Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
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Acute and chronic renal failure are discussed. Acute renal failure is a sudden decline in kidney function leading to a build-up of waste products and electrolyte imbalances, with symptoms like reduced urine, nausea, and back pain. It requires urgent hospital treatment like dialysis. Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of kidney function over years due to issues like diabetes and hypertension, with symptoms including fatigue, itchy skin, and twitching. Diagnosis involves tests of kidney function and size, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression with medications.
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Pathophysiology of Renal failure
Renal failure is divided into acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). ARF is characterized by rapid onset of renal dysfunction and increased waste products in the blood. It can be caused by issues with blood flow (pre-renal), the kidneys themselves (intra-renal), or urine outflow (post-renal). CRF is a progressive loss of renal function that eventually leads to end-stage kidney disease. It is caused by damage to the glomeruli or tubulointerstitial tissues and develops over four stages with declining kidney function and increasing symptoms of uraemia.
Renal Failure
The document summarizes renal physiology and kidney function. It discusses:
1) The structure of the kidney including nephrons, collecting ducts, and microvasculature. Nephron number is established prenatally and cannot be replaced if lost.
2) Urine formation through selective retention and elimination of solutes and water by different nephron segments including the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and collecting ducts.
3) Causes, types (prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal), phases, prevention and management of acute renal failure and end-stage renal disease where dialysis or transplantation is needed for survival.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function that results in uremia. It is caused by decreased renal blood flow or systemic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. As renal function declines, patients experience electrolyte imbalances, anemia, fluid overload, and the buildup of waste products. Treatment focuses on managing complications through dialysis, medications, and dietary restrictions to control electrolytes, blood pressure, anemia, and bone disease. The ultimate treatment is renal transplantation to restore kidney function.
Chronic renal failure
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
renal failure
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
Acute renal failure and chronic renal failure
This document provides information about acute renal failure. It begins by defining renal failure and its two types - acute and chronic. Acute renal failure is described as a sudden loss of kidney function over hours to weeks. Risk factors, phases, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, and management including pharmacologic therapy, fluid/electrolyte replacement, nutrition, and dialysis are summarized. Chronic renal failure is defined as a gradual loss of kidney function over months to years that progresses to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplant. Stages and uremic symptoms affecting multiple organ systems are outlined.
Pathophysiology of Renal failure
This PPT cover the concepts of Pathophysiology of Renal failure. It includes different types of renal failure ie. Acute renal Failure and Chronic renal Failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of kidney function over time that cannot be reversed. It affects approximately 290,000 people in the United States. The kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. Chronic renal failure is caused by conditions like hypertension, diabetes, kidney infections, and can lead to complications that affect many organ systems if not managed properly through treatments like dialysis and kidney transplantation. Proper management includes monitoring fluid and electrolytes, reducing metabolic rate, preventing infections, and providing nutritional therapy and skin care.
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Pathophysiology of Renal failure
Renal failure is divided into acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). ARF is characterized by rapid onset of renal dysfunction and increased waste products in the blood. It can be caused by issues with blood flow (pre-renal), the kidneys themselves (intra-renal), or urine outflow (post-renal). CRF is a progressive loss of renal function that eventually leads to end-stage kidney disease. It is caused by damage to the glomeruli or tubulointerstitial tissues and develops over four stages with declining kidney function and increasing symptoms of uraemia.
Renal Failure
The document summarizes renal physiology and kidney function. It discusses:
1) The structure of the kidney including nephrons, collecting ducts, and microvasculature. Nephron number is established prenatally and cannot be replaced if lost.
2) Urine formation through selective retention and elimination of solutes and water by different nephron segments including the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and collecting ducts.
3) Causes, types (prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal), phases, prevention and management of acute renal failure and end-stage renal disease where dialysis or transplantation is needed for survival.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function that results in uremia. It is caused by decreased renal blood flow or systemic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. As renal function declines, patients experience electrolyte imbalances, anemia, fluid overload, and the buildup of waste products. Treatment focuses on managing complications through dialysis, medications, and dietary restrictions to control electrolytes, blood pressure, anemia, and bone disease. The ultimate treatment is renal transplantation to restore kidney function.
Chronic renal failure
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
renal failure
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
Acute renal failure and chronic renal failure
This document provides information about acute renal failure. It begins by defining renal failure and its two types - acute and chronic. Acute renal failure is described as a sudden loss of kidney function over hours to weeks. Risk factors, phases, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, and management including pharmacologic therapy, fluid/electrolyte replacement, nutrition, and dialysis are summarized. Chronic renal failure is defined as a gradual loss of kidney function over months to years that progresses to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplant. Stages and uremic symptoms affecting multiple organ systems are outlined.
Pathophysiology of Renal failure
This PPT cover the concepts of Pathophysiology of Renal failure. It includes different types of renal failure ie. Acute renal Failure and Chronic renal Failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of kidney function over time that cannot be reversed. It affects approximately 290,000 people in the United States. The kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. Chronic renal failure is caused by conditions like hypertension, diabetes, kidney infections, and can lead to complications that affect many organ systems if not managed properly through treatments like dialysis and kidney transplantation. Proper management includes monitoring fluid and electrolytes, reducing metabolic rate, preventing infections, and providing nutritional therapy and skin care.
Renal failure
This document provides an overview of renal failure and its nursing management. It begins with an anatomical and physiological overview of the urinary system, focusing on kidney structure and function. The two main types of renal failure discussed are acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), and chronic renal failure (CRF). AKI is defined as a sudden decline in kidney function over 48 hours and can be caused by prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal factors. CRF is a gradual loss of kidney function over months or years. The global and Indian burden of kidney disease is also reviewed.
Notes on renal failure
This includes a comprehensive study of Renal Failure - both AKI & CKD (ESRD). It is very helpful for those who are managing the clients with renal failure.
Acute renal failure
Acute kidney failure happens when your kidneys suddenly lose the ability to eliminate excess salts, fluids, and waste materials from the blood. Acute kidney failure is also called acute kidney injury or acute renal failure. It's common in people who are already in the hospital. It may develop rapidly over a few hours.
Acute renal failure
Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance
Acute and chronic renal failure
This document discusses acute and chronic renal failure. It defines renal failure and describes how acute failure has a sudden onset and may be reversible, while chronic failure progresses slowly over months and can lead to permanent damage. Causes of acute failure include reduced blood flow or obstruction, while chronic failure may result from conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis. Symptoms depend on the type and stage of renal failure. Treatment involves managing fluid, electrolytes, diet, and potentially dialysis or transplantation.
Renal disease.ppt
The kidneys filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body by selectively reabsorbing or secreting solutes. Urine passes from the kidneys through ureters into the bladder, then through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood and reabsorb or excrete products. Hematuria, the presence of blood in urine, can indicate issues ranging from minor infections to serious conditions like cancer and requires medical evaluation.
Acute and chronic renal failure
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF) were defined. ARF is abrupt in onset and often reversible, while CRF develops over time and is generally irreversible.
2. There are three main types of ARF - pre-renal from decreased blood flow, intrinsic/intra-renal from kidney damage, and post-renal from urinary tract obstruction.
3. Causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tests for ARF were outlined, along with the multiple phases ARF can progress through. Management of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances was also discussed.
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Acute Kidney Injury
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Nephrosis period1
Nephrosis is a degenerative kidney disease where the kidneys start to lose function over time. It can be caused by defects in the glomeruli or be secondary to other conditions like diabetes or hypertension that damage the kidneys. Symptoms include swelling in the face and legs from fluid retention, protein in the urine, high cholesterol, and low blood protein. Treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation, antibiotics for infection, dialysis for kidney failure, and following a low-salt, low-fat diet with exercise.
Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood. It can be caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys like dehydration, blood loss from major surgery or burns, or kidney problems preventing proper filtration. Symptoms include reduced urination, swelling, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on fluid balance, electrolytes, nutrition, and preventing complications like infection that can further stress the kidneys.
Nephortic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
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Chronic Renal Failure
Chronic renal failure is the progressive loss of kidney function over time that can lead to end-stage renal disease. It is caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. As kidney function declines, patients experience complications from fluid and electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, renal osteodystrophy, and uremia. Treatment aims to prevent further deterioration of kidney function through controlling blood pressure, blood glucose, proteinuria, and other risk factors. Medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and statins are used and dosages may need adjustment based on level of kidney function.
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Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF) or end stage renal disease (ESRD) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function that results in uremia or azotemia. It is caused by a progressive reduction in kidney function such that the kidneys can no longer maintain homeostasis. This leads to decreased glomerular filtration rate, hypertrophy of remaining nephrons, inability to concentrate urine, further nephron loss, and loss of excretory and non-excretory renal functions. Management of CRF focuses on preserving renal function, alleviating extra-renal manifestations through medications and dialysis, and improving body chemistry through diet and medication.
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This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) presented by Inusah Adams from Ternopil State Medical University in Ukraine. It defines CKD, discusses its etiology including common causes like diabetes and hypertension. It describes the pathophysiology involving nephron damage and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic in early stages to later symptoms of hypertension, anemia and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves assessing kidney function, urine tests and blood work. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medication and renal replacement therapies like dialysis or transplant if indicated. Complications of CKD include an
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This document provides an overview of renal failure and its nursing management. It begins with an anatomical and physiological overview of the urinary system, focusing on kidney structure and function. The two main types of renal failure discussed are acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), and chronic renal failure (CRF). AKI is defined as a sudden decline in kidney function over 48 hours and can be caused by prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal factors. CRF is a gradual loss of kidney function over months or years. The global and Indian burden of kidney disease is also reviewed.
Notes on renal failure
This includes a comprehensive study of Renal Failure - both AKI & CKD (ESRD). It is very helpful for those who are managing the clients with renal failure.
Acute renal failure
Acute kidney failure happens when your kidneys suddenly lose the ability to eliminate excess salts, fluids, and waste materials from the blood. Acute kidney failure is also called acute kidney injury or acute renal failure. It's common in people who are already in the hospital. It may develop rapidly over a few hours.
Acute renal failure
Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance
Acute and chronic renal failure
This document discusses acute and chronic renal failure. It defines renal failure and describes how acute failure has a sudden onset and may be reversible, while chronic failure progresses slowly over months and can lead to permanent damage. Causes of acute failure include reduced blood flow or obstruction, while chronic failure may result from conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis. Symptoms depend on the type and stage of renal failure. Treatment involves managing fluid, electrolytes, diet, and potentially dialysis or transplantation.
Renal disease.ppt
The kidneys filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body by selectively reabsorbing or secreting solutes. Urine passes from the kidneys through ureters into the bladder, then through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood and reabsorb or excrete products. Hematuria, the presence of blood in urine, can indicate issues ranging from minor infections to serious conditions like cancer and requires medical evaluation.
Acute and chronic renal failure
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF) were defined. ARF is abrupt in onset and often reversible, while CRF develops over time and is generally irreversible.
2. There are three main types of ARF - pre-renal from decreased blood flow, intrinsic/intra-renal from kidney damage, and post-renal from urinary tract obstruction.
3. Causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tests for ARF were outlined, along with the multiple phases ARF can progress through. Management of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances was also discussed.
Liver cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by widespread fibrosis and scarring of the liver that results in loss of liver function. It is caused by chronic liver injury from conditions such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or other chronic liver diseases. As cirrhosis progresses, it leads to hepatic insufficiency, portal hypertension, and other complications such as ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and eventual liver failure. Treatment focuses on managing complications, slowing disease progression, and preventing further liver damage.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, especially in the hands and feet. It affects around 1% of the population and is more common in women. If left untreated, chronic inflammation can lead to joint damage and disability. Management involves reducing inflammation and pain with medications like NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), with the goal of achieving remission and preventing long-term joint damage and deformity.
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Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood. It can be caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys like dehydration, blood loss from major surgery or burns, or kidney problems preventing proper filtration. Symptoms include reduced urination, swelling, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on fluid balance, electrolytes, nutrition, and preventing complications like infection that can further stress the kidneys.
Nephortic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
Chronic Renal Failure
Chronic renal failure is the progressive loss of kidney function over time that can lead to end-stage renal disease. It is caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. As kidney function declines, patients experience complications from fluid and electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, renal osteodystrophy, and uremia. Treatment aims to prevent further deterioration of kidney function through controlling blood pressure, blood glucose, proteinuria, and other risk factors. Medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and statins are used and dosages may need adjustment based on level of kidney function.
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This document discusses glomerulonephritis, which is inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. It begins by reviewing kidney anatomy and the nephron. Acute glomerulonephritis is then defined as inflammation of the glomeruli caused by an antigen-antibody reaction, usually following a streptococcal infection. Clinical manifestations include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, and decreased kidney function. Chronic glomerulonephritis develops from repeated or unresolved acute attacks and results in irreversible scarring of the glomeruli. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, nutrition, infection prevention, and emotional support for the patient.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF) or end stage renal disease (ESRD) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function that results in uremia or azotemia. It is caused by a progressive reduction in kidney function such that the kidneys can no longer maintain homeostasis. This leads to decreased glomerular filtration rate, hypertrophy of remaining nephrons, inability to concentrate urine, further nephron loss, and loss of excretory and non-excretory renal functions. Management of CRF focuses on preserving renal function, alleviating extra-renal manifestations through medications and dialysis, and improving body chemistry through diet and medication.
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This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) presented by Inusah Adams from Ternopil State Medical University in Ukraine. It defines CKD, discusses its etiology including common causes like diabetes and hypertension. It describes the pathophysiology involving nephron damage and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic in early stages to later symptoms of hypertension, anemia and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves assessing kidney function, urine tests and blood work. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medication and renal replacement therapies like dialysis or transplant if indicated. Complications of CKD include an
Acute and Chronic Renal Failure. Easy Slides.
The document provides information on acute and chronic renal failure. It discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and management of acute renal failure. It also covers the introduction, etiology, symptoms, stages, treatment, and prevention of chronic renal failure. The key differences between non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease are also outlined.
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Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
- 1. ACUTE AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE M.MALARVANNAN & M.ELAVARASAN 2ND B.PHARM THANTHAI ROEVER COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
- 2. ACUTE RENAL FAILURE. DEFINITION: Acute renal failure is a decline in renal function by the inability of the kidney to excrete metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste and water) and maintain acid-base balance. The waste substances build up to dangerous levels in the body and the chemical balance of the blood is upset. The condition is life-threatening and requires immediate hospital treatment.
- 3. AZOTEMIA: Elevation in nitrogenous waste products. e.g. (creatinine and urea nitrogen). UREMIA: clinical syndrome resulting from azotemia characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting and mental status changes.
- 4. CAUSES. Hypotension, due to fall in blood pressure of reduced blood supply. Glomerulonephrosis, inflammation of glomeruli, the tiny filtering unit. Hydronephrosis, blockage in the urinary tract causes both kidneys to swell with urine.
- 5. HYDRONEPHROSIS & INFLAMMATION OF THE GLOMERULI.
- 6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. Acute renal failure result in alterations to any of the four basic components they are VASCULATURE. GLOMERULI. TUBULES. INTERSTITIUM.
- 7. AZOTEMIA (decreased renal perfusion). Azotemia is a elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BNU) and serum creatinine levels. The reference range for BUN is 8-20 mg/dL and normal range for serum creatinine 0.7-1.4 mg/dL. INTRINSIC RENAL FAILURE (structural damage to kidney). Vascular disease, renal artery obstruction (atherosclerosis, thrombosis). I schema (lack of blood flow to an organ), toxins. POST RENAL OBSTRUCTION (obstruction of urine flow from the kidney out of the body).
- 8. SYMPTOMS. o Greatly reduced urine volume. o Nausea. o Vomiting. o Drowsiness. o Headache. o Back pain.
- 9. DROWSINESS AND BACK PAIN.
- 10. DIAGNOSIS. KIDNEY BIOPSY. Ultra sound scanning or computed tomography scanning. Kidney biopsy to examine kidney tissue.
- 11. TREATMENT. CRITICAL CARE UNIT: To care people in a critical or unstable condition, who requires continuous monitoring. DIALYSIS: Replacing the function of kidney, excess fluid and waste products can be from blood stream. Blood transfusion.
- 12. CHRONIC RENAL FAILUR. Chronic renal failure is defined as chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) denotes a creatinine clearance Crcl 50-80 ml/min; moderate CRI 30- 50 ml/min; severe 15-30 ml/min. gradual and progress loss of function in kidneys. Patients requiring chronic dialysis or renal transplantation for relief of uremic symptom are said to be end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
- 13. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Multiple risk factors identified for renal disease includes the following Diabetes. High blood pressure. Proteinuria. Increasing age. Hyperlipidaemia. Family history of renal disease.
- 14. HYPERLIPIDEMIA. Hyperlipidemia is abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipid and / or lipoproteins in the blood.
- 15. Abnormal amount of protein is present in the urine. Due to the disease in the glomerulus. PROTINURIA:
- 16. SYMPTOMS: Frequent urination, during night. Pale, itchy, easily brushed skin. Shortness of breath. Persistent hiccups. Nausea and vomiting. Muscular twitching. Cramps in the legs.
- 17. HICCUPS AND MUSCULAR TWITCHING.
- 18. DIAGNOSIS: Ultra sound scanning or CT scanning to assess the size of the kidney. KIDNEY BIOPSY: Small piece of kidney tissue is removed and examined under microscope to determine the nature of kidney damage.
- 19. TREATMENT USE DRUGS. Corticosteroids Beclomethazone. Dexamethazone. Prednisolone. Triamcinolone.
- 20. PREDNISOLONE. Prednisolone is a corticosteroid it works by modifying the body's immune response to various conditions and deceasing inflammation.