Presented at this year's Battelle Conference by Jack Sheldon, this presentation includes information comparing various forms of groundwater remediation tactics using In Situ Carbon (ISC) injections.

1. Remediation of Volatile
Organics in Groundwater Using
In Situ Carbon (ISC) Injection
Technologies
A Comparative Analysis
Jack Sheldon
Battelle Conference
Palm Springs, CA
April 11, 2018

2. The Technologies
Performance
Summaries
Case Studies

3. The Chemistry
2
TRAP & TREAT® BOS 200®

4. TRAP & TREAT® BOS 200®
3
BOS 200 Trap & Treat® In Situ carbon
injection system produced by
Remediation Products, Inc. (RPI)
• Designed to accelerate biodegradation
of petroleum hydrocarbons
• Comprise an activated carbon platform
with terminal electron acceptors,
micronutrients and facultative
microorganisms intermixed
• Injections are completed into the
saturated zone under pressure
(typically 400 – 600 psi) using direct
push technologies
BOS 200®
particle
Hydrocarbon
fuels

5. The Chemistry
4
1. Fine particle
activated carbon
(1-2 microns)
2. Combined
with unique
polymer for
distribution
enhancement
3. Binds to
aquifer solids.
Establishes
biodegradation
site
4. Regeneration
occurs

6. 5
→ Best suited to low to
moderate mass
scenarios
→ Can be combined with a
wide range of
amendments
→ Best when applied in
barrier or focused grid
configurations

7. The Technologies
Performance
Summaries
Case Studies

8. 7
BOS 200 Applications - Overview
Injections were performed at 9 former and active
gasoline service stations in the northeastern US (NY,
NJ and PA) between 2015 and 2017
35 impacted monitoring wells located across the 9
sites were used to evaluate injection success across
the sites
Evaluation was completed by calculating mean
annual benzene and total BTEX (benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene and total xylenes) concentrations
prior to and after injection events
Injection point density, contaminant and carbon
mass loadings were estimated across the impact
zones of each site to evaluate how these variables
affected results

9. 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1 to 25 25 to 50 50 to 75 75 to 99 100
SiteCount
% Contaminant Removal Across Site
Total BTEX Benzene
BOS 200 Application Results - Site Wide
8

10. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 to 25 25 to 50 50 to 75 75 to 99 100
WellCount
% Contaminant Removal 1 Year Post Injection
Total BTEX Benzene
% Removal of Benzene and Total BTEX by Monitoring Well
BOS 200 Application Results - All Study Wells
9

11. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Cubicfeetofimpactzone/injectionpoint
% Removal - Total BTEX 1 Year Post Injection
Scatter Plot: Injection Point Density vs %
Removal Total BTEX
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
LbCarbon/ft3impactzone
% Removal - Total BTEX 1 Year Post Injection
Carbon Loading vs % Removal Total BTEX
Impact of Carbon Loading and Injection
Point Density on BTEX Removal
10

12. WASHINGTON
STATE
UTAH
CONFIDENTIAL
SOUTHEAST
CONFIDENTIAL
SOUTHEAST
LASVEGAS
WASHINGTON
STATE
ERIE,PA
DESCRIPTION
Direct push injection
of PS and ORC-A® into
gas station planter.
Goal was to reduce
benzene in two closely
spaced monitoring
wells.
Site geology was sandy
silt across 10 ft.
vertical zone at 30 ft.
bgs.
Direct push injection of
PS and ORC-A® or
sulfate into hot spot
areas around pipeline
during pilot test.
Goal was to reduce
benzene and
TPHg/TPHd at two
monitoring wells
adjacent to a pipeline.
Site geology was sandy
silt.
Direct push injection
of PS and HRC® into
barrier application
downgradient of
source area.
Goal was to reduce
TCE and Freon 113.
Site geology was
sandy silt.
Injection of PS and
nitrate through wells
into barrier application
pilot test at property
boundary mass flux
zone.
Goal was to reduce
benzene,
chlorobenzene, and
TPH.
Site geology was sand at
depth of 85 ft. bgs
Injection of PS and
ORC-A® through
wells.
Goal was to reduce
benzene in three
monitoring wells.
Site geology was
sandy across 10 ft.
vertical zone at 40
ft. bgs.
Injection of PS and
ORC-A® through
wells.
Goal was to reduce
benzene in two
monitoring wells.
Site geology was
fine across 10 ft.
vertical zone at 35
ft. bgs. adjacent to
sensitive receptor.
Direct push
injection of PS and
ORC-A® at gas
station.
Goal was to reduce
benzene in one
monitoring well at
property boundary.
Site geology was
silty clay across 10
ft. vertical zone at
25 ft. bgs.
OBSERVATIONS
Benzene reduced from
2 mg/L in both wells to
ND within 120 days
post-injection.
No impact to plants in
the planter.
Concentrations
remained ND for one
additional year of
post-injection
monitoring.
Benzene reduced from
1 mg/L to 20 µg/L
within 120 days.
TPHg/TPHd reduced by
75% and 65%,
respectively.
Both oxygen and
sulfate supported
biodegradation.
Property may be
available for
development sooner
than anticipated.
Target COCs reduced
from 3 mg/L to 10
µg/L within 180 days.
Remained low 18
months post-
injection.
Robust anaerobic
conditions
documented
biodegradation.
>80% reduction in 1,4
dioxane
concentrations;
mechanism under
investigation.
Preferential sorption
observed.
Benzene mass flux
reduced by >50% in 180
days.
Potential for
nitrate/sulfate
combination at full
scale.
Benzene reduced
from 800 µg/L to
50 µg/L within 120
days. TPHg
reduced by 70%.
Oxygen supported
biodegradation.
Pilot test result
may be sufficient to
close site.
Benzene reduced
from 4 mg/L in
both wells to ND
within 180 days
post-injection.
No surface water
impacts observed
from PS or COC
migration.
Concentrations
remained ND for
one additional year
of post-injection
monitoring.
Benzene reduced
from 2 mg/L in
both wells to ND
within 120 days
post-injection.
No impact to plants
in the planter.
Concentrations
remained ND for
one additional year
of post-injection
monitoring.
PlumeStop® Project Summaries

13. The Technologies
Performance
Summaries
Case Studies

14. A B C D E F Total
Impact Zone Vol (ft3) 24500 24500 15000 7000 3000 8500 82500.0
No Injection Pts 44 45 30 12 6 15 152.0
No Injections 264 270 180 72 36 90 912.0
Contaminant Load (lb/ft3) 3.71E-05 7.00E-05 6.18E-05 2.78E-06 1.55E-06 1.03E-05 NA
BOS 200 Load (lb/ft3) 0.413061 0.321633 0.315333 0.154286 0.11 0.211765 0.3
Total BOS 200 (lb) 10120 7880 4730 1080 330 1800 25940.0
Treatment
Zone
Benzene
Mass
Removal (%)
Mass
Removal
(%)
A 66 67
B 71 57
C 91 94
D 88 98
E 99 99
F 94 99
Former Gasoline Service Station, Long Island
INJECTION DETAILS
RESULTS

15. 76 Station, Daly City, CA

16. 15
~12 ft. to 37-38 ft.
bgs: poorly sorted
primarily sand (SP)
with some
interbedded silt and
clay
38 ft. to 45 ft. bgs:
continuous clay layer
(aquitard) found in all
borings south of most
downgradient well~
Site Geology

17. Groundwater Data

18. Groundwater Flow Direction

19. Pilot Test Monitoring Wells - MW-24/14
18

20. • Direct push PlumeStop® at
MW-14 and MW-24
• Direct push ORC-A® to
enhance biodegradation 30
days later
• Three injection points per well
per amendment
• Monitor every two weeks for
MTBE/TBA and secondary
parameters – geochem/field
parameters/microbial (RNA vs
DNA)
• Remedial goal – 1 mg/L MTBE
Pilot Test Approach
19

21. Injection Highlights
20

22. The Results – MW-14
50
100
150
200
250
300
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
8/14/2013 3/2/2014 9/18/2014 4/6/2015 10/23/2015 5/10/2016 11/26/2016 6/14/2017 12/31/2017
Concentration(TBAug/L)
Concentration(MTBE,µg/L)
Date
MW-14
MTBE, TBA, versus Time
Former 76 Service Station 11202
Daly City, California
MTBE
(ug/L)
Plume Stop Injection ORC-A Injection Plume Stop Injection TBA
(ug/L)
9.43
µg/L
21

23. The Results – MW-24
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
4/30/2016 8/8/2016 11/16/2016 2/24/2017 6/4/2017 9/12/2017 12/21/2017
Concentration(TBA,ug/L)
Concentration(MTBE,µg/L)
Date
MW-24
MTBE, TBA versus Time
Former 76 Service Station 11202
Daly City, California
MTBE
(ug/L)
Plume Stop Injection ORC-A Injection TBA
(ug/L)
114 µg/L
22

24. 23
• Direct push injection into sand is not
always what it appears
• A bioamendment can be an
important addition to the carbon-
based amendment, but natural
conditions can still support
biodegradation
• With the right microbiology and
conditions, substantial reduction in
MTBE/TBA concentrations is possible
• 5 points per day is reasonable
production rate
Lessons Learned

25. Acknowledgements:
Gordon Hinshalwood, PhD
Antea Group (Hartford, CT)
RPI Products, Inc.
Regenesis Bioremediation Products
Thank You/Q&A
AnteaGroup
@AnteaGroup
Jack Sheldon
US Toll Free 800.477.7411
Mobile +1 515. 971.8329
5910 Rice Creek Parkway, Suite 100
Shoreview, MN 55126
jack.sheldon@anteagroup.com

26. B E T T E R B U S I N E S S ,
B E T T E R W O R L D℠
Antea Group Offices
USA Headquarters
5910 Rice Creek Parkway, Suite 100
St. Paul, MN 55126, USA
USA Toll Free: +1 800 477 7411
International: +1 651 639 9443
Belgium
Roderveldlaan 1
2600 Antwerpen
Colombia
Calle 35 No. 7-25, Piso 12
Bogota, DC
France
29 avenue Aristide Briand - CS 10006
94117 Arcueil Cedex
Netherlands
Monitorweg 29
1322 BK Almere
www.anteagroup.com