The document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources, highlighting that renewable energy is generated from natural and abundant sources like the sun, wind, and tides, whereas non-renewable energy comes from limited sources like fossil fuels that will eventually deplete. It emphasizes the environmental benefits of renewable energy, including lower carbon emissions and the necessity to manage non-renewable resources carefully due to their harmful effects on health and the climate. The text also explains various methods of energy generation, including solar, wind, and tidal energy, and their mechanisms.

1.  Renewable Energy
 Renewable energy is energy which is generated
from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides and can
be generated again and again as and when required.
 They are available in plenty and by far most the
cleanest sources of energy available on this planet.
For eg: Energy that we receive from the sun can be
used to generate electricity. Similarly, energy from
wind, geothermal, biomass from plants, tides can be
used this form of energy to another form.

2. Non-Renewable Energy
 Non-Renewable energy is energy which is taken from
the sources that are available on the earth in limited
quantity and will vanish fifty-sixty years from now.
 Non-renewable sources are not environmental friendly
and can have serious affect on our health.
 They are called non-renewable because they cannot
be re-generated within a short span of time. Non-
renewable sources exist in the form of fossil fuels,
natural gas, oil and coal.

3. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that
cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale
comparable to its consumption.

4. MERITS OF RE OVER NRE
 The sun, wind, geothermal, ocean energy are
available in the abundant quantity and free to use.
 The non-renewable sources of energy that we are
using are limited and are bound to expire one day.
 Renewable sources have low carbon emissions,
therefore they are considered as green and
environment friendly.

5. Conventional energy sources are:
 (a) Fossil fuel energy
 (b) Hydraulic energy
 (c) Nuclear energy

6. (a) Fossil fuel energy
 Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are called Fossil
fuel as these are formed by the decomposition of
the remains of dead plants and animals buried
under the earth for a long time.
 These are non-renewable sources of energy,
which, if exhausted, can not be replenished in a
short time. Their reserves are limited and are
considered very precious. These should be used
with care and caution to let them last long. These
are also contributing to the global environmental
pollution.

7. (ii). Petroleum
 It is a dark coloured, viscous and foul smelling
crude oil.
 The petroleum means rock oil. It is normally
found under the crust of earth trapped in rocks.
The crude oil is a complex mixture of several
solid liquid gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with
water, salt and earth particles. It is a natural
product obtained from oil wells.

8. The products obtained from crude petroleum as
follows:
 (i) Petroleum gas (below 40oC) used as LPG.
 (ii) Petrol (40oC to 170oC) for light vehicles.
 (iii) Kerosene (170 to 250oC) for household
and industrial use.
 (iv) Diesel oil (250 to 350oC) for heavy
vehicles.
 (v) Residual oil ; (a) Lubrication oils (b)
paraffin wax and (c) asphalt
 (vi) Fuel oil (350 to 400oC) for boilers and
furnaces.

9. (iii) Natural gas
 It consists about 95% Methane and rest ethane
and propane.
 It occurs deep under the crust of the earth
either alone or a long with oil above the
petroleum deposits. It is a product of
petroleum mining.

10. (c) Nuclear energy
 According to modern theories of atomic
structure, matter consists of minute particles
known as atoms. Heavier unstable atoms such
as U235,Th239, liberate large amount of heat
energy. The energy released by the complete
fission of one Kg of Uranium (U235), is equal
to the heat energy obtained by burning 4500
tonnes of coal (or) 220 tons of oil.

11. What waste do fossil fuels produce?
 Burning fossil fuels creates waste products that can
act as pollutants and have harmful environmental
effects.
 Carbon dioxide – This greenhouse gas is the main
waste product of burning fossil fuels. Increased levels
of carbon dioxide due to human activities are thought
to be connected with global warming.
 Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides – These gaseous
pollutants contribute to the formation of smog and
acid rain.
 Ash – This waste solid is disposed of in landfill sites.

12. What is the greenhouse effect?

13. Green House Effect &
Atmosphere effect

14. Solar Energy
 Originates with the
thermonuclear fusion
reactions occurring in
the sun.
 Represents the entire
electromagnetic
radiation (visible light,
infrared, ultraviolet, x-
rays, and radio waves).

15. Without Green House effect -
 Without it, the Earth’s average temperature
would be a chilling -18 0C.
 Then life on Earth would probably have never
emerged from the sea.
 Thanks to the greenhouse effect, however, heat
emitted from the Earth is trapped in the
atmosphere, providing us with a comfortable
average temperature of 14 0C.
But when man makes it increase uncontrolled...

16. GREEN HOUSE GASES (CHGs)
 Water vapour
 CO2- Burning of fossil fuels – Oil, gas, coal, wood, solid
waste etc.
 Methane, CH4 - Decay of organic waste in waste land fills,
production of oil, gas, coal
 NO2 _ Nitrous Oxide – Agricultural and industrial activities
& burning fossil fuels and solid waste.
 CFCs - Hydro fluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons, and
sulphur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse
gases

17. WHERE IS THE CO2
CONCENTRATION GOING?

18. Air temperature from 1860 to present,
UK Meteorological office.

19. Water shortage – a scene

20. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are natural resources
that can be replenished in a short period of
time.
● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
● Water

21.  Non-Conventional Energy Sources
 The sources of energy which are being
produced continuously in nature and are in
exhaustible are called renewable sources of
energy (or) non-conventional energy.
 Some of these sources are:
 (a) Wind energy
 (b) Tidal energy
 (c) Solar energy

22. Solar energy
 Energy from the sun is called solar energy. The
Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion
reaction that take place deep in the Sun.
Hydrogen nucleus fuse into helium nucleus.
The energy from these reactions flow out from
the sun and escape into space

23.  Wind energy
 Winds are caused because of two factors.
 1. The absorption of solar energy on the earth’s
surface and in the atmosphere.
 2. The rotation of the earth about its axis and its
motion around the Sun.
 A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of
moving air into Mechanical energy that can be
either used directly to run the Machine or to run
the generator to produce electricity.

24.  Tides are generated primarily by the
gravitational attraction between the earth and
the Moon. They arise twice a day in Mid-
Ocean.
 Basically in a tidal power station water at high
tide is first trapped in a artificial basin and then
allowed to escape at low tide.
 The escaping water is used to drive water
turbines, which in turn drive electrical
generators.