Renewable Ocean Energy & the Marine Environment - New Environmental Technologies
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Presentation at Florida Atlantic U. COET conference 2010. More at: http://www.ces.fau.edu/coet/agenda.php
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Low-Cost Short –Range Wireless Optical FSK Modem for Swimmers Feed.docx
Low-Cost Short –Range Wireless Optical FSK Modem for Swimmers Feedback
Rabee M. Hagem1, David V. Thiel1,2*, Steven G. O’Keefe1
Thomas Fickenscher3
Andrew Wixted1,2
3Chair, High-Frequency Engineering, Helmut Schmidt
1Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications
University
2Centre for Excellence in Applied Sports Research
University of the Federal Armed Forces
Queensland Academy of Sport
Hamburg, Germany
Griffith University
Abstract—This paper reports 3 axis accelerometer datatransfer over a one meter underwater path at 10 cm depth using a 2400 bps optical wireless frequency shift keying (FSK) at very low frequency (VLF). The modulation frequencies used were 10 and 12 KHz. The prototype modem was designed and implemented for real time feedback for swimmers in the pool. The optical transmitter included an accelerometer unit with a microcontroller, the modulator and a detector circuit based on an integrated detector preamplifier (IDP). The cost of the components for the optical transmitter and receiver was less than AU$25. Range experiments were performed in air and underwater, with and without bubbles. The received data was error free for 1.3 m in air and for more than 1.1 m underwater without bubbles. The underwater range decreased to 70 cm with bubbles. The availability of the link between the wrist and head of a swimmer was approximately 50% and varied with the position of the wrist. This enables stroke rate data to be presented to the swimmer via a goggle mounted display.
I. INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of swimmers can be performed wirelessly using a small portable accelerometer/gyroscope unit with data capture. Post processing allows interpretation of the swimming data [1]. No previous work has been reported for optical real time swimmer feedback. In training and longer swim events, feedback to the swimmer using sensors can improve training and performance by pre-setting the stroke rate and lap times and providing the swimmer with visual information about their current performance. The challenge is to achieve sufficient communication distance underwater between the sensor unit and a display unit mounted on the goggles.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Wireless communications between motion sensors placed on various parts of the body of a swimmer can be used to provide real time feedback through a heads-up display on the swimmer’s goggles. A wrist-mounted accelerometer can provide data such as stroke rate and lap time which can be used to improve compliance with swimming strategies and training regimes. The communications system between the wrist and the head must achieve a maximum distance of
approximately 1 m. Radio frequency suffers from severe attenuation in water and the antenna size is relatively large. Acoustic communications has the disadvantages of relative low speed and multipath problems. An optical wireless link can provide a relatively high speed data rate with low attenuation in the visible part of the spectrum. In parti ...
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Radar and sonar are navigation systems that use radio waves and sound waves respectively. Radar detects objects by transmitting radio pulses and measuring their reflection to determine direction, distance, and speed. Sonar works similarly but uses sound pulses in water to detect underwater objects. Both were developed in WWII for military purposes like locating enemy aircraft or submarines, and are now used for various applications including navigation, speed enforcement, medical imaging, and mapping the seafloor.
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Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and detect discontinuities. It can be used to test castings, forgings, welds and composites. Basic principles involve generating and transmitting sound waves into a material and analyzing reflections to determine features and thickness. Common techniques include pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam and angle beam testing using contact or immersion coupling of transducers.
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic waves can be used to measure the depth of the sea. A transducer transmits ultrasonic waves that travel through the water and reflect off the sea floor. The receiving transducer measures the time it takes for the echo to return. Using the known speed of sound in water, the depth can be calculated from this time measurement.
Ultrasonic waves have many applications, including over 20 described in the document. Examples include non-destructive testing to detect flaws in metals, medical uses like removing kidney stones, and uses in other fields such as cleaning jewelry. The wavelength and velocity of ultrasound in liquids can be measured using the liquid as a diffraction grating for light.
Piezoe
Remote Sensing For Environmental Impact And Monitoring
This document summarizes several remote sensing technologies used for environmental monitoring, including video, LIDAR, hyperspectral sensing, and INSAR. Video can be integrated with GPS to monitor environments. LIDAR uses light to map underwater environments up to 60m deep or 30 sq km areas on land with accuracy of 3m horizontally and 0.15m vertically. Hyperspectral sensors can identify vegetation and minerals by their light absorption characteristics across 288 wavelengths. INSAR uses phase differences from satellites to measure ground displacement with millimeter accuracy, useful for monitoring earthquakes, subsidence, and dam movement.
Verifying the accuracy of JSATS tagged fish location AFS 2013
This document summarizes a study to verify the accuracy of acoustic estimates of fish location using a JSATS (Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System) cabled hydrophone array. The study involved: 1) Surveying hydrophone positions with GPS to verify installation and cable connections; 2) Operating a remote test boat carrying acoustic transmitters throughout the array to collect location data; 3) Analyzing errors by comparing actual GPS locations to those computed by the tracking system to determine positional accuracy. The analysis found the system could accurately locate transmitters within 150m of the dam face when signal strength was sufficient. Factors affecting accuracy included hydrophone positioning errors, transmitter location relative to hydrophones, and signal quality.
G1303054353
This document describes a pipeline monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. Piezoelectric sensors such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) can be mounted on pipeline surfaces to generate and detect ultrasonic Lamb waves that propagate along the pipe to monitor the structural health. Lamb waves are dispersive guided waves that can propagate long distances in plates and pipes. The document discusses using signal processing techniques to deal with Lamb wave dispersion and detect, localize, and quantify leaks and anomalies. It also describes using acoustic sensors inside pipelines to detect leaks by measuring pressure fluctuations caused by leak-generated acoustic signals.
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SIXTEEN CHANNEL, NON-SCANNING AIRBORNE LIDAR SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY (LIST) SIMULATOR
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- 1. Active Acoustic Technology For Biological Detection, Assessment, and Monitoring at MHK Sites Bob McClure BioSonics, Inc. 2-5 November, 2010
- 2. BioSonics Inc. Digital Scientific Echosounders DT-X Echosounder Scientific Split Beam Echosounder Hydroacoustics
- 3. BioSonics Inc. Principals of Acoustics Electrical energy converted to sound Sound transmitted through water, focused on axis Sound is reflected by objects with different density than water Reflected energy is converted by transducer from mechanical to electrical Sound velocity used to convert time-based data into range-based data Echosounder receiver amplifies signal and provides quantitative output (display and raw acoustic data) Output Output Scientific Echosounder Voltage Transducer Time Sound Field Input
- 4. Mobile Surveys Vertical Transducer Orientation
- 5. Data Collection & Analysis Echogram Bulls eye display shows targets relative position within beam Oscilloscope
- 7. Traditional Fixed-Location Split Beam Acoustic Monitoring
- 8. Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project Cross section showing analysis grids Automated Analysis Biological Observations reported for each analysis grid Reports and Alerts Published in real-time
- 9. Detection and Tracking of Marine Mammals Accurate detection and tracking of targets throughout the coverage range. Target classification, identification, possible based on acoustic and other sensor / knowledge. Range adequate for real-time data processing and reporting.
- 10. Hydroacoustic Survey - SeaGen Project Strangford Lough, Ireland Transect path Turbine
- 11. Hydroacoustic Survey - SeaGen Project Strangford Lough, Ireland Results: Excellent environment for detection and classification of marine organisms 25 m 400 m Echogram from 400 m transect traveling South to North
- 12. Hydroacoustic System to Monitor Marine Mammal Interactions at Kinetic Hydro Power Project Site 400 m Profile view showing hydroacoustic coverage zone utilizing four-transducer system
- 13. Concept of Operation Cross-section view of bi-directional monitoring system
- 14. Monitoring Operation – Profile View Acoustic coverage area is a function of the number of transducers Quantify and monitor trajectory of all objects entering turbine field Understand how marine animals interact with the device Acoustic coverage area using 1, 2, or 3 transducers
- 15. Monitoring Operation – Plan View 150 m
- 16. Monitoring Operation – Rotators and Additional Sensors Dual axis mechanical rotators can be used to increase coverage “footprint” Imaging sonar device can be integrated for ground truth and refinement of split-beam classification engine
Editor's Notes
- All echo sounders work on basically the same principles. This block diagram is used to identify the separate functions as follows. The echo sounder transmits a pulse of electrical energy from its transmitter. This electrical pulse travels through a cable to the transducer. The transducer converts the electrical energy to sound energy. The sound energy then travels through the water. If the sound pulse encounters an object, such as a fish, some of the sound energy may be reflected. A portion of this sound travels back toward the transducer. The sound that reaches the face of the transducer is received and turned back into electrical energy. The electrical pulse travels up the transducer wire to the receiver inside the echo sounder, and is conditioned and sent out a display or processing module. The chart at right displays the nature of the echo sounder output. The Y axis is labeled Voltage, and indicates the strength of the returning echo. The X axis is labeled Time, and represents the amount of time that the signal takes to travel out to and return from the target. The amount of time between Time Zero and the arrival of the echo represents the distance between the transducer and the target.
- BioSonics designed and installed the fish monitoring system at Verdant Power’s Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) project in the East River of New York City. A series of acoustic sensors were mounted near shore and aimed out horizontally to provide essentially full water column coverage. The system automatically detects all fish passing through the sensor fields, and records time, date, target size, direction of travel, target velocity, and horizontal and vertical distributions over time. Each sensor array forms an acoustic curtain to monitor passage of fish, marine mammals, sea turtles, diving birds, and other living organisms, though the area around the turbines. Biological reports are automatically generated, and are automatically emailed to selected project personnel. The system has been operating continuously for over a year.