This document discusses the manifestations and complications of renal disease and uremic syndrome. It covers the biochemical disturbances that occur like acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and fluid retention. Symptoms affecting various organ systems are described, like gastrointestinal issues, neurological signs, hematological problems, and skeletal disorders. Medical management including conservative therapies focusing on diet, medications, and preparing for dialysis are outlined. The two main types of renal replacement therapy, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, are explained in detail. Oral health considerations for patients undergoing treatment are also noted.
Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a common complication in chronic kidney disease caused by reduced kidney function and mineral metabolism abnormalities. This leads to high phosphate, activation of parathyroid hormone, and bone abnormalities from renal osteodystrophy to vascular calcification. Treatment focuses on controlling phosphate levels through binders like sevelamer and cinacalcet to reduce parathyroid hormone in order to prevent bone disease and fractures while minimizing cardiovascular risks.
CRRT involves continuous renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration that are better tolerated for critically ill patients with AKI. They work through diffusion, convection, and adsorption using semipermeable membranes to filter waste and excess fluid at slower rates than intermittent dialysis. Common CRRT modalities include CVVH, CVVHD, and CVVHDF. While offering benefits over intermittent dialysis for hemodynamic stability and management of fluid, electrolytes and acids, CRRT can cause complications related to the vascular access and anticoagulation used.
Renal failure and renal replacement therapyIvan Luyimbazi
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal replacement therapy. It defines CKD and its stages based on glomerular filtration rate. The main treatment options for end-stage renal disease are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis involves circulating the patient's blood through a dialysis machine to remove waste via diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane. Peritoneal dialysis utilizes the peritoneal membrane and infuses dialysate into the peritoneal cavity to remove waste via diffusion and osmosis. Complications, nursing care and procedures are discussed for both treatment modalities.
Renal failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer remove waste and regulate fluids and electrolytes in the body. Chronic kidney disease develops gradually over months to years and initially presents no symptoms. As kidney function declines, waste builds up in the blood and the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate urine and regulate fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. Treatment focuses on managing complications through medications, diet, dialysis, and potentially a kidney transplant. The goals are to maintain kidney function and homeostasis for as long as possible.
1) Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood and is categorized as pre-renal, renal, or post-renal based on the underlying cause.
2) Pre-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys such as dehydration, blood loss, or heart issues. Renal acute renal failure involves direct damage to the kidney itself from issues like acute tubular necrosis. Post-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems blocking urine flow out of the kidneys.
3) Symptoms can include weakness, fatigue, edema, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, maintaining
Metabolic alkalosis is a primary acid-base disturbance characterized by elevated serum bicarbonate and pH levels, along with increased PaCO2 levels. It can be caused by loss of stomach acid from vomiting or diarrhea, or by excessive intake of bicarbonate. The kidneys compensate by retaining bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. Symptoms may include confusion, seizures, muscle cramps or weakness due to accompanying hypokalemia or hypocalcemia. Respiratory compensation occurs via hypoventilation and increased PaCO2 levels.
This document discusses potassium imbalance and its management. It provides reference ranges for normal serum electrolyte levels including potassium. It then discusses causes, classifications, signs, and treatments for both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia. For hyperkalemia, it outlines approaches for managing severe cases including using calcium, insulin, beta-agonists, and dialysis. For hypokalemia it discusses causes like drugs and investigations to identify the cause before outlining oral and IV supplementation approaches.
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common and serious problem in clinical medicine. It is characterised by an abrupt reduction (usually within a 48-h period) in kidney function. This results in an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products and other toxins. Many patients become oliguric (low urine output) with subsequent salt and water retention
Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a common complication in chronic kidney disease caused by reduced kidney function and mineral metabolism abnormalities. This leads to high phosphate, activation of parathyroid hormone, and bone abnormalities from renal osteodystrophy to vascular calcification. Treatment focuses on controlling phosphate levels through binders like sevelamer and cinacalcet to reduce parathyroid hormone in order to prevent bone disease and fractures while minimizing cardiovascular risks.
CRRT involves continuous renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration that are better tolerated for critically ill patients with AKI. They work through diffusion, convection, and adsorption using semipermeable membranes to filter waste and excess fluid at slower rates than intermittent dialysis. Common CRRT modalities include CVVH, CVVHD, and CVVHDF. While offering benefits over intermittent dialysis for hemodynamic stability and management of fluid, electrolytes and acids, CRRT can cause complications related to the vascular access and anticoagulation used.
Renal failure and renal replacement therapyIvan Luyimbazi
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal replacement therapy. It defines CKD and its stages based on glomerular filtration rate. The main treatment options for end-stage renal disease are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis involves circulating the patient's blood through a dialysis machine to remove waste via diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane. Peritoneal dialysis utilizes the peritoneal membrane and infuses dialysate into the peritoneal cavity to remove waste via diffusion and osmosis. Complications, nursing care and procedures are discussed for both treatment modalities.
Renal failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer remove waste and regulate fluids and electrolytes in the body. Chronic kidney disease develops gradually over months to years and initially presents no symptoms. As kidney function declines, waste builds up in the blood and the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate urine and regulate fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. Treatment focuses on managing complications through medications, diet, dialysis, and potentially a kidney transplant. The goals are to maintain kidney function and homeostasis for as long as possible.
1) Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood and is categorized as pre-renal, renal, or post-renal based on the underlying cause.
2) Pre-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys such as dehydration, blood loss, or heart issues. Renal acute renal failure involves direct damage to the kidney itself from issues like acute tubular necrosis. Post-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems blocking urine flow out of the kidneys.
3) Symptoms can include weakness, fatigue, edema, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, maintaining
Metabolic alkalosis is a primary acid-base disturbance characterized by elevated serum bicarbonate and pH levels, along with increased PaCO2 levels. It can be caused by loss of stomach acid from vomiting or diarrhea, or by excessive intake of bicarbonate. The kidneys compensate by retaining bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. Symptoms may include confusion, seizures, muscle cramps or weakness due to accompanying hypokalemia or hypocalcemia. Respiratory compensation occurs via hypoventilation and increased PaCO2 levels.
This document discusses potassium imbalance and its management. It provides reference ranges for normal serum electrolyte levels including potassium. It then discusses causes, classifications, signs, and treatments for both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia. For hyperkalemia, it outlines approaches for managing severe cases including using calcium, insulin, beta-agonists, and dialysis. For hypokalemia it discusses causes like drugs and investigations to identify the cause before outlining oral and IV supplementation approaches.
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common and serious problem in clinical medicine. It is characterised by an abrupt reduction (usually within a 48-h period) in kidney function. This results in an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products and other toxins. Many patients become oliguric (low urine output) with subsequent salt and water retention
This document outlines an approach to renal diseases. It begins by listing common renal syndromes such as hematuria, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, and acute/chronic renal failure. It then provides details on evaluating and differentiating each syndrome, including causes, diagnostic criteria, and key laboratory findings. Kidney biopsy indications are also outlined. The document aims to guide practitioners in diagnosing and classifying renal conditions based on presenting signs, symptoms and test results.
potassium homeostasis and its renal handlingGirmay Fitiwi
This presentation discusses potassium homeostasis and its renal handling. It begins with objectives and an introduction on potassium physiology. It then covers the roles of potassium, mechanisms maintaining potassium levels, and hormonal and other factors involved. A major section discusses renal handling of potassium by different regions of the nephron and how secretion is regulated. The presentation concludes by reviewing clinical implications of disorders like hyperkalemia and hypokalemia.
Chronic renal failure results in the progressive loss of kidney function over time and can lead to end stage renal disease. The kidneys normally regulate fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, excrete waste, and produce hormones. Medical management focuses on slowing disease progression, controlling complications like hypertension, and dialysis to filter the blood when kidney function is severely impaired. Dental management for patients with chronic kidney disease or on dialysis requires precautions due to bleeding risks and considerations for medications that are cleared by the kidneys.
This document discusses clinical manifestations and evaluation of renal disease in children. Common signs of renal disorders include edema, hematuria, abnormalities in urination, and flank or abdominal pain. Evaluation of renal disease involves examination of urine for red blood cells, proteins, and casts. Imaging tests like ultrasound and IVU can identify structural abnormalities. Glomerular diseases commonly cause hematuria while tubular disorders present with electrolyte abnormalities. Renal biopsy may be needed to diagnose conditions like Alport syndrome.
The pathogenesis of CKD-MBD is complex, involving disruptions in mineral homeostasis and hormone levels as kidney function declines. Key factors include hyperphosphatemia, decreased calcitriol levels, and hypocalcemia. This leads to elevated PTH levels as the parathyroid glands respond to low calcium and calcitriol. Over time, the parathyroid glands become resistant due to downregulation of receptors. Progressive CKD also impairs the kidneys' ability to regulate phosphate, exacerbating hyperphosphatemia and CKD-MBD.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) presented by Inusah Adams from Ternopil State Medical University in Ukraine. It defines CKD, discusses its etiology including common causes like diabetes and hypertension. It describes the pathophysiology involving nephron damage and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic in early stages to later symptoms of hypertension, anemia and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves assessing kidney function, urine tests and blood work. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medication and renal replacement therapies like dialysis or transplant if indicated. Complications of CKD include an
This document discusses the use of probiotics to support healthy kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. It begins by explaining the roles of healthy kidneys and how chronic kidney disease develops. It then discusses how probiotics containing specific strains of bacteria may help remove nitrogenous waste products from the bloodstream by using them as nutrients. The document outlines a probiotic product called Kibow Biotics that contains 3 bacterial strains shown to break down and eliminate uremic toxins through the feces. Studies on Kibow Biotics found it reduced levels of various toxins and was well tolerated with few mild side effects. The probiotics may help support kidney function and improve quality of life for patients with chronic kidney disease.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and genetics. Some key points include:
- CKD is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2 for ≥3 months.
- It affects 14-15% of US adults and prevalence increases with age. The leading causes are hypertension and diabetes.
- As CKD progresses, surviving nephrons undergo hypertrophy which can lead to sclerosis and loss of filtration surface area over time. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis also contributes to declining kidney function.
- The renin-angiotensin-
The document discusses phosphate homeostasis and hypophosphatemia. Phosphate is essential for cell function and structure. Hypophosphatemia can be caused by intracellular shifts, increased urinary excretion, decreased absorption, or low intake. Severe hypophosphatemia can cause muscle weakness, respiratory issues, and neurological problems. Treatment involves correcting underlying causes and replacing phosphate through diet, oral supplements, or intravenous administration depending on severity.
The document discusses drugs and their effects on the kidney. It covers normal kidney function, methods of assessing renal function, how drugs are processed by the kidneys, diuretics, nephrotoxic drugs, and prescribing considerations for patients with kidney disease. Key points include how different drug classes like loop diuretics and thiazides work at different sites in the nephron to cause diuresis, risks of nephrotoxicity from NSAIDs, aminoglycosides and contrast agents, and dosing adjustments needed in renal impairment.
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of renal diseases. It covers renal function tests like glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and clearance tests which are used to detect early renal impairment. GFR is estimated using creatinine clearance tests or formulas using serum creatinine. Urine analysis and renal biopsy are also used to diagnose and characterize renal diseases by examining features under light and electron microscopy. Renal biopsy can identify conditions affecting the glomeruli, tubules, interstitium or blood vessels. Recent advances include use of genomics and proteomics in renal disease diagnosis and classification.
Renal hypertension is high blood pressure caused by kidney disease. It can be caused by renal stenosis where the renal arteries narrow, decreasing blood flow to the kidneys, or chronic glomerulonephritis where inflammation damages the glomeruli. This causes increased renal vascular resistance and decreased glomerular filtration, stimulating the renin-angiotensin system which increases blood pressure. Investigations include blood and urine tests, ultrasound, CT scan, and biopsy. Treatments depend on the cause but may include angioplasty, stenting, medications, or controlling blood pressure and protein intake.
Metabolism of potassium and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Potassium and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Renal replacement therapy encompasses life-supporting treatments for renal failure such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Hemodialysis uses diffusion and filtration across a semi-permeable membrane to remove waste and fluid. Peritoneal dialysis infuses dialysate into the peritoneal cavity. Continuous renal replacement therapy provides 24-hour treatment through diffusion, convection, or a combination. These therapies aim to replace normal kidney functions of waste removal and fluid balance.
1. The document discusses renal disease and renal failure, defining key terms like oliguria, anuria, and uremia.
2. It describes the different types of renal failure - acute renal failure (AKI), chronic renal failure (CKD), and acute on top of chronic renal failure. AKI is a sudden loss of renal function over hours to days, while CKD is a gradual reduction in kidney function.
3. The causes, clinical presentations, complications, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches are outlined for AKI and CKD. Management may include treating the underlying cause, managing complications, modifying diet and electrolytes, and initiating dialysis in severe cases.
This randomized controlled trial compared early versus late initiation of dialysis in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease. 828 patients were randomly assigned to either start dialysis when their estimated GFR was 10-14 ml/min (early start group) or 5-7 ml/min (late start group). The median time to starting dialysis was 1.80 months in the early start group and 7.40 months in the late start group. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups, with 152 deaths in the early start group and 155 in the late start group. The study found no benefit to earlier initiation of dialysis in terms of survival.
Bones provide structure, movement, and protection. Osteoporosis is a bone disorder where density decreases, weakening bones and increasing fracture risk, especially in the spine, hips, wrists. It is usually age-related but can be caused by other factors like medications, diseases, smoking. Diagnosis involves bone density tests and x-rays. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications like bisphosphonates, calcitonin, raloxifene which slow bone loss and increase density.
The document discusses potassium imbalance, focusing on hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, their causes, clinical effects, and treatment approaches. It provides details on potassium distribution and regulation in the body, factors that influence potassium levels, signs and symptoms of imbalance, and strategies for correcting deficiencies and excesses. The document is intended as an educational reference for medical professionals on electrolyte disorders related to potassium.
End stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys are functioning at 10% or less of their normal capacity. ESRD is permanent and is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, requiring either dialysis or kidney transplantation for the patient to survive. The two main causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure. Dialysis and strict diet control are the primary treatments for ESRD, while exercise can help maintain cardiovascular health and mobility in patients. Regular blood tests are needed to monitor kidney function and adjust treatment as needed for ESRD patients.
The document discusses chronic renal failure, which is the gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys play several important roles like removing waste and excess water from the blood. Chronic renal failure occurs when the glomerular filtration rate is below 25 ml/min for an extended period. Some common causes are diabetes, high blood pressure, and glomerulonephritis. Symptoms include edema, fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite. Without treatment, complications can arise like anemia, high blood pressure, and bone disease. Diagnosis involves medical tests of blood and urine. Treatment options include medications, dietary changes, dialysis, and kidney transplantation.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as decreased kidney function over a period of three months or more. It can cause complications such as anemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and cardiovascular disease as kidney function declines. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause, restricting dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, treating complications pharmacologically, and potentially performing long-term dialysis or kidney transplantation for end-stage renal disease. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, dietary modifications, treatment of complications, and health education.
This document outlines an approach to renal diseases. It begins by listing common renal syndromes such as hematuria, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, and acute/chronic renal failure. It then provides details on evaluating and differentiating each syndrome, including causes, diagnostic criteria, and key laboratory findings. Kidney biopsy indications are also outlined. The document aims to guide practitioners in diagnosing and classifying renal conditions based on presenting signs, symptoms and test results.
potassium homeostasis and its renal handlingGirmay Fitiwi
This presentation discusses potassium homeostasis and its renal handling. It begins with objectives and an introduction on potassium physiology. It then covers the roles of potassium, mechanisms maintaining potassium levels, and hormonal and other factors involved. A major section discusses renal handling of potassium by different regions of the nephron and how secretion is regulated. The presentation concludes by reviewing clinical implications of disorders like hyperkalemia and hypokalemia.
Chronic renal failure results in the progressive loss of kidney function over time and can lead to end stage renal disease. The kidneys normally regulate fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, excrete waste, and produce hormones. Medical management focuses on slowing disease progression, controlling complications like hypertension, and dialysis to filter the blood when kidney function is severely impaired. Dental management for patients with chronic kidney disease or on dialysis requires precautions due to bleeding risks and considerations for medications that are cleared by the kidneys.
This document discusses clinical manifestations and evaluation of renal disease in children. Common signs of renal disorders include edema, hematuria, abnormalities in urination, and flank or abdominal pain. Evaluation of renal disease involves examination of urine for red blood cells, proteins, and casts. Imaging tests like ultrasound and IVU can identify structural abnormalities. Glomerular diseases commonly cause hematuria while tubular disorders present with electrolyte abnormalities. Renal biopsy may be needed to diagnose conditions like Alport syndrome.
The pathogenesis of CKD-MBD is complex, involving disruptions in mineral homeostasis and hormone levels as kidney function declines. Key factors include hyperphosphatemia, decreased calcitriol levels, and hypocalcemia. This leads to elevated PTH levels as the parathyroid glands respond to low calcium and calcitriol. Over time, the parathyroid glands become resistant due to downregulation of receptors. Progressive CKD also impairs the kidneys' ability to regulate phosphate, exacerbating hyperphosphatemia and CKD-MBD.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) presented by Inusah Adams from Ternopil State Medical University in Ukraine. It defines CKD, discusses its etiology including common causes like diabetes and hypertension. It describes the pathophysiology involving nephron damage and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic in early stages to later symptoms of hypertension, anemia and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves assessing kidney function, urine tests and blood work. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medication and renal replacement therapies like dialysis or transplant if indicated. Complications of CKD include an
This document discusses the use of probiotics to support healthy kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. It begins by explaining the roles of healthy kidneys and how chronic kidney disease develops. It then discusses how probiotics containing specific strains of bacteria may help remove nitrogenous waste products from the bloodstream by using them as nutrients. The document outlines a probiotic product called Kibow Biotics that contains 3 bacterial strains shown to break down and eliminate uremic toxins through the feces. Studies on Kibow Biotics found it reduced levels of various toxins and was well tolerated with few mild side effects. The probiotics may help support kidney function and improve quality of life for patients with chronic kidney disease.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and genetics. Some key points include:
- CKD is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2 for ≥3 months.
- It affects 14-15% of US adults and prevalence increases with age. The leading causes are hypertension and diabetes.
- As CKD progresses, surviving nephrons undergo hypertrophy which can lead to sclerosis and loss of filtration surface area over time. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis also contributes to declining kidney function.
- The renin-angiotensin-
The document discusses phosphate homeostasis and hypophosphatemia. Phosphate is essential for cell function and structure. Hypophosphatemia can be caused by intracellular shifts, increased urinary excretion, decreased absorption, or low intake. Severe hypophosphatemia can cause muscle weakness, respiratory issues, and neurological problems. Treatment involves correcting underlying causes and replacing phosphate through diet, oral supplements, or intravenous administration depending on severity.
The document discusses drugs and their effects on the kidney. It covers normal kidney function, methods of assessing renal function, how drugs are processed by the kidneys, diuretics, nephrotoxic drugs, and prescribing considerations for patients with kidney disease. Key points include how different drug classes like loop diuretics and thiazides work at different sites in the nephron to cause diuresis, risks of nephrotoxicity from NSAIDs, aminoglycosides and contrast agents, and dosing adjustments needed in renal impairment.
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of renal diseases. It covers renal function tests like glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and clearance tests which are used to detect early renal impairment. GFR is estimated using creatinine clearance tests or formulas using serum creatinine. Urine analysis and renal biopsy are also used to diagnose and characterize renal diseases by examining features under light and electron microscopy. Renal biopsy can identify conditions affecting the glomeruli, tubules, interstitium or blood vessels. Recent advances include use of genomics and proteomics in renal disease diagnosis and classification.
Renal hypertension is high blood pressure caused by kidney disease. It can be caused by renal stenosis where the renal arteries narrow, decreasing blood flow to the kidneys, or chronic glomerulonephritis where inflammation damages the glomeruli. This causes increased renal vascular resistance and decreased glomerular filtration, stimulating the renin-angiotensin system which increases blood pressure. Investigations include blood and urine tests, ultrasound, CT scan, and biopsy. Treatments depend on the cause but may include angioplasty, stenting, medications, or controlling blood pressure and protein intake.
Metabolism of potassium and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Potassium and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Renal replacement therapy encompasses life-supporting treatments for renal failure such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Hemodialysis uses diffusion and filtration across a semi-permeable membrane to remove waste and fluid. Peritoneal dialysis infuses dialysate into the peritoneal cavity. Continuous renal replacement therapy provides 24-hour treatment through diffusion, convection, or a combination. These therapies aim to replace normal kidney functions of waste removal and fluid balance.
1. The document discusses renal disease and renal failure, defining key terms like oliguria, anuria, and uremia.
2. It describes the different types of renal failure - acute renal failure (AKI), chronic renal failure (CKD), and acute on top of chronic renal failure. AKI is a sudden loss of renal function over hours to days, while CKD is a gradual reduction in kidney function.
3. The causes, clinical presentations, complications, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches are outlined for AKI and CKD. Management may include treating the underlying cause, managing complications, modifying diet and electrolytes, and initiating dialysis in severe cases.
This randomized controlled trial compared early versus late initiation of dialysis in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease. 828 patients were randomly assigned to either start dialysis when their estimated GFR was 10-14 ml/min (early start group) or 5-7 ml/min (late start group). The median time to starting dialysis was 1.80 months in the early start group and 7.40 months in the late start group. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups, with 152 deaths in the early start group and 155 in the late start group. The study found no benefit to earlier initiation of dialysis in terms of survival.
Bones provide structure, movement, and protection. Osteoporosis is a bone disorder where density decreases, weakening bones and increasing fracture risk, especially in the spine, hips, wrists. It is usually age-related but can be caused by other factors like medications, diseases, smoking. Diagnosis involves bone density tests and x-rays. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications like bisphosphonates, calcitonin, raloxifene which slow bone loss and increase density.
The document discusses potassium imbalance, focusing on hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, their causes, clinical effects, and treatment approaches. It provides details on potassium distribution and regulation in the body, factors that influence potassium levels, signs and symptoms of imbalance, and strategies for correcting deficiencies and excesses. The document is intended as an educational reference for medical professionals on electrolyte disorders related to potassium.
End stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys are functioning at 10% or less of their normal capacity. ESRD is permanent and is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, requiring either dialysis or kidney transplantation for the patient to survive. The two main causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure. Dialysis and strict diet control are the primary treatments for ESRD, while exercise can help maintain cardiovascular health and mobility in patients. Regular blood tests are needed to monitor kidney function and adjust treatment as needed for ESRD patients.
The document discusses chronic renal failure, which is the gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys play several important roles like removing waste and excess water from the blood. Chronic renal failure occurs when the glomerular filtration rate is below 25 ml/min for an extended period. Some common causes are diabetes, high blood pressure, and glomerulonephritis. Symptoms include edema, fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite. Without treatment, complications can arise like anemia, high blood pressure, and bone disease. Diagnosis involves medical tests of blood and urine. Treatment options include medications, dietary changes, dialysis, and kidney transplantation.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as decreased kidney function over a period of three months or more. It can cause complications such as anemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and cardiovascular disease as kidney function declines. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause, restricting dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, treating complications pharmacologically, and potentially performing long-term dialysis or kidney transplantation for end-stage renal disease. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, dietary modifications, treatment of complications, and health education.
This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and their treatment and management. It discusses the pathophysiology, stages, symptoms, complications, medical and surgical interventions, and nursing care for each condition. Dialysis methods like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are explained in detail. Surgical procedures for the kidneys like nephrectomy and transplantation are also summarized.
This document provides information on acute and chronic renal failure, including causes, pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, complications, nursing diagnoses, and nursing care. Acute renal failure can be pre-renal, intra-renal, or post-renal and is caused by decreased blood flow or obstruction. Chronic renal failure is a progressive loss of kidney function over time due to various injuries and diseases. Common complications include fluid imbalance, electrolyte abnormalities, nutritional deficits, and increased risk of infection or cardiovascular issues. Nursing focuses on monitoring fluid status, diet, nutrition, and treating related symptoms and complications.
Acute and chronic renal failure are discussed. Acute renal failure is a sudden decline in kidney function leading to a build-up of waste products and electrolyte imbalances, with symptoms like reduced urine, nausea, and back pain. It requires urgent hospital treatment like dialysis. Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of kidney function over years due to issues like diabetes and hypertension, with symptoms including fatigue, itchy skin, and twitching. Diagnosis involves tests of kidney function and size, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression with medications.
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two types of dialysis used to replicate kidney function for patients with kidney failure. Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter waste from the blood outside of the body through a semipermeable membrane, while peritoneal dialysis introduces fluid into the abdomen to draw waste from the blood vessels within. Both aim to control fluid balance and remove toxins when the kidneys are unable to do so, helping to correct conditions like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Key differences between the two include that hemodialysis requires vascular access while peritoneal dialysis uses a permanent catheter, and that hemodialysis is done at a center several times a week
Fluid and Eletrolyte imbalance and nursing care.V4Veeru25
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalances. It covers fluid volume deficit (dehydration) and excess (hypervolemia), as well as electrolyte imbalances including sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium deficits and excesses.
Some key points include:
- Fluid normally makes up about 60% of body weight and is located intracellularly and extracellularly. Fluid imbalances occur when compensatory mechanisms are unable to maintain homeostasis.
- Dehydration can result from vomiting, diarrhea, decreased intake, and other causes. Symptoms include weight loss, decreased skin turgor, and hypotension. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement.
- Electrolyte imbalances lead to various
This document discusses the anaesthetic management of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). It covers the anatomy of the prostate, preoperative evaluation and preparation, choice of regional versus general anaesthesia, monitoring during surgery, and complications such as TURP syndrome. It describes the signs, symptoms, and management of TURP syndrome which can result from rapid absorption of large volumes of irrigating fluid during the procedure. Prevention focuses on limiting fluid absorption and correcting electrolyte abnormalities.
This document discusses tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), a metabolic oncologic emergency caused by the breakdown of malignant cells following chemotherapy or radiation therapy. TLS results in the release of potassium, phosphorus, uric acid and other intracellular components into the bloodstream, potentially causing hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia and other electrolyte imbalances. The document outlines risk factors for TLS, signs and symptoms of specific electrolyte abnormalities, treatment approaches, and importance of monitoring patients at risk.
This document provides an overview of common renal disorders, including acute renal failure (ARF), chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, nephrolithiasis, and renal tubular acidosis. ARF is characterized by a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate and is divided into prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal types. Chronic renal failure is usually caused by diabetes or glomerulonephritis and results in metabolic abnormalities and uremic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome involves proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia due to increased glomerular permeability. Nephrolithiasis is caused by supersaturation of urine leading to stone formation,
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalance. It begins by explaining the importance of fluid and electrolyte balance for human health and function. It then describes the distribution and movement of body fluids between intracellular and extracellular compartments. Key electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium are defined. Causes, signs, and treatments of fluid volume excess and deficit as well as electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia and hypernatremia are summarized.
The document discusses renal failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). It covers the epidemiology and burden of kidney disease globally and in India. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the kidney and nephron. It defines AKI and its stages, causes including prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal factors. Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of AKI are summarized. CKD is defined and its stages, signs and symptoms, and diagnosis are outlined. Risk factors for CKD are also mentioned.
The document provides information on chronic renal failure (CRF), including its causes, symptoms, progression, and treatment options. It discusses how CRF results from the slow, progressive loss of kidney function. As kidney function declines, waste builds up in the bloodstream and numerous health issues can develop. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through dietary changes, medication, and renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
The document provides information on the nutritional management of renal diseases. It discusses the structure and function of the kidneys, defines common renal diseases like glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure, and their symptoms. It also describes the process of hemodialysis and dietary management for different kidney conditions like nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure. The goal is to control waste levels, electrolyte balance, fluid retention and nutritional needs for patients with impaired renal function.
The document discusses kidney function and kidney failure. The kidneys play a vital role in regulating fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions. There are two main types of kidney failure - acute renal failure, which develops rapidly over hours to days, and chronic renal failure, which is a gradual and progressive loss of function over months to years. Treatment for kidney failure includes medications, dialysis and kidney transplantation.
This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children. It defines AKI, discusses its classification, epidemiology, staging, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. AKI is diagnosed based on rises in serum creatinine and/or decreases in urine output. Common causes in children include sepsis, malaria, glomerulonephritis, and nephrotoxic medications. Treatment involves fluid management, treating the underlying cause, and potentially renal replacement therapy for severe cases. Outcomes depend on the severity and reversibility of the kidney injury.
chronic%20kidney%20diseass.ppt BY NATUNGA RONALDxNatungaRonald1
Chronic kidney disease is progressive and irreversible damage to the nephrons and glomeruli of the kidneys. Major causes include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. As kidney function declines, waste products accumulate in the blood and patients experience symptoms like fatigue, itchy skin, and fluid retention. Kidney function is staged based on glomerular filtration rate, and end-stage renal disease occurs when kidney function is less than 15%. Treatment options include modifying risk factors, dietary restrictions, dialysis, and kidney transplantation.
The document discusses acute pancreatitis, including its causes, signs and symptoms, methods of diagnosis, severity scoring systems, and approaches to treatment. It notes that acute pancreatitis can range from mild to severe and sometimes leads to complications like pancreatic pseudocysts or abscesses if not properly treated. Treatment involves pain management, fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, antibiotics if infected, and sometimes surgery for gallstone removal or infected necrosis.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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2. MANIFESTATIONS OF UREMIC SYNDROME
Two groups of symptoms
Symptoms related to altered regulatory and excretory
functions (fluid volume, electrolyte abnormalities, acidbase
imbalance, accumulation of nitrogenous waste, and
anemia)
Symptoms affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal,
hematologic, and other systems
6. GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
EARLY SYMPTOMS - nausea, vomiting, and anorexia
LATE SYMPTOMS - gastritis, duodenitis, and esophagitis
Mucosal ulceration in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
may hemmorhage, resulting in lowered blood pressure and a resultant
lowered GFR
Digestion of hemorrhagic blood may lead to a rapid increase in BUN
7. NEUROLOGIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Metabolic encephalopathy
Asterixis and myoclonic jerks
Seizures
Impaired vibratory sense and loss of deep tendon reflex
Paresthesia or burning feet => muscle weakness => muscle atrophy =>
paralysis
Dialysis disequilibrium – headache, nausea, irritability => seizures, coma and
death
8. HEMATOLOGIC PROBLEMS
NORMOCYTIC AND NORMOCHROMIC ANAEMIA
Hematocrit level reduces to 20-35%....(normal – 42-54% in males and 37-47% in females)
Causes of anaemia
Inability of diseased kidney to produce erythropoietin which stimulates bone
marrow to produce RBCs
nutritional deficiencies, iron metabolism abnormalities, and circulating uremic
toxins that inhibit erythropoiesis
In dialysis patient, blood sampling and blood loss in hemodialysis tubing and
coils.
Microcytic and hypochromic anaemia d/t overload of aluminium ion and iron deficiency
Pallor, tachycardia, widened pulse pressure, angina pectoris
9. HEMATOLOGIC PROBLEMS
NORMOCYTIC AND NORMOCHROMIC ANAEMIA
Treatment -
recombinant human erythropoietin
Complication – hypertension (erythro – inc Hb – inc blood viscosity - hypertension)
50 to 150 U/kg of body weight IV three times a week produces an increase in
hematocrit
desferoxamine
12. CALCIUM AND SKELETAL DISORDERS
(RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY)
Skeletal changes that results from chronic renal failure due to altered
Calcium metabolism
Phosphate metabolism
Vitamin D metabolism
Parathyroid activity
15. CALCIUM AND SKELETAL DISORDERS
(RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY)
In some cases, renal osteodystrophy becomes worse during hemodialysis
bone remodeling, osteomalacia, osteitis fibrosa cystica and osteosclerosis
digits, the clavicle, and the acromioclavicular joint
Mottling of the skull, erosion of the distal clavicle and margins of the symphysis pubis, rib
fractures, and necrosis of the femoral head
jaws - bone demineralization, decreased trabeculation, a “ground-glass” appearance, loss
of lamina dura, radiolucent giant cell lesions, and metastatic soft-tissue calcifications
16. CALCIUM AND SKELETAL DISORDERS
(RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY)
Treatment
Protein restricted diet
Phosphate binders(calcium carbonate)
Vitamin D supplement
Parathyroidectomy
18. RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS
Kussmaul’s respirations - deep sighing breathing seen in response to
metabolic acidosis
Pneumonitis
Uremic lungs result from pulmonary edema associated with fluid and
sodium retention
19. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Enlarged (asymptomatic) salivary glands
Decreased salivary flow
Dry mouth (salivary gland infl, dehydration and mouth breathing)
Odor of urea on breath
Metallic taste
Increased calculus formation
Low caries rate
Enamel hypoplasia
Dark brown stains on crowns
Extrinsic (secondary to liquid ferrous sulfate therapy)
Intrinsic (secondary to tetracycline staining)
21. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Dental malocclusions
Tooth mobility
Pale mucosa with diminished color demarcation between attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa
Low-grade gingival inflammation
Petechiae and ecchymosis
Bleeding from gingiva
Candidal infections
Burning and tenderness of mucosa
Erosive glossitis
Tooth erosion (secondary to regurgitation associated with dialysis)
Teeth tender to percussion
22. RADIOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Demineralization of bone
Loss of bony trabeculation
Ground-glass appearance
Loss of lamina dura
Giant cell lesions, “brown tumors”
Socket sclerosis
Pulpal narrowing and calcification
Tooth mobility
Arterial and oral calcifications
24. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
Aimed at delaying progressive renal dysfunction
Managing diet, fluid, electrolytes, and calcium-phosphate balance
Prevention and treatment of complications
Dietary regulation of protein (20 to 40g per day) may improve acidosis, azotemia, and
nausea
Restriction of protein reduces
BUN levels
Potassium and phosphate intake and hydrogen ion production
The excretory load of the kidney, thereby reducing glomerular hyperfiltration,
intraglomerular pressure, and secondary injury of nephrons
25. CONSERVATIVE THERAPY
Blood pressure less than 130/85mm Hg
Erythropoietin maintains the Hb level to 10 to 12g/dl
Access for dialysis should be created when the serum creatinine reaches > 4.0 mg/dL
(normal – 0.6 to 1.2mg/dl) or the GFR falls to < 20 mL/min (normal – 100-150ml/min)
Nutritional status is important to avoid protein malnutrition, correct metabolic
acidosis, prevent and treat hyperphosphatemia, administer vitamin supplements, and
guide the initiatiation of dialysis therapy
Specialty evaluation by a nephrologist should be instituted when serum creatinine is >
3.0 mg/dL
26. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Serum creatinine levels of > 6 mg/dL in males (4 mg/dL in females) and a GFR < 4
mL/min are the laboratory thresholds that are often used to indicate the need for
dialysis therapy.
There are two major techniques of dialysis :
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
27. HEMODIALYSIS
Removal of nitrogenous and toxic products of
metabolism from the blood by means of a hemodialyzer
system
Exchange occurs between the patient’s plasma and
dialysate across a semipermeable membrane that allows
uremic toxins to diffuse out of the plasma while
retaining the formed elements and protein composition
of blood
consists of a dialyzer, dialysate production unit, roller
blood pump, heparin infusion pump, and various devices
to monitor the conductivity, temperature, flow rate, and
pressure of dialysate and to detect blood leaks and
arterial and venous pressures
three times per week, with each treatment lasting
approximately 3 to 4 hours
29. HEMODIALYSIS
Vascular access for hemodialysis can be created by a shunt or external cannula system or by
an arteriovenous fistula
classic construction is a side-to-side anastomosis between the radial artery and the cephalic
vein at the forearm
Growth alterations may be seen in very young renal disease patients, particularly if they are
maintained on hemodialysis due to the poor caloric intake and the uremic state
30. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Access to the body is achieved via a catheter through the
abdominal wall into the peritoneum
One to two liters of dialysate is placed in the peritoneal cavity
Substances diffuse across the semipermeable peritoneal
membrane into the dialysate
Peritoneal membrane has greater permeability for high-
molecular-weight species
Tenckhoff catheter is used which is a permanent
intraperitoneal catheter that has two polyester felt cuffs into
which tissue growth occurs. If used with a sterile technique, it
permits virtually infection-free long-term access to the
peritoneum
In chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 2L of dialysis
fluid is instilled into the peritoneal cavity, allowed to remain
for 30 minutes, and then drained out. This is repeated every 8
to 12 hours, 5 to 7 days per week
31. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) - 2L of dialysate is exchanged every 6 to 8 hours
around the clock, 7 days per week
Advantages
No need of heparinization
No risk of air embolism and blood leak
Disadvantage
pain
intra-abdominal hemorrhage, bowel infarction
Inadequate drainage, leakage, and peritonitis
32. HEMOFILTRATION
In acute renal failure
Prediluting the blood with an electrolyte solution similar to plasma
Ultra filtering it under high hydraulic pressures
No dialysis solution is needed
33. ORAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
Before treatment
Determine dialysis schedule and treat on day after dialysis.
Consult with patient’s nephrologist for recent laboratory tests and discussion of antibiotic prophylaxis.
Identify arm with vascular access and type; notate in chart and avoid taking blood pressure
measurement/injection of medication on this arm.
Evaluate patient for hypertension/hypotension.
Institute preoperative hemostatic aids (DDAVP, conjugated estrogen) when appropriate.
Determine underlying cause of renal failure (underlying disease may affect provision of care).
Obtain routine annual dental radiographs to establish presence and follow manifestations of renal
osteodystrophy.
Consider routine serology for HBV, HCV, and HIV antibody.
Consider antibiotic prophylaxis when appropriate.
Consider sedative premedication for patients with hypertension.
34. ORAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
During treatment
Perform a thorough history and physical examination for presence of oral
manifestations.
Aggressively eliminate potential sources of infection/bacteremia.
Use adjunctive hemostatic aids during oral/periodontal surgical procedures.
Maintain patient in a comfortable uncramped position in the dental chair.
Allow patient to walk or stand intermittently during long procedures.
35. ORAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
After treatment
Use postsurgical hemostatic agents.
Encourage meticulous home care.
Institute therapy for xerostomia when appropriate.
Consider use of postoperative antibiotics for traumatic procedures.
Avoid use of respiratory-depressant drugs in presence of severe anemia.
Adjust dosages of postoperative medications according to extent of renal
failure.
Ensure routine recall maintenance.