This document provides an overview of Renaissance art from the 13th to 17th centuries. It describes key developments like the invention of oil paints and linear perspective. Major artists discussed include Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli, and northern European masters like Durer and Van Eyck. The text outlines the three periods of the Renaissance - Early, Italian, and Northern - and highlights influential works and artistic advancements during this time of rebirth and revival of classical ideas.
The document summarizes three eras of Renaissance art:
1) The Early Renaissance in Florence saw advances like Giotto's more realistic frescoes, Ghiberti's depth-illusion doors, and Brunelleschi's dome innovation. Donatello created the first large nude sculpture since antiquity.
2) The High Renaissance was centered in Rome, where Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel and Raphael became a favorite painter of the pope. Leonardo created the famous Last Supper fresco and Mona Lisa.
3) The Northern Renaissance spread ideas to Germany and Flanders through artists like Durer, Holbein, and van Eyck, blending Renaissance techniques
Raphael was an Italian Renaissance painter and architect born in 1483 in Urbino, Italy. He received early training from the painter Pietro Perugino in Perugia and later studied the works of Florentine masters. Some of his most famous works include the Sistine Madonna painted between 1513-1514, the portrait of Pope Julius II from 1511-1512, and the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura at the Vatican from 1510-1511 which include The School of Athens. Raphael is considered the "Prince of Painters" and perfected Renaissance ideals of human anatomy, composition, and classicism.
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet considered one of the greatest artists of the European Renaissance. He created famous works like the statue of David and frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Throughout his long career he was employed by powerful patrons like the Medicis and the Popes, creating monumental sculptures and architectural works for the Catholic Church like the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Michelangelo had an immense influence on other Renaissance artists and changed the course of painting in the West with his masterful depictions of the human form.
The document discusses art and architecture during the Italian Renaissance period. It notes that Italians greatly valued art and artists during this time. The three main art forms that developed were architecture, sculpture, and painting. Notable Renaissance artists mentioned include Filippo Brunelleschi, Donatello, who sculpted the first bronze statue, Lorenzo Ghiberti who made bronze doors, Giotto di Bondone who painted frescoes of St. Francis of Assisi, and Masaccio. The three giants of the High Renaissance highlighted were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Michelangelo's famous works mentioned were David and Pietà.
The document summarizes key aspects of art in the High Renaissance period of the 16th century in Europe. It discusses the mastery of techniques like perspective, accurate human anatomy, and use of light/shadow by Renaissance artists. It profiles influential artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian and describes their major works, materials used, and how they embodied Renaissance ideals like humanism. Their works depicted religious subjects, classical mythology, and portraits in ways that advanced realism through composition and illusionistic techniques.
The High Renaissance in Italy occurred from 1480-1520, principally in Rome where Popes spent large amounts of money commissioning artworks. This era saw a focus on realistic human figures through the study of anatomy as well as the spread of classical ideas. The three masters of the High Renaissance were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who created famous works like the Mona Lisa, David, and School of Athens through divine inspiration and classical ideals blended with observation.
The document summarizes three eras of Renaissance art:
1) The Early Renaissance in Florence saw advances like Giotto's more realistic frescoes, Ghiberti's depth-illusion doors, and Brunelleschi's dome innovation. Donatello created the first large nude sculpture since antiquity.
2) The High Renaissance was centered in Rome, where Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel and Raphael became a favorite painter of the pope. Leonardo created the famous Last Supper fresco and Mona Lisa.
3) The Northern Renaissance spread ideas to Germany and Flanders through artists like Durer, Holbein, and van Eyck, blending Renaissance techniques
Raphael was an Italian Renaissance painter and architect born in 1483 in Urbino, Italy. He received early training from the painter Pietro Perugino in Perugia and later studied the works of Florentine masters. Some of his most famous works include the Sistine Madonna painted between 1513-1514, the portrait of Pope Julius II from 1511-1512, and the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura at the Vatican from 1510-1511 which include The School of Athens. Raphael is considered the "Prince of Painters" and perfected Renaissance ideals of human anatomy, composition, and classicism.
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet considered one of the greatest artists of the European Renaissance. He created famous works like the statue of David and frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Throughout his long career he was employed by powerful patrons like the Medicis and the Popes, creating monumental sculptures and architectural works for the Catholic Church like the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Michelangelo had an immense influence on other Renaissance artists and changed the course of painting in the West with his masterful depictions of the human form.
The document discusses art and architecture during the Italian Renaissance period. It notes that Italians greatly valued art and artists during this time. The three main art forms that developed were architecture, sculpture, and painting. Notable Renaissance artists mentioned include Filippo Brunelleschi, Donatello, who sculpted the first bronze statue, Lorenzo Ghiberti who made bronze doors, Giotto di Bondone who painted frescoes of St. Francis of Assisi, and Masaccio. The three giants of the High Renaissance highlighted were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Michelangelo's famous works mentioned were David and Pietà.
The document summarizes key aspects of art in the High Renaissance period of the 16th century in Europe. It discusses the mastery of techniques like perspective, accurate human anatomy, and use of light/shadow by Renaissance artists. It profiles influential artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian and describes their major works, materials used, and how they embodied Renaissance ideals like humanism. Their works depicted religious subjects, classical mythology, and portraits in ways that advanced realism through composition and illusionistic techniques.
The High Renaissance in Italy occurred from 1480-1520, principally in Rome where Popes spent large amounts of money commissioning artworks. This era saw a focus on realistic human figures through the study of anatomy as well as the spread of classical ideas. The three masters of the High Renaissance were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who created famous works like the Mona Lisa, David, and School of Athens through divine inspiration and classical ideals blended with observation.
The document provides an overview of Renaissance art history between 1400-1600 AD. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy and marked a rebirth of classical Greek and Roman artistic styles with a focus on individualism, linear perspective, and new painting techniques using oil paints. Famous Renaissance artists mentioned include Michelangelo, Donatello, Botticelli, Raphael, Leonardo Da Vinci, and their influential works in sculpture, painting, and architecture that advanced realism and humanism through their artistic skills and knowledge of anatomy.
The Baroque style originated in Rome in the 17th century and later spread across Europe. It rejected some principles of the Renaissance like symmetry and proportion in favor of complex, dramatic forms intended to astonish viewers. Baroque art was often propagandistic, used by the Catholic Church and absolute monarchs to promote their authority. Key characteristics included dynamism, movement, and depicting strong emotions. Major Baroque artists included Bernini in Italy, Rubens in Flanders, Rembrandt in Holland, and Velazquez in Spain, each known for their realistic styles and masterful use of color, light, and composition.
Romanticism emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as a reaction against Enlightenment ideals that emphasized reason and science. It valued emotion, imagination, individualism, and nature. Key aspects included:
1) A desire for freedom in politics, expression, thought, and other areas, with the belief that freedom came through imagination rather than reason.
2) An interest in the medieval, fantastic, and sublime - including dark emotions like horror. This was seen in works depicting nightmares and terrifying scenes.
3) Landscape painting that used nature allegorically to comment on spiritual, moral, and philosophical issues of the time. Artists expressed a unity of the soul with nature.
History of western art (Giotto, Masaccio)Annie Najib
Early Renaissance is the era which heralded the age of exploration. Digging into the Golden ages of Greek past civilization, this period added its own interpretation to art as well all other fields that went parallel to it. Early Renaissance provided the first steps towards the high mountain peak of the Renaissance period. Bridging the past values and rich culture of Greece to the neo classical period.
Giotto is propably the first artist to have embraced the change which was needed in art. That's why he is considered to be a "father of Western pictorial art".
The document provides an overview of several major artistic periods and styles between the 16th and 18th centuries in Europe, including Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo. [1] Mannerism emphasized style over substance and featured twisted figures. [2] Baroque art was characterized by bright colors, dramatic emotions, and grand themes as seen in the works of Bernini and Rubens. [3] Rococo emerged in the 18th century as a lighter and more delicate offshoot of Baroque featuring pastoral scenes and pastel colors.
Expressionism emerged in Germany around 1910 as a reaction against Impressionism. It focused on emotive and interpretive art through distortion and exaggeration to convey emotional experiences. Major expressionist groups included Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter, and Die Neue Sachlichkeit. Expressionist art used vivid colors, dynamic forms, and exaggeration to depict intense emotions and subjective perspectives rather than realistic representations. Pioneering expressionist artists included Edvard Munch, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde, Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, George Grosz, and Max Beckmann.
The document provides an overview of the Early Renaissance period in Italy from 1400-1490. It summarizes the rise of prominent city-states like Florence and key families that sponsored the arts, such as the Medicis. Major artists that emerged during this time are also profiled, including painters like Masaccio, Botticelli, and Ghirlandaio who pioneered techniques like linear perspective. Contemporary architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti are highlighted for their classical designs of buildings and structures. Leading sculptors of the era included Ghiberti, Donatello, and Verrocchio, who drew inspiration from Roman and Greek works.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of Baroque art, which was the predominant style between the 17th and 18th centuries. It originated in Italy in contrast to Renaissance art, emphasizing movement, drama, and emotion over balance and simplicity. Baroque architecture used curved lines and elaborate decoration to create a sense of motion. Sculpture aimed to depict dynamic moments and provoke surprise. Painting featured exaggerated lighting, foreshortening, and asymmetrical compositions. The works of artists like Bernini, Rubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, and Vermeer are highlighted as emblematic of the Baroque style.
Art History in Renaissance time. feautring Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botiicelli
This is made for our class reporting,but my professor changed his mind, so maybe it would be of help to others if I share it.
Most famous paintings of the renaissanceLola García
The document discusses 10 of the most famous paintings from the Renaissance period. It provides context that the Renaissance was a time of rebirth and revival in many areas including art. It then briefly describes each of the 10 paintings, including details like the artist, year created, subject matter, and significance. Some of the most prominent paintings mentioned are the Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci, The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, and The School of Athens by Raphael.
The document provides an overview of Renaissance art, which originated in 15th century Italy in Florence and saw a rebirth of classical Greco-Roman artistic styles and techniques. Key characteristics included a focus on classicism, realism, perspective, and the human figure. Major artists from this period included Brunelleschi, Donatello, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Raphael. The Renaissance then spread to other parts of Europe, including the development of oil painting techniques in Flanders by artists such as the Van Eyck brothers and Hieronymus Bosch.
Neoclassical art flourished in Europe and North America from the mid to late 18th century as artists sought to replace the frivolity of Rococo with a more logical and solemn style. In architecture, the model was Ancient Rome and Greece, as seen in the works of architects like Ledoux, Percier and Fontaine. In sculpture, artists like Canova and Thorvaldsen emulated Classical Greek ideals using white marble. Painting centered in Rome, with artists like Jacques-Louis David creating grand historical works with simplified compositions inspired by mythology.
This document provides an overview of Greek and Roman art history from 800 BC to 300 AD. It describes several key aspects of ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and painting, including the Parthenon, Acropolis, and three orders of columns. It also discusses the three periods of Greek sculpture and their changing focus. For ancient Rome, it outlines major architectural structures like basilicas, the Pantheon and Colosseum, as well as the aqueduct system. Roman art is described as following Greek classical forms with a focus on realism in portrait sculptures and mural paintings.
The Greeks believed the gods controlled their destiny and created art and architecture to honor them. A key example is the Parthenon, a massive structure built on the Acropolis in Athens over 10 years as a temple to Athena. Over time, Greeks developed three architectural styles distinguished by their columns and capitals. Greek sculptors focused on realistic proportions and capturing emotion rather than aesthetic beauty. Painted sculptures were originally colorful but have faded. Romans contributed advanced architectural styles like aqueducts and amphitheaters like the Colosseum. They embraced Greek artistic styles and focused on realistic portraiture.
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet during the High Renaissance. Some key facts:
- He was born in 1475 in Arezzo, Tuscany and died in 1564 at the age of 88.
- As a child, he was placed with a stonecutter's family and showed an early talent for art. He later studied under Domenico Ghirlandaio and sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni.
- Some of his most famous works include the Sistine Chapel ceiling, David, Pieta and dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
- His artistic style was characterized by human emotion, detail, and a sense of
Michelangelo was an Italian artist born in 1469 near Florence who excelled in architecture, sculpture, and painting during the Renaissance. Some of his most famous works include the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel painted between 1508-1512 depicting stories from Genesis, as well as sculptures such as David and Pieta. He lived a long life, working until age 89 and dying in 1564, leaving behind a legacy as one of the greatest artists in history.
The Romans were inspired by Greek art and architecture as they expanded their Republic and later Empire throughout the Mediterranean. They adopted styles like realistic portraiture and propaganda sculptures of emperors to convey imperial ideals. Major construction projects such as the Colosseum and Pantheon combined Greek orders with innovative Roman techniques and featured painted interior decor.
The document discusses the Medieval Period, characterized by feudalism and the power of the Catholic Church. It describes various forms of art from this period like stained glass windows, sculptures, illuminated manuscripts, paintings, and tapestries. These art forms served to teach religion through visual stories and images to those who could not read. The art had distinctive characteristics like religious subjects portrayed with flat, stiff figures in vibrant colors against plain backgrounds.
This document provides an overview of Expressionism, including its history, key concepts, and important artists. Expressionism emerged in Germany in the early 1900s in response to feelings of loss of meaning and spirituality in modern life. Expressionist artists sought to convey inner experiences rather than physical reality through distorted forms and bold colors. Key figures who influenced Expressionism include Van Gogh, Munch, and Ensor. The document discusses the founding of groups like Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter and highlights works by important Expressionist artists such as Kirchner, Marc, Macke, Schiele, Heckel, and Soutine.
Art and Culture - Module 08 - Renaissance (Mid and Northern)Randy Connolly
Eighth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Northern Renaissance, and then moves back to Italy to look at the art of the later 15th century. It also has an extended digression on changing representations of the human body over the 15th century.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
St. Peter's Basilica
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger submitted a plan for St. Peter's Basilica that combined features of Peruzzi, Raphael and Bramante. His design extended the building into a short nave with a wide facade and portico. His proposal for the dome was more elaborate in both structure and decoration than Bramante's.
Palazzo Farnese
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger designed and oversaw construction of the Palazzo Farnese, a large Renaissance palace in Rome. The palace features a rusticated basement and piano nobile separated by an imposing cornice. Its facade employs pilasters and entablatures in
The document provides an overview of Renaissance art history between 1400-1600 AD. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy and marked a rebirth of classical Greek and Roman artistic styles with a focus on individualism, linear perspective, and new painting techniques using oil paints. Famous Renaissance artists mentioned include Michelangelo, Donatello, Botticelli, Raphael, Leonardo Da Vinci, and their influential works in sculpture, painting, and architecture that advanced realism and humanism through their artistic skills and knowledge of anatomy.
The Baroque style originated in Rome in the 17th century and later spread across Europe. It rejected some principles of the Renaissance like symmetry and proportion in favor of complex, dramatic forms intended to astonish viewers. Baroque art was often propagandistic, used by the Catholic Church and absolute monarchs to promote their authority. Key characteristics included dynamism, movement, and depicting strong emotions. Major Baroque artists included Bernini in Italy, Rubens in Flanders, Rembrandt in Holland, and Velazquez in Spain, each known for their realistic styles and masterful use of color, light, and composition.
Romanticism emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as a reaction against Enlightenment ideals that emphasized reason and science. It valued emotion, imagination, individualism, and nature. Key aspects included:
1) A desire for freedom in politics, expression, thought, and other areas, with the belief that freedom came through imagination rather than reason.
2) An interest in the medieval, fantastic, and sublime - including dark emotions like horror. This was seen in works depicting nightmares and terrifying scenes.
3) Landscape painting that used nature allegorically to comment on spiritual, moral, and philosophical issues of the time. Artists expressed a unity of the soul with nature.
History of western art (Giotto, Masaccio)Annie Najib
Early Renaissance is the era which heralded the age of exploration. Digging into the Golden ages of Greek past civilization, this period added its own interpretation to art as well all other fields that went parallel to it. Early Renaissance provided the first steps towards the high mountain peak of the Renaissance period. Bridging the past values and rich culture of Greece to the neo classical period.
Giotto is propably the first artist to have embraced the change which was needed in art. That's why he is considered to be a "father of Western pictorial art".
The document provides an overview of several major artistic periods and styles between the 16th and 18th centuries in Europe, including Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo. [1] Mannerism emphasized style over substance and featured twisted figures. [2] Baroque art was characterized by bright colors, dramatic emotions, and grand themes as seen in the works of Bernini and Rubens. [3] Rococo emerged in the 18th century as a lighter and more delicate offshoot of Baroque featuring pastoral scenes and pastel colors.
Expressionism emerged in Germany around 1910 as a reaction against Impressionism. It focused on emotive and interpretive art through distortion and exaggeration to convey emotional experiences. Major expressionist groups included Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter, and Die Neue Sachlichkeit. Expressionist art used vivid colors, dynamic forms, and exaggeration to depict intense emotions and subjective perspectives rather than realistic representations. Pioneering expressionist artists included Edvard Munch, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde, Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, George Grosz, and Max Beckmann.
The document provides an overview of the Early Renaissance period in Italy from 1400-1490. It summarizes the rise of prominent city-states like Florence and key families that sponsored the arts, such as the Medicis. Major artists that emerged during this time are also profiled, including painters like Masaccio, Botticelli, and Ghirlandaio who pioneered techniques like linear perspective. Contemporary architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti are highlighted for their classical designs of buildings and structures. Leading sculptors of the era included Ghiberti, Donatello, and Verrocchio, who drew inspiration from Roman and Greek works.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of Baroque art, which was the predominant style between the 17th and 18th centuries. It originated in Italy in contrast to Renaissance art, emphasizing movement, drama, and emotion over balance and simplicity. Baroque architecture used curved lines and elaborate decoration to create a sense of motion. Sculpture aimed to depict dynamic moments and provoke surprise. Painting featured exaggerated lighting, foreshortening, and asymmetrical compositions. The works of artists like Bernini, Rubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, and Vermeer are highlighted as emblematic of the Baroque style.
Art History in Renaissance time. feautring Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botiicelli
This is made for our class reporting,but my professor changed his mind, so maybe it would be of help to others if I share it.
Most famous paintings of the renaissanceLola García
The document discusses 10 of the most famous paintings from the Renaissance period. It provides context that the Renaissance was a time of rebirth and revival in many areas including art. It then briefly describes each of the 10 paintings, including details like the artist, year created, subject matter, and significance. Some of the most prominent paintings mentioned are the Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci, The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, and The School of Athens by Raphael.
The document provides an overview of Renaissance art, which originated in 15th century Italy in Florence and saw a rebirth of classical Greco-Roman artistic styles and techniques. Key characteristics included a focus on classicism, realism, perspective, and the human figure. Major artists from this period included Brunelleschi, Donatello, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Raphael. The Renaissance then spread to other parts of Europe, including the development of oil painting techniques in Flanders by artists such as the Van Eyck brothers and Hieronymus Bosch.
Neoclassical art flourished in Europe and North America from the mid to late 18th century as artists sought to replace the frivolity of Rococo with a more logical and solemn style. In architecture, the model was Ancient Rome and Greece, as seen in the works of architects like Ledoux, Percier and Fontaine. In sculpture, artists like Canova and Thorvaldsen emulated Classical Greek ideals using white marble. Painting centered in Rome, with artists like Jacques-Louis David creating grand historical works with simplified compositions inspired by mythology.
This document provides an overview of Greek and Roman art history from 800 BC to 300 AD. It describes several key aspects of ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and painting, including the Parthenon, Acropolis, and three orders of columns. It also discusses the three periods of Greek sculpture and their changing focus. For ancient Rome, it outlines major architectural structures like basilicas, the Pantheon and Colosseum, as well as the aqueduct system. Roman art is described as following Greek classical forms with a focus on realism in portrait sculptures and mural paintings.
The Greeks believed the gods controlled their destiny and created art and architecture to honor them. A key example is the Parthenon, a massive structure built on the Acropolis in Athens over 10 years as a temple to Athena. Over time, Greeks developed three architectural styles distinguished by their columns and capitals. Greek sculptors focused on realistic proportions and capturing emotion rather than aesthetic beauty. Painted sculptures were originally colorful but have faded. Romans contributed advanced architectural styles like aqueducts and amphitheaters like the Colosseum. They embraced Greek artistic styles and focused on realistic portraiture.
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet during the High Renaissance. Some key facts:
- He was born in 1475 in Arezzo, Tuscany and died in 1564 at the age of 88.
- As a child, he was placed with a stonecutter's family and showed an early talent for art. He later studied under Domenico Ghirlandaio and sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni.
- Some of his most famous works include the Sistine Chapel ceiling, David, Pieta and dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
- His artistic style was characterized by human emotion, detail, and a sense of
Michelangelo was an Italian artist born in 1469 near Florence who excelled in architecture, sculpture, and painting during the Renaissance. Some of his most famous works include the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel painted between 1508-1512 depicting stories from Genesis, as well as sculptures such as David and Pieta. He lived a long life, working until age 89 and dying in 1564, leaving behind a legacy as one of the greatest artists in history.
The Romans were inspired by Greek art and architecture as they expanded their Republic and later Empire throughout the Mediterranean. They adopted styles like realistic portraiture and propaganda sculptures of emperors to convey imperial ideals. Major construction projects such as the Colosseum and Pantheon combined Greek orders with innovative Roman techniques and featured painted interior decor.
The document discusses the Medieval Period, characterized by feudalism and the power of the Catholic Church. It describes various forms of art from this period like stained glass windows, sculptures, illuminated manuscripts, paintings, and tapestries. These art forms served to teach religion through visual stories and images to those who could not read. The art had distinctive characteristics like religious subjects portrayed with flat, stiff figures in vibrant colors against plain backgrounds.
This document provides an overview of Expressionism, including its history, key concepts, and important artists. Expressionism emerged in Germany in the early 1900s in response to feelings of loss of meaning and spirituality in modern life. Expressionist artists sought to convey inner experiences rather than physical reality through distorted forms and bold colors. Key figures who influenced Expressionism include Van Gogh, Munch, and Ensor. The document discusses the founding of groups like Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter and highlights works by important Expressionist artists such as Kirchner, Marc, Macke, Schiele, Heckel, and Soutine.
Art and Culture - Module 08 - Renaissance (Mid and Northern)Randy Connolly
Eighth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Northern Renaissance, and then moves back to Italy to look at the art of the later 15th century. It also has an extended digression on changing representations of the human body over the 15th century.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
St. Peter's Basilica
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger submitted a plan for St. Peter's Basilica that combined features of Peruzzi, Raphael and Bramante. His design extended the building into a short nave with a wide facade and portico. His proposal for the dome was more elaborate in both structure and decoration than Bramante's.
Palazzo Farnese
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger designed and oversaw construction of the Palazzo Farnese, a large Renaissance palace in Rome. The palace features a rusticated basement and piano nobile separated by an imposing cornice. Its facade employs pilasters and entablatures in
all about Painting (definition, elements, types, styles, history of Philippi...Enjielou
This document provides an overview of painting, including definitions, history, elements, types, styles, famous paintings, and Filipino painters. It defines painting as the expression of ideas through a two-dimensional visual medium using various materials like tempera, oil, acrylics, and watercolors. The history of Philippine painting is discussed, from its introduction by Spanish colonizers to promote Catholicism, to the development of more secular art in the 19th century. The core elements of painting - color, line, shape, space, texture, and tone - are explained in detail. Different types of paintings like landscape, portrait, still life, and styles like abstraction, surrealism, and impressionism are outlined. Famous worldwide
I have tried to explain the elementary fundamentals of drawing like shapes, forms, shading, perspective drawing etc.
This training material was prepared for my team consisting primarily of Graphic Designers with the objective that they'd start approaching their work like artists.
There are plenty of exercises at the end of each section as well... hope you enjoy it!
The document discusses the architecture of St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel in Rome. It describes the design of St. Peter's facade by Carlo Maderno and interior by Michelangelo. It then discusses the key role of Filippo Brunelleschi in developing Renaissance architecture, including his dome design for Florence Cathedral and use of classical proportions and symmetry that influenced later Renaissance buildings.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Italy, including:
1) Italian city-states like Florence grew wealthy through trade, with merchants supporting artists and scholars, helping launch the Renaissance revival of classical art and learning.
2) Figures like Giotto, Donatello, Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael, da Vinci made important contributions to Renaissance art and architecture, developing techniques like realistic human figures, free-standing sculptures, linear perspective.
3) Humanist philosophy emphasized human potential and achievement on Earth rather than just the afterlife, with "Renaissance men" striving to achieve in many disciplines, spreading new ideas across Europe during this period.
Mapeh 9 lesson 1 art of the rennaisance.ssuser95b058
The document summarizes the major phases of the Italian Renaissance period and profiles several influential Renaissance artists including Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Donatello. It describes the Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and Late Renaissance periods and notes some of the key sculptors, architects, and painters of each era. Biographies are provided for Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael highlighting their notable artistic works and multi-disciplinary talents.
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy and spread across Europe over time. Key developments included greater emphasis on secular and humanist ideas, advances in painting like realistic depictions and use of perspective, and highly realistic sculptures. Scientists like Leonardo da Vinci began making detailed observations and experiments, questioning established ideas. Politically, powerful rulers like the Medicis in Florence held power for a long time through building armies, sponsoring the arts, and defeating enemies, until being temporarily ousted, after which Machiavelli's The Prince analyzed realpolitik.
This document discusses art during the Renaissance period from 1400-1600. It provides examples of famous Renaissance artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Donatello. It describes some of their most famous works such as Michelangelo's Pieta and paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, Raphael's School of Athens and Transfiguration, and Donatello's statues of David and St. George. Renaissance art is characterized by accurate anatomy, realistic human figures, symmetry, and a focus on beauty, calmness and perfection.
Renaissance paintings focused on Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. Renaissance art emerged in 14th century Italy and was inspired by ancient Greek, Gothic, and Roman styles. Major Florentine artists included Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli. Da Vinci was a polymath and pioneer who employed techniques like oil painting and linear perspective. Michelangelo was renowned for his sculptures and frescoes, including the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Renaissance art sought to capture nature, humanity, and philosophical questions through realistic depictions of the human form and natural world.
Italian Renaissance is a type of painting eragaziimallick123
The Italian Renaissance spanned the 14th to 17th centuries and marked a transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. It began in Italy due to factors like the rediscovery of classical knowledge and the rise of wealthy city-states. Renaissance art moved away from abstract medieval styles toward realistic representations using techniques like perspective, sfumato, and chiaroscuro. Key figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Donatello, who created famous works like the Mona Lisa, David, and Feast of Herod that demonstrated mastery of the human form and innovative artistic techniques.
The document provides an overview of major artists of the High Renaissance period in Italy such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. It discusses their mastery of technical skills and elevated social status. Key works by each artist are described in detail, including Leonardo's anatomical studies, Mona Lisa, and Last Supper. Michelangelo's David and Sistine Chapel ceiling are highlighted. Raphael's works in the Vatican Stanze including School of Athens are also summarized. The document traces developments in Renaissance art and styles between different Italian cities.
The document discusses several key figures and developments during the Renaissance and Baroque periods in Europe. It describes Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael as the three great masters of the Renaissance known for their realistic paintings and sculptures depicting religious subjects accurately. It also discusses St. Peter's Basilica as the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture. During the Baroque period, the document outlines Caravaggio, Bernini, Rubens, Rembrandt, and Velasquez as influential artists known for their dramatic religious works and use of light, movement, and illusion. Their art propagated Christianity and expressed power for the Catholic Church and aristocracy.
The document provides an overview of the Italian Renaissance beginning in the 15th century. It discusses the rise of Renaissance humanism and how artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were influenced by a renewed interest in classical learning and realistic depictions of nature and the human form. It also summarizes the patronage of wealthy Italian families like the Medicis in Florence who supported the arts and helped spur the cultural developments of the Renaissance. Key artistic works and scientific studies of figures like da Vinci are also highlighted.
The Baroque period in art spanned from 1600-1750. It saw developments in motion, drama, light and color. In Italy, artists like Bernini and Caravaggio used these techniques. Their works emphasized emotion, movement and light/shadow effects. Outside Italy, Spanish artist Velazquez and Flemish artist Rubens incorporated Italian Baroque styles. In Holland, Vermeer and Rembrandt captured Dutch interests in genre scenes and psychology. French art under Louis XIV favored classicism as seen in Poussin's works. Major architectural works included St. Peter's Basilica and the Palace of Versailles. The Rococo style developed ornate, lighthearted works later in the Baroque period.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century and was characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning. Wealthy patrons funded artists in cities like Florence, where figures like Lorenzo de' Medici supported the work of sculptors, painters, and writers. Engineers like Brunelleschi made architectural innovations, such as designing the dome of Florence Cathedral without internal supports. Michelangelo was one of the period's great artists, producing famous works like his David sculpture and paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. The printing press helped spread new ideas rapidly during this period of cultural and intellectual rebirth.
The Renaissance art era focused on naturalism, individualism, and classical influences that built upon medieval ideals. Artists like Da Vinci and Michelangelo created iconic works depicting the human form and natural world. Abstract Expressionism emerged after WWII as an American movement that embraced leftist politics and new styles like surrealism. Pop Art blurred high and low culture by incorporating popular imagery from advertisements and media into works by artists like Warhol and Johns. Both modern movements stood out by challenging conventions and influenced future styles that embraced new subject matters and perspectives.
The document discusses the Italian Renaissance period beginning in the late 14th century. It was an era of great artistic and intellectual achievement characterized by realistic and humanistic art with accurate anatomy, scientific perspective, and detailed landscapes. The document also provides biographies of five famous Renaissance artists: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Donatello, and their most notable works.
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy and spread throughout Europe by the 16th century. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. In Italy, the Renaissance saw advancements in literature, philosophy, art, science, and architecture that emphasized humanism, secularism, and use of perspective and realism. Major Italian Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who created famous works like the Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel ceiling, and School of Athens. The Renaissance ideals later influenced northern Europe with artists like Durer and architects like Brunelleschi leading the movement.
Companion slideshow for Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Global) textbooks. Prepared for Art 102 at Montgomery County Community College. Jean Thobaben-Adjunct Instructor.
The Renaissance was a period between 1400-1700 where new ideas in art, expression, and intellectual works flourished. Major writings from ancient Greece and the Middle East were translated into Latin, spreading new ideas. The Renaissance began in Italy, where wealthy merchant cities like Florence and Venice funded the arts. Notable Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who pioneered new styles of art like realistic perspective and emphasis on individual subjects. The Renaissance valued humanism and reason over religious superstition.
The Renaissance was a period between 1400-1700 that saw a rebirth of interest in classical learning and values. Major developments included an emphasis on humanism and reason over religious superstition, and increased access to ancient Greek and Muslim writings through translations into Latin. This led to new ideas exploding across Europe. The Renaissance began in Italy, where wealthy merchant cities like Venice and Florence funded the arts. Iconic Italian Renaissance artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli. The Northern Renaissance saw a continuation of medieval realism with an emphasis on details, landscapes, middle-class life, and portraiture by artists like Jan van Eyck.
This document provides brief biographies of several important Renaissance artists including Filippo Brunelleschi, who built the dome of Florence Cathedral and inspired modern building designs; Leon Battista Alberti, who designed the facade of the Rucellai Palace in Florence; Lorenzo Ghiberti, creator of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery; Sandro Botticelli, known for his mythological subjects; and Donato Bramante, who introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and Rome. It also discusses Michelangelo, a famous sculptor, painter, architect and poet whose Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculptures showed amazing detail, realism and expression; Leonardo da Vinci, a true "Renaissance man"
The Renaissance began in Italy, particularly in the wealthy city-state of Florence which was home to the powerful Medici family. The Medici used their vast wealth to commission art and architecture, helping to spark the Renaissance. Renaissance art moved away from medieval styles and towards more realism, emotion, and classical inspiration from Ancient Greece and Rome. Key Renaissance artists included Florentines Donatello, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael, who developed new techniques like linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and realistic human anatomy. The Renaissance spread from Italy to other parts of Europe, influencing architecture, literature, and the arts.
You are a law student from Holland studying in Bologna, Italy during the Renaissance period. You have greatly enjoyed learning about the advances in art, literature, and science happening in Italy and meeting influential Renaissance figures. Now a lawyer has offered you a job in Bologna, providing an opportunity to stay in Italy and continue benefiting from the vibrant culture, though it means postponing your return home to Holland.
1. Compiled by Anriette van Wyk by
utilising the studies of various
subject matter experts as source
documents.
2. Renaissance Era
1,200 A.D. - 1,700 A.D.
• Renaissance means rebirth.
• Revival of cultural awareness and learning
• Renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman
art and design
• Emphasis on human beings, their
environment, science, and philosophy.
• Artwork was done on walls and ceilings of
churches, public buildings, and private
dwellings.
3. • Renaissance art
wanted to show joy in
human beauty and
life’s pleasures.
Renaissance art is
more lifelike than in
the art of the Middle
Ages.
5. Invention of Oil Paint
• Tempera paint was made by mixing
pigment powder with egg yolks or gum
VERY RESTRICTIVE.
• Oil paint was invented by mixing
pigments with linseed oil
• Oil paint was easily blended, long
lasting, slow drying, many different
colors
6. Renaissance Terms
• Quattrocento:
– Century beginning in 1400
• Humanist:
– scholars who studied classical texts
• Vernacular:
– common, everyday language
7. Three Major Periods
I. Early Renaissance
II. Italian Renaissance
III. Northern Renaissance
8. Early Renaissance
• Florence - early 1400s
• Patron - a person who financially
supports an artist
• Major Players:
•
Masaccio
•
Donatello*
•
Botticelli*
9. Masaccio (1401-1428)
• Christ Descending
from the Cross
• Used the technique
of perspective, which
had been developed
by Brunelleschi, to
give the appearance
of distance.
10. Donatello di Niccolo Bardi
(1386-1466)
• Donatello is known
for his sculpture.
• Acquired great fame in
his lifetime and was
called to many Italian
cities to share his gift
of sculpture
12. David, 1425 A.D.
• First free-standing
nude sculpture in a
1000 years
• Church was finally
less restrictive
• Depicts David
slaying the Goliath
• The sculpture of
David became a
symbol for Florence
16. Venus – Roman Goddess of Love and Beauty
Zephyrus – God of Wind with his lover, Chloris
Pomona – Nymph greeting Venus with a robe
• Painting inspired by a poem by Angelo Poliziano, an Italian Humanist
• Commissioned by the Medici for the Medici family, a powerful wealthy
Italian family
• From a series of paintings based on Classical themes
Botticelli, Birth of Venus
19. Italian Renaissance
• 16th Century, artistic
leadership spread
from Florence to
Rome and Venice
• There was a focus on
technical mastery
including:
composition, ideal
proportions, and
perspective
• Major Players:
–
–
–
–
Da Vinci*
Michelangelo*
Raphael*
Titian
20. Leonardo Da Vinci 1452-1519
• Trained in Florence, Italy as a
painter and sculptor not a
scholar
• Was a genius both scientifically
and artistically
• Was not interested in books and
what scholars had to say-he was
interested in his own
explorations and ideas
• Always had to prove everything
• Struggle to work for commission
and finish work
• Did drawings and sculptures on
his own terms.
21. Leonardo Da Vinci
• Renaissance Man
• Stressed the intellectual aspects of art
and creativity
• Didn’t like the solemnity of most
portrait paintings so he hired musicians
and jesters to amuse his subjects
• Most important contribution might be
his notebooks
22. “Mona Lisa”
• Most famous portrait of all
time
• Painting is the wife, Lisa,
of Francesco del Giocondo
• Painting has no hard lines
or contours, technique
called sfumato
• Painting leaves us
something to guess
• Most striking is her
ambiguous half smile
23. First portrait in which a
woman looked straight
into the viewer.
Portrait suggests a history,
personality, mood, and
feeling.
First recognized for its
background.
26. • Painting demonstrates
one point perspective
• Jesus' head is the
vanishing point
• Leonardo would
spend a full day just
looking at the
painting-studying
27. • Located on end wall of the refectory of Santa Maria delle in
Millan
• One of the most renowned paintings of the Renaissance
• Painting depicts the scene Jesus and the apostles at the last
supper, when Jesus tells the apostles that one of them will
betray him
30. His notebooks…
Machine gun
flight
flight
canon
Designs for: canals, central
heating, printing press, telescope,
portable bombs, theory of
circulation 100 years before
Harvey, studies of fetus in womb so
accurate that they could be used
today to teach embryology
31. • Was a pioneer in the study
of human anatomy
• Dissected over thirty
bodies
• Almost 2,500 drawings and
studies of his ideas left in
notebooks
• Most of his notes and
drawings were kept-people
knew of the importance of
them and the genius of
Leonardo
32. • Leonardo was left handed
• He took all of his notes from right to left
• Need a mirror to read his notes
33. Inventor
• Created many
drawings of machines
and different items of
functions
• Examples of war
machines: armored
car, ladder for
besieging walls, rock
thrower
37. Michelangelo Buonarroti
• He was one of the
greatest artists of all
time. Like Leonardo,
Michelangelo was a
“Renaissance Man”
of many talents. He
was a great sculptor,
a painter, and an
architect.
38. Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475-1564)
• Trained in Florence, Italy
• Dissected humans and drew the human
body in many different positions
• Influenced by Greek and Roman
Sculptures
• Sculpture was his true love,
he hated to paint
39. • Michelangelo was a prickly-tempered,
mistrusting and lonely man, lacking in both
interpersonal skills and confidence in his physical
appearance.
• Was often hated by other artists because of his
supreme talent and he often told you about how
good he was
• His conceit and arrogance cost him many friends
and found himself working alone
• Nobody could argue his brilliance and geniuses
40. Michelangelo
• Patron = Lorenzo de’Medici at the age of 15 as
a sculptor
• Believed that creativity was divinely inspired
• Lived a life of solitude – never apprenticed
anyone
• Like Da Vinci, he dissected corpses to study
anatomy
• Later in life focused on architecture improving
several structures for popes and civic leaders
41. The statue of
“David”
• Stands over 14’ tall
carved of marble
• Three long years to
complete the sculpture
42. The Statue of “David”
•
•
•
•
“A civic hero, he was a
warning...whoever governed
Florence should govern justly
and defend it bravely. Eyes
watchful...the neck of a
bull...hands of a killer...the body,
a reservoir of energy. He stands
poised to strike." -Michelangelo
Combined beauty with powerful
meaning
Statue stood Palazzo Vecchio, as
a symbol of our Republic
Statue took 40 men 5 days to
move it in place
43. Sistine Chapel How it began:
•
•
•
Michelangelo, while working
on what he loves most
(sculpture), is summoned to
The Vatican by Pope Julius II
to paint the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.
Bramante, persuaded the
Pope to commission
Michelangelo to paint the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Bramnate did not want
Michelangelo involved in the
construction of the St. Peters
Cathedral
•
•
•
Bramante knew that
Michelangelo was a selfproclaimed “terrible painter”
Hoping he would “screw” up
the paintings and the Pope
would have him killed and
Raphael (his friend) would
take the paintings over.
Plan did not succeed
44. Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
“Genius is Internal Patience”
• Commissioned by Julius II
• Began creating drawings and studies in 1508
• Him and a team of artist starting painting in
the fall of 1508
• 1509, Michelangelo fired all of his assistants
and removed all paintings and took the job
over himself
• Kept his work hidden to all except the Pope
• He painted high on scaffolding on his back
45.
46.
47. "After four tortured
years, more than 400
over life-sized figures, I
felt as old and as weary
as Jeremiah. I was only
37, yet friends did not
recognize the old man I
had become."
-Michelangelo
60. Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)
• Raphael was strictly a
painter
• Raphael was well liked
with an easy going attitude
• Had a tough artistic
reputation to live up with
Leonardo (31 years older)
and Michelangelo (8 years
older)
• Heavily influenced by both
• Had a short career
61. Raphael
• Most popular by the
people who lived at the
time
• Decorated rooms in the
Vatican
• Star of the Papal Court
and with the ladies…
• He combined the
strengths of Da Vinci
and Michelangelo
67. Titian (TISH un)
• Father of Modern Painting
• First to really use oil on canvas as his
main medium
• Used strong colors
• Venetian (different from Florence and
Rome in that they were fascinated with
color, texture and mood)
69. Northern Renaissance
•
•
•
•
This is the Renaissance north of Italy
Netherlands, Belgium, Holland, and Germany
Lacked Roman ruins, inspiration was nature
Lacked Classical sculpture, painted reality as
they saw it instead of ideal proportions
• Used perspective by making objects in the
back appear “hazy” suggesting depth.
70. Hans Holbein
• One of the greatest
portraitists ever
• His patron was
Erasmus
• Enjoyed symbolic
knickknacks (typical
of this movement)
72. It is an anamorphic image of a human skull.
An
anamorphosis is an image that is distorted in such a
way that it only assumes the proportions of a
recognizable image when viewed from a certain angle,
or by reflection in curved surface. The image of the
skull in The Ambassadors is only visible as a skull when
viewed from below and to one side of the painting. It
has been suggested that it was meant to be displayed
above a staircase, so that those climbing the stairs
would be startled by the apparition of the skull as they
glanced upward at the painting. You can see a
photographic restoration of the skull image as seen
from that angle here.
74. Dürer (DEWR er)
• -”Leonardo of the North”
• Believed art should be based on scientific
observation
• Raised the status of artist from craftsman to
near prince
• First to do many self-portraits
• Famous for his woodcuts
• First to use printmaking as a major medium
for art
78. Albrecht Durer(Germany)
• Artists like Durer helped
spread Renaissance
ideas to Northern
Europe. Durer traveled
France to work for
Francis I. When he
returned to his home in
Germany, he brought
with him Renaissance
techniques and ideas.
80. Jan van Eyck (Flanders)
• Italian merchant and his
wife living in Flanders
• Symbolism in the
painting:
• Candle in the chandelier
represents Jesus
• Fruit on the windowsill
represents the innocence
of humanity
81. Jan Van Eyck
• Painted microscopic
details in brilliant
color
• -Portrait painting =
had sitter look at
painter (1st)
84. Bruegal (BROY gull)
• Flemish painter of peasant life
• -satiric edge
• -Elevated genre painting (scenes of
everyday life) to the stature of “high art”
89. Resources:
•
•
•
•
•
Boyer-Switala, J. (2011). Renaissance Art. [Online], Available:
http://www.slideshare.net/jboyerswitala/renaissance-art-9085448 Accessed: 8
March 2014
Coon, I. (2012). Art history. [Online], available:
http://www.slideshare.net/waukeestudent/art-history-14489743 Accessed: 8
March 2014
Dale, A. (2013). Early Renaissance Art in Italy. [Online], available:
http://www.slideshare.net/loveart2/early-renaissance-in-italy-19241166?
qid=48890e77-ddc1-4c33-8712-91473f1508cc&v=qf1&b=&from_search=11 Accessed: 8
March 2014
David, J. (2010). Renaissance. [Online], available:
http://www.slideshare.net/Daviddrake/renaissance-5709486 Accessed: 8 March
2014
MrRed. (2009). Renaissance Art. [Online], available:
http://www.slideshare.net/MrRed/renaissance-art-2674528 Accessed: 8 March
2014
Editor's Notes
A revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, particularly in Italy, but also in Germany and other European countries. The period was characterized by a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman art and design
1452, the village of Vinci in Tuscany
Though illegitimate, Leonardo was taken in and raised by his father. A child of unearthly beauty, Leonardo showed precocious genius in math, music and art. His greatest desire was to be apprenticed to a painter, a profession which was looked down upon at the time.
Eventually, his father was worn down by the boy's undeniable talent, and took him to Florence to study painting, sculpting and engineering under the great Andrea del Verrocchio. Leonardo quickly outstripped his master (though he continued to study with Verrocchio until around 1476) and was admitted to the Florence painters' guild in 1472.
How to make this brief? Leonardo spent about twenty years (1480s - 1499) in the service of Lodovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan (who frequently neglected to pay Leonardo). His output during this period included two of his best known paintings: The Madonna of the Rocks (1483-85) and the mural The Last Supper (1495-98).
When Milan was seized by French troops in 1499, Leonardo returned to Florence. It was here that he painted one of the most famous portraits of all time, The Mona Lisa, more correctly known as La Gioconda (1503-06).
Leonardo spent his later years moving between Florence, Rome and France, working on a variety of projects. He lived long enough to be appreciated and well-paid, a rarity among artists. Throughout it all, he kept prodigious notebooks, in "mirror" writing, to keep track of his ideas, designs, and numerous sketches. Leonardo eventually settled in France, at the invitation of Francis I, an ardent admirer.
Leonardo may also be credited with the most famous portrait of all time, that of Lisa, wife of Francesco del Giocondo, and known as the Mona Lisa (Paris, Louvre). An aura of mystery surrounds this painting, which is veiled in a soft light, creating an atmosphere of enchantment. There are no hard lines or contours here (a technique of painting known as sfumato—fumo in Italian means "smoke"), only seamless transitions between light and dark. Perhaps the most striking feature of the painting is the sitter's ambiguous half smile. She looks directly at the viewer, but her arms, torso, and head each twist subtly in a different direction, conveying an arrested sense of movement. Leonardo explores the possibilities of oil paint in the soft folds of the drapery, texture of skin, and contrasting light and dark (chiaroscuro). The deeply receding background, with its winding rivers and rock formations, is an example of Leonardo's personal view of the natural world: one in which everything is liquid, in flux, and filled with movement and energy.
Leonardo's Last Supper, on the end wall of the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, is one of the most renowned paintings of the High Renaissance. Recently restored, The Last Supper had already begun to flake during the artist's lifetime due to his failed attempt to paint on the walls in layers (not unlike the technique of tempera on panel), rather than in a true fresco technique. Even in its current state, it is a masterpiece of dramatic narrative and subtle pictorial illusionism.
Leonardo chose to capture the moment just after Christ tells his apostles that one of them will betray him, and at the institution of the Eucharist. The effect of his statement causes a visible response, in the form of a wave of emotion among the apostles. These reactions are quite specific to each apostle, expressing what Leonardo called the "motions of the mind." Despite the dramatic reaction of the apostles, Leonardo imposes a sense of order on the scene. Christ's head is at the center of the composition, framed by a halo-like architectural opening. His head is also the vanishing point toward which all lines of the perspective projection of the architectural setting converge. The apostles are arranged around him in four groups of three united by their posture and gesture. Judas, who was traditionally placed on the opposite side of the table, is here set apart from the other apostles by his shadowed face.
The examples below demonstrate that Leonardo Da Vinci was not the only artist who depicted the Disciple John in such a way within the context of The Last Supper (and it should also be noted that Medieval Christian apocryphal tradition also maintains that the Disciple John was married to Mary Magdalene – as claimed in the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voraigne, when discussing Mary Magdalene’s "journey to Marseilles", for example).
Young Michelangelo, motherless by the age of six, fought long and hard with his father for permission to apprentice as an artist. At the age of 12, he began studying under Domenico Ghirlandajo, who was the most fashionable painter in Florence at the time.
Fashionable, but extremely jealous of Michelangelo's emerging talent. Ghirlandajo passed the lad off to be apprenticed to Bertoldo di Giovanni, the sculptor, and here Michelangelo found the work that became his true passion. His sculpture came to the attention of the most powerful family in Florence, the Medici, and he gained their patronage.
Michelangelo's output was, quite simply, stunning, in quality, quantity and scale. His most famous statues include the 18-foot David (1501-1504) and the Pietà (1499), but his sculpture encompassed many other pieces including elaborately decorated tombs. He did not consider himself a painter, and (justifiably) complained throughout four straight years of the work, but created one of the greatest masterpieces of all time on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512). Additionally, he painted The Last Judgment (1534-1541) on the altar wall of the same chapel many years later. As an old man, he was tapped by the Pope to complete the half-finished St. Peter's Church in the Vatican. Not all of the plans he drew were utilized but, after his death, architects built the dome still in use today. His poetry was very personal and not as grand as his other works, yet is of great value to those who wish to know Michelangelo.
Accounts of his life seem to portray Michelangelo as a prickly-tempered, mistrusting and lonely man, lacking in both interpersonal skills and confidence in his physical appearance. Perhaps that is why he created works of such heartbreaking beauty and heroism that they are still held in awe these many centuries later.
Michelangelo, while working on what he loves most (sculpture), is summoned to The Vatican by Pope Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Little did he know that his arch rival, Bramante, persuaded the Pope to commission Michelangelo because of Bramante's fear that he (Michelangelo) would eventually weasel his way into the design and construction of the new St. Peter's Cathedral, something that Bramante did NOT want to share with anyone else.
Bramante came up with the perfect plan: have the Pope hire Michelangelo, who was self-admittedly not at all a fresco painter, to do the frescoes, which were a super long term project. Michelangelo would naturally screw up the ceiling because he wasn't a painter and because his own personality, would eventually sabotage the project anyway. Next, the Pope gets upset, kills Michelangelo, and then Raphael (a personal friend of Bramante) would step up to the plate and finish the frescoes off. What a plan!
The only problem is that Bramante's plan didn't work. Michelangelo, complaining every step of the way, finished the frescoes in four years, and did them so beautifully, so magnificently, that his reputation was greatly enhanced, both with the public and the Pope. Fifteen years later, Bramante dies, and Michelangelo starts (guess what?....) designing the dome and facade of the new St. Peters.