pressure goes down, jockey pump senses this and will fill them back up to
normal pressure.
Figure 7.8.1: Water pump room which supply water to the sprinkler system
and hose reel of every floor.

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Figure 7.8.2: Fire pump room which supply water to the wet riser system.
Figure 7.8.3: Pump control panel and pressure adjustment.
Figure 7.8.4: Location of fire pump room and water pump room at sub-basement.
Water Pump Room
Fire Pump Room

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UBBL 1984 - Section 232: Wet or Dry Rising System for Buildings Under Construction.
(1) Where either wet or dry riser system is required, at least one riser shall be installed when the
building under construction has reached a height of above the level of the fire brigade pumping
inlets with connections thereto located adjacent to a useable staircase.
(2) Such riser shall be extended as construction progresses to within two floors of the topmost floor
under construction and where the designed height of the building requires the installation of a
wet riser system fire pumps, water storage tanks and water main connections shall be provided
to serve the riser.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Clause 23.1:
Fire mains should be installed in buildings where any floor is higher than 18 m above ground level.
Where there are no floors higher than 30 m above ground level, wet or dry fire mains may be
installed. Where there are floors higher than 30 m above firefighting access level, wet riser are
necessary owing to the pressures required to provide adequate water supplies at the landing valves
at upper floors and also to ensure that water is immediately available at all floor levels.

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Located at the sub-basement water pump room, the sprinkler alarm valve is a device used
to maintain the adequate water supply to the sprinkler system. When the pressure
equalises or falls below the water supply pressure, the valve opens to enable water flow.
When the flow of water equals or exceeds that of a single sprinkler, the valve is to actuate
the fire alarm.
Figure 7.9.1: Sprinkler alarm valve located in water pump room.
Figure 7.9.2: Location of water pump room at sub-basement.
Water pump room

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7.10 Sprinkler Tank
The sprinkler tank plays a significant role in storing a large amount of water before pumping
to the sprinkler or wet riser system. The most common arrangement is a single water
storage tank with two fire pumps, each capable of meeting the needs of the sprinkler
system. In some cases, the water storage tank is split into two half-capacity tanks to
enhanced reliability. This ensures that there is always a water supply available to the
sprinkler system, even when one tank is being serviced or maintained.
The water tank for the sprinkler system of Quill 9 is installed at the rooftop. It’s installed
above ground and anchored to the concrete slabs to allow the greater pressure of water
flowing out from the bottom tank.
Figure 7.10.1: Sprinkler tank on rooftop.
Figure 7.10.2: Location of sprinkler tank at roof top.
Sprinkler Tank

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UBBL 1984 - Section 247: Water Storage.
(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be
provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems shall be located
at ground first or second basement levels with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible
to fire appliances.
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need
for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

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7.11 Wet Riser
Wet risers are constantly filled with pressurized water from the source of water tank as
opposed to dry risers which only charged with water by fire service pumping appliances
when necessary. Besides, wet risers should be protected with firefighting shafts and often
located at fire staircase. Wet riser outlets, or 'landing valves' may be within in protected
lobbies, stairs or enclosures where these are available. They should be tested regularly to
ensure the equipment is working correctly and ready for use. In Quill 9, it can be found
mostly beside the fire staircase.
As Quill 9 exceeds the height of 30.5m, wet risers are necessary as the pumping pressure
required to charge the riser is higher than can be provided by a fire service appliance, and
to ensure an immediate supply of water is available at high level. It should be possible for
fire service pumping appliances to supply the water to the storage tank of wet risers
especially during long events where the water is running low.
Figure 7.11.1: Wet riser landing valve and hose cradle.
Figure 7.11.2: Breeching inlet to wet riser tank.

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Figure 7.11.3: Diagram above shows the wet riser system.
Figure 7.11.4: Location of wet riser landing valve at 5th floor.
Wet riser landing valve

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UBBL 1984 - Section 248: Marking on Wet Riser, etc.
(1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.
(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall
be dearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise dearly identified.
UBBL 1984, Clause 231: Installation and Testing of Wet Riser System.
(1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than
30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire-fighting access lobby.
(3) Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimetres diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at
a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not Jess than 14 bars for at least
twenty-four hours.
(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5milimetres instantaneous coupling fitted with
a hose of not less than 38.1 millimetres diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a
variable fog nozzle.
(5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to the
roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5 millimetres outlet above the roof line.
(6) Each stage of the wet riser shall not exceed 61 metres, unless expressly permitted by D.G.F.S.
but in no case exceeding 70.15 metres.

89
Fire extinguisher is a portable firefighting equipment used to counteract small fire. In Quill 9,
dry powder extinguishers are placed near the fire staircases, lifts, M&E rooms and rooms
with live electrical equipment. CO2 fire extinguishers can be found mainly in AHU rooms
and chiller plant rooms.
Figure 7.12.1: Types of fire extinguisher.
Figure 7.12.2: Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher in chiller room (left)
Figure 7.12.3: ABC powder fire extinguisher in fire escape staircase (right)

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Figure 7.12.5: Location of dry powder and CO2 fire extinguisher at 5th floor.
UBBL 1984 - Section 227: Portable Extinguishers.
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall
be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
Dry powder fire extinguisher
CO2 fire extinguisher

91
7.13 Hose Reels
Fire hose reel is a common hand operated system to combat fire especially when the
occupants are trapped and could not escape. There are two main types of fire hose reels,
the automatic reel and the manual reel. The main difference between the automatic and
manual fire hose reels are as follows:
a) Automatic Fire Hose Reels
The automatic fire hose reel is designed as a pull and run system. They have an internal
valve ‘built-in’ which opens fully after two to three revolutions of the hose reel as it is
being pulled out by the operative. The valve will then automatically shut-off when the
hose is wound back onto the reel. The advantage of this would be the time taken to set
up the fire hose reel.
b) Manual Fire Hose Reels
The manual fire hose reel is a cheaper unit but requires the handler to set up, turn the
water on before running the hose out. The valves are usually placed outside for manual
control. During an emergency, things or objects can hinder the valve from opening.
Also, it is time consuming to set up the hose.
In Quill 9, manual hose reels can be seen throughout the building such as fire staircases,
beside the lifts and are mounted on certain columns and walls of every floors. It could cover
a range up to 30m long.
Figure 7.13.1: Manual Fire Hose Reel in Quill 9.
Figure 7.13.2: Duty and standby pump for hose reel system, located in water pump room.

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Figure 7.13.3: Location of hose reel at 5th floor.
Hose Reel

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Every fire hydrant consists of one or more outlets which a fire hose may be connected.
Firemen will connect their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, forcing water into the
system. There are few fire hydrants that stood around the Quill 9 building and are placed
beside the road for easy accessibility.
The road that surrounds the Quill 9 is approximately 6.1m wide which is enough for the fire
truck to pass through. The security officials that manage the building will ensure there’s no
double park of vehicles at any spot of the road to ensure the smooth operation of fireman
in case of fire. However, during peak hours such as 8-10am and 5-7pm where there will be
many vehicles entering or leaving the building, it could bring difficulty for the fire truck to
access to the fire hydrant.
Figure 7.14.1: Fire hydrant and hydrant hose at road side of Quill 9.
Figure 7.16.2: Location of fire hydrant identified around Quill 9.
Fire Hydrant

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UBBL 1984 - Section 27: Partial Certificate of Fitness for Occupation.
Provided that no such permit shall be granted if…
(b) all essential services, including access roads, landscape, car parks, drains, sanitary, water and
electricity installation, fire lifts, fire hydrant and others where required, sewerage and refuse
disposal requirements have been provided.
UBBL 1984, Clause 225: Detecting and Extinguishing Fire.
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres
from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances,
additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Section 3.7:
All fire hydrants should be inspected once a week. In particular, it should be ensured that there are
no obstructions impeding access, that the indicator plates are in position, and that the isolating
valves are locked open.

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7.2 Triggers
7.3 Fire Alarm Bell
7.6 Fireman Switch
7.8 Fire Pump Room
7.10 Sprinkler Tank
7.11 Wet Riser
7.13 Hose Reels
passive
Fire
Protection
system

96
8.1 Introduction
The passive fire protection system is the use of the fire barrier systems that are integrated
into the structure of a building. Their purpose is to contain fires and slow the rate at which
they spread and is to increase escaping time. This is achieved by creating fire-resistant walls,
floors and doors etc.
Quill 9 has quite an excellent passive fire protection system. Below are the components
that we found and researched throughout our case study.
8.2 Purpose Group and Compartment
8.2.1 Separation of Fire Risk Area
In Quill 9, fire risk area mainly located on the roof top, such as the chiller room, AHU room,
and also the lift motor room. Compartmenting all these area can confine fire and minimize
the risk of loss. Thus, rooms of high fire risk must be separated from adjoining areas,
especially corridors which forming means of escape, by fire resisting construction. The
condition and operation of fire separation materials and devices must be checked regularly
to ensure optimum performance.
Figure 8.2.1 Eighth floor plan showing the indication of fire risk area.

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