The document discusses hemodialysis as a treatment for kidney failure. It provides 3 key points: 1. Hemodialysis involves removing waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure using a dialysis machine and dialyzer. The blood is passed through the dialyzer while a dialysis fluid cleanses the blood. 2. It is a 4 hour treatment that occurs regularly, usually 3 times a week, to maintain the patient's health. Proper water treatment and equipment like the dialyzer, bloodlines and machine are required. 3. Patients on hemodialysis require careful hygiene and monitoring as the treatment replaces some kidney functions but not all. They remain dependent

1. PENGENALAN KEPADA
HEMODIALISIS
PENGENALAN KEPADA
HEMODIALISIS
Disediakan Oleh : Nassruto

2. FUNGSI BUAH PINGGANG
NORMAL

3. Functions of the kidney
• To maintain the balance of water by removing
excess fluid from the body.
• Healthy kidneys filter the blood to remove waste
products such as urea and creatinine.
• To maintain normal body chemistry. A number
of solutes such as potassium, sodium,
phosphorus, calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium
and chloride are important to blood chemistry.

4. • The kidneys also produce three important hormones:
• Erythropoietin: which is produced to control the
production of red blood cells, in the bone
marrow, to prevent anaemia.
• Active vitamin D: which helps the body absorb
calcium from food. Bones need calcium to stay
strong and healthy.
• Renin: which helps regulate blood pressure.

5. APA AKAN BERLAKU APABILA BUAH
PINGGANG BERHENTI BERFUNGSI ?

6. Renal Failure
• Acute
•Suddent onset.
•Urine Output
•Reversible.
• Chronic
•Slow progress.
•Menyebabkan kegagalan sepenuhnya.

7. Penyebab Acute Renal
Failure
• Prerenal
•Kekurangan isipadu darah.
•Kekurangan bekalan darah.
•Kegagalan fungsi jantung.

8. Samb.
• Intra Renal
•Vascular-Acutetubular necrosis
•Glumerulus- Lupus nephritis
•Kecederaan pada tubul.
• Post Renal-Obstruction
•Ureter
•Bladder

9. Cont.
• Ischemic.
• Hypotension shock
• Sepsis
• Nephrotoxin
• Antibiotic
• Radiocontras
• Heavy metal
• Heme protein
• Myoglobin

10. Causes of Chronic Renal
Failure
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Glomerulonephritis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Scarring from kidney infection in
childhood
• Obstruction

11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Generally feeling ill. Tiredness and loss of
energy
• Lacking interest in everyday activities,
difficulty in concentrating or relaxing.
• Shortness of breath.
• Altered taste sensation/appetite.

12. Cont.
• Sickness and nausea
• Loss of libido / sex drive
• Itch
• Swelling of the legs

13. cont.
• Oliguria
• Anuria
• Odema
• Eletrolite Imbalances.
• Fluid overload.

14. E.S.R.D

15. Investigation
• Blood test.
• Imaging test.
• Kidney biopsy.
• Urine analysis.

16. INDIKASI DIALISIS
• Uraemic syndrome
• Hyperkalemia
• Acidosis
• Fluid overload

17. SIAPA PERLU DIALISIS ?SIAPA PERLU DIALISIS ?
• Acute dialisis.
Pesakit ARF, CRF.
• Chronic dialisis.
ESRF, Failed transplant, Failed
CAPD.

18. PILIHAN BAGI R.R.T. ?PILIHAN BAGI R.R.T. ?
• HEMODIALISIS
• C.A.P.D
• RENAL
TRANSPLANTION

19. APA ITU HEMODIALISIS ?APA ITU HEMODIALISIS ?

20. HEMODIALISISHEMODIALISIS
• Haemo - Darah.
• Dialysis - Proses di mana kandungan
bahan larut dalam darah ditapis dengan
cara ‘mendedahkannya’ kepada dialysate
melalui semipermeable membrane.

21. PROSES HEMODIALISIS

22. KEPERLUAN BAGI HEMODIALISIS
• WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
• MESIN HEMODIALISIS
• DIALYSATE
• PATIENT
• DIALYZER AND BLOODLINES.

23. WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
• R/O. REVERSED OSMOSIS WATER.
• Water is one of the most essential components of the
dialysis fluid. Therefore, high quality water, both from a
chemical and microbiological point of view, is
essential for a good long term outcome.

24. BAGAIMANA H.D BERFUNGSI ?BAGAIMANA H.D BERFUNGSI ?• Darah dikeluarkan melalui fistula dengan
menggunakan AVF needles.
• Disalurkan ke Dialyzer melalui Bloodlines
dengan bantuan Mesin Hemodialisis.
• Catheter khas digunakan jika ketiadaan
fistula.

25. Diagram HD

26. A.V. Fistula
Needling
I.J. CatheterI.J. Catheter

27. REHAT 4 JAM

28. Dialyzer• Terdapat 2 ruang.
• Ruang Darah.
• Ruang Dialysate.
• Dipisahkan oleh fiber
dialyzer.
• Kotoran dan air akan
keluar dari darah ke
dialysate melalui
‘diffusion’, dan
‘ultrafiltration’.

29. Samb.
• Proses ini berlaku berterusan selama 4 jam.
• Kepekatan kotoran , air, garam-garam
buangan akan berkurangan ke paras yang
kurang bahaya.

30. PENJAGAAN PESAKIT
H.D
PENJAGAAN PESAKIT
H.D
• PENJAGAAN KEBERSIHAN DIRI

31. • Sekian Terima Kasih