This article shows insight into sustainable development and long term sustainability of environment through prudent use of resources besides exploring alternative resources of energy to the fullest.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Industrial energy efficiency - approaches, technologies and policies, Girish ...ESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
Power Generation by Non Conventional Energy Sources Niraj Solanki
Power Generation by Non Conventional Energy Sources
Need of Renewable energy
Fossil fuel based systems
Renewable energy – sources and features:
Solar thermal
Solar PV
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
Wave
Hybrids
Explain what are renewable and non-renewable energies
Describe what it is the greenhouse effect and the main factors responsible for it
Identify alternatives to the use of fossil fuels
Give examples of renewable sources of energy and their utilisation
Identify advantages and disadvantages of using renewable energy and non-renewable energy
waste pastic to fuel pyrolysis process-daxit akbariDAXIT AKBARI 🇮🇳
presentation on plastic pyrolysis process....best technology for waste minimization and converting waste into valuable products without ant environmental pollution.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF RENEWABLE, NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESOURCES OF ENERGY, SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, TIDAL ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, BIOMASS ENERGY, OCEAN ENERGY , FREE ENERGY, APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE
Greythorn Technology Market Landscape Outlook H2 2014GreythornAU
Welcome to the latest research from Greythorn Specialist Technology Recruitment. We recently surveyed almost 3,000 IT professionals in Australia and have compared their responses to those of the 1100 IT Hiring Managers we surveyed earlier in the year.
The presentation revels some interesting findings including; top IT skills in demand, hiring intentions and challenges, perceived job security and recruitment process frustrations.
To request a copy of the full presentation, please contact Greythorn on 02 9249 8000 or contact your dedicated Greythorn consultant.
Industrial energy efficiency - approaches, technologies and policies, Girish ...ESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
Power Generation by Non Conventional Energy Sources Niraj Solanki
Power Generation by Non Conventional Energy Sources
Need of Renewable energy
Fossil fuel based systems
Renewable energy – sources and features:
Solar thermal
Solar PV
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
Wave
Hybrids
Explain what are renewable and non-renewable energies
Describe what it is the greenhouse effect and the main factors responsible for it
Identify alternatives to the use of fossil fuels
Give examples of renewable sources of energy and their utilisation
Identify advantages and disadvantages of using renewable energy and non-renewable energy
waste pastic to fuel pyrolysis process-daxit akbariDAXIT AKBARI 🇮🇳
presentation on plastic pyrolysis process....best technology for waste minimization and converting waste into valuable products without ant environmental pollution.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF RENEWABLE, NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESOURCES OF ENERGY, SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, TIDAL ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, BIOMASS ENERGY, OCEAN ENERGY , FREE ENERGY, APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE
Greythorn Technology Market Landscape Outlook H2 2014GreythornAU
Welcome to the latest research from Greythorn Specialist Technology Recruitment. We recently surveyed almost 3,000 IT professionals in Australia and have compared their responses to those of the 1100 IT Hiring Managers we surveyed earlier in the year.
The presentation revels some interesting findings including; top IT skills in demand, hiring intentions and challenges, perceived job security and recruitment process frustrations.
To request a copy of the full presentation, please contact Greythorn on 02 9249 8000 or contact your dedicated Greythorn consultant.
Bodycon midi dress uk - Bandagedress.co.ukcookdress
Cheap sexy Bodycon Midi Dress UK online, Get white, black, red and yellow bandage Bodycon dresses on Bandagedress.co.uk. Bodycon Midi Dress: Backless Black Asymmetrical Long Sleeve Strappy Midi Dress, White Textured Low Cut Cutout Open Back Midi Dress, Bowknot 3/4 Sleeve Bodycon Midi Dress/ Party Dress .
http://www.bandagedress.co.uk/bodycon-midi-dress
To stand out from the crowd is challenging for any recruitment business and it depends very heavily on the people you employ, the training and development they receive, and the leadership from the directors and managers.
Enterprise 2.0 in the Context of Mission Success, The Lockheed Martin StoryChris Keohane
Overview of Lockheed Martin's knowledge sharing and collaboration platform, Unity.This presentation was given at the 2008 Enterprise 2.0 conference by Shawn Dahlen and Christopher Keohane
Email Marketing is one of the cheapest and most reliable marketing solution on the Internet today.
Most companies rely on Email Marketing techniques to generate leads / sales of their products and services
Boletín Informativo del Banco de Sangre Regional San Martín de edición trimestral, producido por el Servicio de Promoción del Banco de Sangre Regional San Martín
Global coal demand stalls after more than a decade of relentless growth: Annual IEA coal report sees market under intense pressure, reflecting Chinese economic restructuring and global environmental policies
I choose Energy source of Human This is my topic.You have to put.docxfideladallimore
I choose Energy source of Human This is my topic.
You have to put work cited first and after that you have to write 150 words summary wath two qoutstions market from the essay and after that you have to write your opinion for gust one or two lines. After that you have to write Two questions about that summery no yes or no. You can choose two questions of How, What,Where, Why, When. this is my order. No quesation no and yes. I do not want that. You have to read this essay I will put to you because you have to read this resoerc. You have to put two of Qoutation mark. said "............................................" with page number , and second he said, "......................................." with his last name and page number.
No quesation no and yes. I do not want that.
I took these information from my college website and you have to read it.
English 2 Annotation 3 Energy Sources
Works Cited
Mohanty, Manoranjan. "New Renewable Energy Sources, Green Energy Development and Climate Change." Management of Environmental Quality 23.3 (2012): 264-74. ProQuest. Web. 29 Sep. 2014.
New renewable energy sources,
green energy development and
climate change
Implications to Pacific Island countries
Manoranjan Mohanty
Faculty of Business and Economics, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
Abstract
Purpose – The aim of the paper is to examine the renewable energy resources for enhancing a green
energy development in the face of energy crisis and climate change, and to explore the prospects for
“new” renewable energy sources and the green energy initiatives taken in the Pacific Island countries
(PICs).
Design/methodology/approach – The data were collated from a wide variety of sources including
policy documents, road maps, reports, research articles on renewable and green energy sources.
The methodology adopted was primarily a qualitative one based on a “content analysis”.
Findings – The findings reveal that increasing emphases have been given recently to “new”
renewable and green energy sources in the Pacific Island countries as mitigation and adaptation
strategies to fuel crisis and climate change. PICs have taken a wide range of green energy initiatives
including “biomass”, solar, wind and other non-traditional renewable energy sources and bio-fuels
development. Prospects for coconut, copra and palm-oil based bio-fuels do exist in many PICs.
Opportunities for ethanol bio-fuels also exist especially in Fiji.
Practical implications – Renewable and green energy sources are of practical implications to PICs.
There is, however, a greater need for framing sound energy policies by the PICs.
Originality/value – The author has brought out clear linkages between climate change and green
energy development and analyzed the importance of new renewable energy sources, especially in PICs.
The paper has higher policy relevance and it is of great value in the context of sustainable energy
development in PICs.
Keywords Climate change, .
An ever growing population means an ever growing requirement for energy. Nowadays, enormity of energy cannot be denied. It
is essential in every walk of life. Energy sources can be broadly classified as renewable and non renewable. Knowing the
dreadful fact that nonrenewable sources will eventually deplete, the importance of renewable sources cannot be underestimated.
The most important aspect while utilizing them is their impact on the environment. This paper briefly presents the importance
of renewable sources of energy owing to the backdrop of fossil fuel dilemma. Major emphasis is placed on the use of alternative
energy technologies. Some applications of renewable sources and future of energy is also discussed
OverviewEnergy Sources and MeasurementEveryone who studies ene.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview
Energy Sources and Measurement
Everyone who studies energy should be familiar with the first and second laws of thermodynamics, which explain the existence and movement of energy.
There are many types of energy: primary and secondary energy sources, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, and sustainable energy sources. It is important to understand the distinction between these, as well as the world’s growing appetite for energy consumption.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
2A
state and apply the laws of thermodynamics.
2B
calculate BTUs per hour.
2C
discuss the differences between primary and secondary energy sources.
2D
recall techniques used to protect the environment.
Module 2 Reading Assignment
Krigger, J., & Dorsi, C. (2012). Residential Energy: Cost Savings and Comfort for Existing Buildings (6th ed.). Helena: Saturn Resource Management, Inc. Chapter 1.
Supplemental Reading Assignments (Required):
Department of Energy. (2012, May). Energy in brief: What are the major sources and users of energy in the United States? Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration (pp. 1-5).
DOE. (Ed.) (2010). Energy Scenario. Available from Department of Energy (pp 1-37).
Environmental Protection Agency (2011, March). Energy star performance ratings; Methodology for incorporating source energy use. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, (pp. 1-17).
U.S. Energy Information Administration (2012, March). Energy brief: how to compare or add up our energy consumption? Washington, DC: Department of Energy (pp. 1-3).
Lecture Notes
Energy
It is important to understand the different types of energy sources. Sources of energy can be primary, secondary, renewable, and non-renewable.
Primary Energy Sources
Primary energy sources exist in nature and can be used directly or may be converted and redirected into a form of energy that satisfies a need. When primary energy sources go through the energy conversion process, they are converted into more convenient forms of energy, such as electrical energy, hydrogen, and cleaner fuels. Primary sources of energy include both renewable and non-renewable sources, such as coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power, hydropower, biomass, geothermal power, solar power, and wind power.
Secondary Energy Sources
Secondary energy sources can be obtained from the conversion of other, less convenient and beneficial sources of energy. Secondary energy sources include those that are made available for use in a home.
Secondary energy sources:
· Electricity
· Heating oil and gasoline
· Hydrogen
These energy sources are used to power, heat, and cool a house, as well as to cook. Liquid fuels, such as gasoline, methanol, and other hybrids that are used for transportation are also considered secondary energy sources.Electricity
People are fortunate to enjoy the benefits of electricity. Electricity can be generated from coal, natural gas, solar, geothermal.
THE FUTURE OF ENERGY REQUIRED FOR THE WORLD.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what the future would require for the production and consumption of energy in the world based on the use of clean and renewable energy. To avoid the catastrophic future that is predicted for humanity resulting from global warming, it is imperative, among other measures, to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by replacing the current global energy matrix based fundamentally on fossil fuels (coal , oil and natural gas) and in nuclear energy, by another global energy matrix structured based on renewable energy resources (hydroelectricity, biomass, solar energy, wind energy and hydrogen) to avoid or minimize global warming and, consequently, the occurrence of catastrophic changes in the Earth's climate. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as such as the more efficient use of energy in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, the implementation of a sustainable energy system is essential. A sustainable energy system will only be possible if, in addition to abandoning fossil fuels, energy efficiency is also greatly improved.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The world has experienced remarkable expansion and development in recent decades, which has greatly accelerated industrialization and urbanization. However, this advancement has come at a price: a dangerous increase in global pollution. The ecosystems of the globe, people's health, and the economy are all seriously threatened by global pollution in all of its manifestations. The complexities of global pollution will be examined in this essay, along with how it impacts both the environment and people.
Title_ Air Pollution_ A Silent Threat to Our Health and Environment.pdfartrugrulghazi
Air pollution is a global issue that affects everyone, from the largest metropolis to the smallest rural villages. It is the presence of harmful substances in the air that can pose serious threats to human health, as well as the environment.
Similar to RENEWABLE ENERGY ALTERNATIVES AS VEHICLE FOR LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN PARADOX OF GLOBALIZED ECONOMY (20)
The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat to make the earth surface warmer leading to global warming.
Smog is a kind of intense air pollution, originally named for the mixture of smoke and fog in the air. Major cities around the world are experiencing the effects of air pollution.
Acid rain or Acid deposition penetrates deeply into the sensitive fabric of ecosystem, thereby changing the chemistry of air, water, and soil and has huge impact
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
RENEWABLE ENERGY ALTERNATIVES AS VEHICLE FOR LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN PARADOX OF GLOBALIZED ECONOMY
1. RENEWABLE ENERGY ALTERNATIVES AS VEHICLE FOR LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY
AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN PARADOX OF GLOBALIZED ECONOMY
Dr. Prashant Mehta, Faculty of Science, National Law University, Jodhpur
Email: prashantmehta1@rediffmail.com
Introduction
'Sustainability' and 'Sustainable development' have become over interacting themes in
environmental policy in recent years. None the less, the concepts are often poorly
understood and we are only beginning to get to grips with the implications of
developing a more sustainable society.
Thinking and practice on sustainable development are advancing rapidly. The original
definition of sustainable development was that given by the World Commission on
Environment and Development in 1987: “Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs".
'Sustainable Development' usually refers to some form of modern technological society,
with business taking responsibility for its impact on society and the environment. It is a
process that can be maintained in its current state of productivity over long period of
time. Alternatively Sustainable development is about growth and Sustainability is about
costs and benefits of Today’s actions against costs and benefits of Tomorrow’s actions.
Since energy is at the hub of modern society more so in developing countries, it is also
an essential component of sustainable development. In real sense sustainable
2. development is about more than the energy and environment. It is based on four
components:
Identification and sensible or prudent use of resources
Protecting the environment globally
Environment friendly inclusive Economic Growth
Social Engineering Progress
The main target of sustainable development and sustainability is a better quality of life
for everyone now and for generations to come.
IS THERE A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR 6.5 BILLION HUMANS ON THE PLANET WITH
RESPECT TO USE OF ENERGY AND ENERGY ALTERNATIVES?
The answer is yes, there is in form of RENEWABLE / ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES.
None the less, it is clear that nationally and internationally we should not be using up
precious energy resources indiscriminately. Instead we should moving from non-
renewable to renewable energy resources besides developing more prudent ways of
using them.
Energy Use
There is a combination of factors by which energy problems and energy issues are back
at the top of the world's agenda. They include rising oil and gas prices, the prospect of
diminishing fossil fuel resources, rising atmospheric pollution caused not only by oil and
gas emissions but also by burning of domestic fuels, climate change with evident effects
on global warming, and increasing concern about security of continuous supply, thereby
underlining the vulnerability of all industrial and developing countries. Yet these factors
are accompanied by continuing growth in world population, and rising energy demand.
3. The basic reason that we have a problem is due to exponential growth which creates a
strongly non-equilibrium use of our resources. Its not great to state that the failure to
understand the concept of exponential growth by planners and / or legislators, is the
single biggest problem in all of Environmental Studies and / or Management. The Two
Principle Problems with Energy Management can be outlined as follows:
Failure for policy makers to understand the concept of exponential growth.
Failure for legislation to be formulated and passed to give us a long term energy
strategy.
Accurate trend extrapolation is the most important part of future planning. However,
failure to assume exponential growth will always lead to a disaster. World Energy
Consumption is given below in figure:
4. It is quite evident from the figures given above that unless we find alternatives ways of
developing and using energy we will be on verge of energy crises. Humans in various
ways use energy. The main use is in transportation, industry, space heating, cooking,
agriculture, and leisure. Since 1950, most of the world's economic growth has relied on
non-renewable fossil fuel energy from oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear energy
resources.
Non-Renewable Sources of Energy
Oil - Most of the world's energy today comes from the burning of oil. Humans use oil for
various purposes like Transportation, Industry, Agriculture, Residential Uses, Electric
utilities etc. Crude oil (or petroleum) is composed of more than a hundred different
hydrocarbon compounds. The refining process separates crude oil into many different
commercial products including gases, gasoline, heating oil, diesel oil, and asphalt. Crude
oil also contains petrochemicals, which are compounds that are used in the production
of fertilizers, plastics, paints, pesticides, medicines, and synthetic fibers like nylon.
Experts disagree over how long the world's identified and unidentified crude oil
resources will last. Reserves are identified deposits of a non-renewable fossil fuel or
mineral resource from which the resource can be extracted profitably at present prices
with current technology. At present consumption rates, world crude oil reserves will be
economically depleted in about 40 years.
Natural Gas - In its underground gaseous state, natural gas is a mixture of 50 to 90% by
volume of methane gas (CH4) and smaller amounts of heavier gaseous hydrocarbon
compounds such as propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). Propane (C3H8) and butane
(C4H10) are separated from natural gas and are stored as liquefied petroleum in special
pressurized tanks. These two substances are primarily used as fuel for heating and
cooking. Methane (CH4) is more important economically. Methane (CH4) is burned in
5. furnaces to supply residential and commercial buildings with heat, used to heat water in
hot water tanks, used in power plants to generate electricity, and used in a variety of
ways in the organic chemistry industry.
Several non-hydrocarbon gases are also found in natural gas mixtures. Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may be found in substantial
proportions. Nitrogen is inert and noncombustible. If present in significant quantities, it
reduces the heating value of the natural gas mixture and must be separated before the
fuel is used for the commercial purposes. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is another unwanted
component of the gas mixture. Normally, it is removed from the mixture to raise heating
value, reduce volume, and support even combustion properties. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
is removed from natural gas by a process similar to that used in crude oil refining.
Coal - is formed in several stages as the remains of plants are subjected to intense heat
and pressure over millions of years. It is a complex mixture of organic compounds, with
30% to 98% carbon by weight plus varying amounts of water and small amounts of
nitrogen and sulfur. Humans have had a long history of using coal. Coal has been used to
generate heat and power, for the production of metallurgical coke, and as a source of
various aromatic compounds utilized in synthesizing dyes, solvents, and drugs. Burning
coal produces larger amounts of SOx, NOx, and particulate matter than other fossil fuels.
Nuclear Fission - By the end of this century, 1800 nuclear power plants were supposed
to supply 21% of the world's energy through the process of nuclear fission. By 1991,
after 44 years of development and enormous government subsidies, about 424
commercial nuclear reactors were producing 7% of the world's energy. Another serious
problem associated with generating power from fission reactors is the production of
nuclear waste.
6. Fossil fuel resources are finite in supply and are responsible for much of the world's
pollution and environmental degradation. Nuclear energy was supposed to be
producing a significant proportion of the world's energy requirements by the year 2000.
However, problems associated with waste storage, safety concerns, and building and
maintenance costs have slowed the use of this energy source.
Non-Renewable Energy Use - Their Impact on the Environment
Many of our sources of energy generation influence the health of the environment. As a
group, fossil fuels have the greatest negative effect. The burning of any of these
resources produces some form of atmospheric pollution. Coal is by far the dirtiest of
these nonrenewable resources. The combustion of coal releases large amounts of
Carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and small amounts
of highly toxic uranium, lead, cadmium, mercury, rubidium, thallium, and zinc. These
chemicals contribute to the enhancement of the green house effect, photochemical
smog, acid deposition, and can accumulated in the environment where they can affect
the health of plants, animals and human beings. The mining of coal creates acidic and
highly toxic tailings. Precipitation falling on these sediments can leach the acids and
toxins into surface and sub-surface waters where they can influence living organisms.
The burning of petroleum fuels emits about 30% of the Carbon dioxide (CO2) added to
the atmosphere annually. Moreover, these emissions are primarily responsible for the
increase in the concentration of Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere over the last 50
years. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the dominant green house gas. Its increase in the
atmosphere may bring about a warming of the Earth's climate. The use of oil for energy
also releases hydrocarbons and Nitrogen oxides (NO2). Emissions of both chemicals
contribute to the formation of photochemical smog. Nitrogen oxides (NO 2) on its own
can undergo chemical reaction in the atmosphere to form acidic deposition. Because of
its unique global distribution, much of the oil extracted from the ground must be
transported by pipe or ship to a few nations who dominate its consumption.
7. Occasionally, transported oil is spilled into the environment where it takes its toll on
aquatic and wildlife.
Renewable Energy
Energy can also be derived from several sources that are infinite in their supply. These
renewable sources of energy include the energy from the sun, moving water, biomass,
moving wind, geothermal energy, tidal energy etc. Each of these renewable sources of
energy is brief discussed below.
Solar Energy - The simplest method of generating energy from the sun involves the
conversion of sunlight into heat. Humans have constructed passive solar heating
systems, like windowed homes, to capture sunlight directly within structures for the
production of low-temperature space heat. Humans have also constructed more
elaborate systems, known as active solar heating systems, where specially designed
collectors concentrate solar energy for the production of heat. A fan or a pump is then
used to re-distribute this energy for space-heating or water-heating needs.
8. Solar radiation can also be converted by photovoltaic cells directly into electrical energy.
Most solar cells consist of layers of purified silicon. Trace amounts of gallium arsenide or
cadmium sulfide are added so that the resulting semiconductor emits a small electrical
current when struck by light. By the year 2010, solar cells could supply as much of the
world's energy as nuclear power does today at a lower cost and much less
environmental risk. The main advantage is that it is pollution free. The main Drawbacks
are Solar cells right now have high costs, Low efficiency (05%-15%), lack of adequate
storage materials (batteries), and finally the high cost to the consumer.
Hydroelectric Power - In large-scale hydropower projects, high dams are built across
large rivers to create large reservoirs. The stored water is then allowed to flow through
huge pipes at controlled rates, spinning turbines and producing electricity. Hydroelectric
plants rarely need to be shut down, and they produce no emissions of carbon dioxide or
other air pollutants during operation. Te main advantage is No pollution, Very high
efficiency (80%), little waste heat, low cost per KWH. k loads. However, hydropower has
some drawbacks. The reservoirs of large-scale projects flood huge areas, destroy wildlife
habitats, uproot people, and decrease fish harvests below the dam, Fish are endangered
species; Sediment buildup and dam failure; changes watershed characteristics; alters
hydrological cycle (just like in theri dam project in India).
Wind Power - Worldwide, by 1990, there were over 20,000 wind turbines, grouped in
clusters called wind farms, which feed power to a utility grid. They produce electricity
equal to 1600 megawatts. The cost of producing electricity with wind farms is about
one-half that of a new nuclear power plant, and should be cost competitive with coal by
1995. Wind power experts project that by the middle of the next century, wind power
could supply 10% of the world's electricity. Wind power can be used only in areas with
sufficient winds. Backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage
system is necessary when the wind dies down. The main advantage is supplemental
9. power in windy areas; best alternative for individual homeowner whereas the main
disadvantage is highly variable source; relatively low efficiency (30%); more power than
is needed is produced when the wind blows, noise of rotary blades, killing of birds and
efficient energy storage is thus required.
Energy From Biomass - Biomass is organic plant matter produced by solar energy
through photosynthesis. It includes wood, agricultural wastes, and garbage. Some of this
plant matter can be burned as solid fuel or converted into bio-fuels. In 1989, biomass,
mostly from the burning of wood and manure to heat buildings and cook food, supplied
about 15% of the world's energy and about one-half the energy used in Less Developed
Countries. The main advantage of Biomass waste (wood products, sewage, paper etc) is
that they are natural by products of our society; reuse as an energy source would be
good and it can provide definite co-generation possibilities. The main disadvantages are
Particulate pollution from biomass burners, and transportation is not possible due to
moisture content.
Geothermal Energy - On a human time scale, geothermal energy is inexhaustible.
However, geothermal power generation does have one important limitation.
Geographically, geothermal energy is only found in locations where the hot molten
magma of the Earth's mantle comes in contact with groundwater near the surface to
produce wet steam, dry steam (very hot steam with no water droplets), geo-pressurized
brines (natural deposits of hot salty water) or hot water. The main advantages: very high
efficiency; low initial costs since you already got steam were as Disadvantage is non-
renewable (more is taken out than can be put in by nature); highly local resource.
Besides this Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, Tidal energy and Hydrogen (Fuel of
Future) burning can also provide some viable alternatives to our energy crises. They can
help us conserve energy and at the same time help us lower pollution.
10. Sustainable Energy Use
From an environmental stand point, our current patterns of energy use are plagued with
three major problems:
Energy derived from the combustion of fossil fuels creates large scale environmental
degradation in the form of global warming, acid deposition and various forms of
atmospheric pollution.
Supplies of fossil fuels are limited.
Many of human processes that require energy use this resource in a highly
inefficient manner.
Projections of energy use into the middle of the next century suggest that demand for
this resource will increase by approximately 400%. This increase in consumption will be
driven by population and economic growth. However, environmental degradation and
constraints on supplies of fossil fuels will force the human population to modify the way
it uses and consumes energy. Future energy use by humans will be modified because of
economics and concern for the state of the environment. In short, energy use will
become more sustainable.
The move toward more sustainable energy use will be characterized by the following
future trends:
Reduced use of fossil fuels because of the need for environmental protection and
increases in resource costs.
Increased use of technologies that make the burning of fossil fuels safer for the
environment. For example, the installation of smokestack scrubbers reduces the
amount of sulfur released from the burning of coal.
11. The development of more efficient human systems of energy use. Studies suggest
that industrialized economies can significantly reduce their use of energy through
conservation and technological innovation.
Increase reliance on renewable energy resources like biomass, solar, wind,
geothermal, and hydroelectricity.
Development of new technologies for the production of energy. Nuclear fusion
research is currently taking place in several countries. Some scientists predict that
fusion may become a major source of energy for human needs within 50 years.
Fusion produces far less dangerous radiation than fission and very little waste. Its
fuel, deuterium, is also virtually inexhaustible.
Concluding Theme
The importance of this topic cannot be over emphasized by any stretch of our
imagination. If we have to address the above issue, we have to think radically and on
many dimensions. Last but not the least we also have to initiate energy conservation.
Thus moving to renewable / alternative energy sources will become vehicle of
sustainable development.
References and Bibliography
1. Rai, G. D. (1995): Solar Energy Utilization, Khanna Publishers, Delhi
2. Rai, G. D. (1995): Non-conventional Sources of Energy, Khanna Publishers, Delhi
3. Sukhatme, S. P. (1984): Solar Energy – Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi
4. Boucher, Keith (1975): Global Climate, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
5. Detwyler, Thomas R. (1971): Man's Impact on Environment, Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, New York.
6. Halis, Odabase (1973): Environmental Problems and their International Implications. Colorado
Associated University Press, Boulder, Colorado.
7. J. A. Turner, "A Realizable Renewable Energy Future," Science 285 (1999): 687-689.
8. R. Edwards, "The Big Break" [wave power], New Scientist (3 October 1998): 30-33.
9. N. Fell, "Deep Heat" [geothermal energy], New Scientist (22 February 2003): 40-42
12. 10. P. Hoffmann, Tomorrow's energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospects for a cleaner planet
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001)