This study evaluated changes in bacterial communities and performance of aerobic granules treating 4-chlorophenol wastewater under two operation strategies: a conventional fixed time control (FTC) and an optimal control strategy (ED-TOC). The ED-TOC strategy maintained inhibitory concentrations below thresholds and degradation rates near maximum levels. Results showed shifts in microbial populations and increased genera of 4-CP degraders under ED-TOC. Both strategies achieved over 99.5% 4-CP removal, though ED-TOC showed more robust performance at higher concentrations. ED-TOC also exhibited lower effluent solids, higher respiration rates, and faster settling velocities than FTC.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM A BULK DRUG MANUFACTURING IND...Journal For Research
A study has been carried out on aerobic biological treatment of a bulk drug industrial effluent which is highly acidic in nature and shows high value of BOD5 (≈ 36000 mg/l), COD (≈ 84000 mg/l). Chemical treatment conducted for neutralizing the pH followed by biological treatment using a lab-scale reactor with acclimatized bacterial consortia isolated from natural soil has confirmed its feasibility for biological treatment. About 99% removal of COD from starting value of around 8000 mg/l has been achieved. The COD value in different hydraulic retention time (HRT) has been brought down to less than 100 mg/l in treated effluent, showing high removal of dissolved organics by aerobic biological treatment.
Poster presented at a conference "Water Research at University of Oulu"Tero Luukkonen
Poster presented at a conference "Water Research at University of Oulu". The poster presents some disinfection results with peracetic acid in wastewater and sludge matrixes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM A BULK DRUG MANUFACTURING IND...Journal For Research
A study has been carried out on aerobic biological treatment of a bulk drug industrial effluent which is highly acidic in nature and shows high value of BOD5 (≈ 36000 mg/l), COD (≈ 84000 mg/l). Chemical treatment conducted for neutralizing the pH followed by biological treatment using a lab-scale reactor with acclimatized bacterial consortia isolated from natural soil has confirmed its feasibility for biological treatment. About 99% removal of COD from starting value of around 8000 mg/l has been achieved. The COD value in different hydraulic retention time (HRT) has been brought down to less than 100 mg/l in treated effluent, showing high removal of dissolved organics by aerobic biological treatment.
Poster presented at a conference "Water Research at University of Oulu"Tero Luukkonen
Poster presented at a conference "Water Research at University of Oulu". The poster presents some disinfection results with peracetic acid in wastewater and sludge matrixes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
“Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from fertilizers industry”Omar Ali
Phosphate and fluoride are of commonly detected contaminants in the wastewater of fertilizer industries that produce nitro-phosphate. Chemical precipitation is the mainly responsible for remediation of TP and F-contaminated wastewater.
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
Various aldoximes and ketoximes synthesis of corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as recoverable nano catalyst and NH2OH·HCl. The SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system was carried out between 10 to 15 min in oil bath (70-80 °C) under solvent-free condition in excellent yields in addition this protocol can be used for industrial scales. This method offers some advantages in term of clean reaction conditions, easy work-up procedure, short reaction time, applied to convert α-diketones to α-diketoximes (as longer than other carbonyl compounds), α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to corresponding oximes and suppression of any side product. So we think that NH2OH•HCl/SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system could be considered a new and useful addition to the present methodologies in this area. Structure of products and nano composite elucidation was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
“Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from fertilizers industry”Omar Ali
Phosphate and fluoride are of commonly detected contaminants in the wastewater of fertilizer industries that produce nitro-phosphate. Chemical precipitation is the mainly responsible for remediation of TP and F-contaminated wastewater.
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
Various aldoximes and ketoximes synthesis of corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as recoverable nano catalyst and NH2OH·HCl. The SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system was carried out between 10 to 15 min in oil bath (70-80 °C) under solvent-free condition in excellent yields in addition this protocol can be used for industrial scales. This method offers some advantages in term of clean reaction conditions, easy work-up procedure, short reaction time, applied to convert α-diketones to α-diketoximes (as longer than other carbonyl compounds), α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to corresponding oximes and suppression of any side product. So we think that NH2OH•HCl/SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system could be considered a new and useful addition to the present methodologies in this area. Structure of products and nano composite elucidation was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Led a team of four in the recently concluded Northeast section of the Ohio Water Environment Association. In the slides, It describes the alternatives and recommended solution to treat wastewater that has pharmaceuticals contaminants in it. My team cane second place in a total of seven teams
Remedition Using Soy Based Aerobic Co-Metabolism for Removal of Chlorinated H...Neale Misquitta
Presentation from the Nov 2008 Alcoa Forum. Thanks for the upload. Note - the majority of the site work is related to Do Blackert - i updated the pdf to include Dons link information. The rest of the information is from the presentation.
1. AIM
To evaluate the changes in the bacterial community, the 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP)
degradation rate, effluent suspended solids, respirometric activity and settling velocity
of aerobic granules during the degradation of 4-CP synthetic water, when the common
SBR operation is changed to an optimal control operation.
INTRODUCTION
The conventional aerobic wastewater treatment processes fail when they are
exposed to high contaminant concentrations, that results inhibitory and toxic for the
microorganisms. This problem can be solved by strategies like cellular immobilization
[1], that is the case of the aerobic granulation.
The aerobic granules are microbial origin aggregates that does not coagulate under
low hydrodynamic shear forces and that settle faster than flocculent sludge [2]. The
aerobic granules have been cultivated only in sequencing batch reactors (SBR) [3],
inin which all metabolic
METHODOLOGY
RESULTS
• Degradation and 4-CP kinetics
*Laboratorio de Investigación en Procesos Avanzados de Tratamiento de Aguas, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Blvd
Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, México.
$ Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
Víctor S. García Rea*$, Luisa Falcón $, German Buitrón* and Iván Moreno Andrade*
CONCLUSIONS
•A shift in the microbial population of aerobic granules degrading 4-CP when a
control strategy was used were observed, presenting an augmentation of the
genders of the 4-CP bacterial degraders.
•The new community is phylogenetically similar to the first one, so despite the
genders differences the metabolic and functional activity is preserved..
•Changes were registered from one operation strategy to the other in the 4-CP
degradation rate, effluent suspended solids, respirometric activity and settling
velocity. The removal percentage of 4-CP were kept in more of the 99.5% for both
strategies, although the ED-TOC strategy is more robust for more elevated
concentrations. .
REFERENCES
1. Moreno-Andrade, I., G. Buitron, A. Vargas, Effect of starvation and shock loads on the biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in a discontinuous
moving bed biofilm reactor. Appl Biochem Biotech, 2009. p. 222-30.
2. de Kreuk, M.K., et al., Discussion outcomes. Ede. In: Aerobic Granular Sludge. Water and Environmental Managment Series2005: IWA
Publishing.
3. Adav, S.S., et al., Aerobic granular sludge: recent advances. Biotechnol Adv, 2008. p. 411-23.
4. Moreno-Andrade, I., et al., Optimal degradation of inhibitory wastewaters in a fed-batch bioreactor. J Chem Technol Biot, 2006. p. 713-720.
in which all metabolic reactions and solid-liquid
separations take place in one tank, with a well-
defined and continuously repeated step
sequence.
In the SBR, the inhibitory compound
degradation could be optimized by means of a
filling/feeding mode that maintains at the
maximum value the pollutant degradation rate
(q) [4]. Unlike the common operation strategy
or FTC (Fixed time control) (fig. 1), the ED-
TOC (Event driven time optimal control)
strategy achieves this optimization by
adjusting the influent flow such a way that an
inhibitory by control) logra estainhibitory concentration is never exceeded and the pollutant degradation rate is
maintained around the maximum value [4].
FTC Kinetics
0 100 200 300 400
0
50
100
150
200
250
380 mg/L
450 mg/L
300 mg/L
Time (min)
4-CF[mg/L]
TRACING OF GRANULAR BIOMASS IN A SBR DEGRADING INHIBITORY
4-CHLOROPHENOL SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING TWO DIFFERENT
OPERATION STRATEGIES
• Physicochemical and molecular biology results
• Microscopy and CLSM
Figure 2. Aerobic granule photography (A), granular surface CLSM 20X (B) and
fluorescence microscopy performed in an aerobic granular section: FITC (green-
protein staining) and Calcofluor White (blue-carbohydrate staining) (C).
20X100 mm
A B C
Effluent suspended solids
FTC vs ED-TOC
FTC ED-TOC
0
10
20
30
40
SS(mg/L)
n=25, bars 95% confidence interval
FTC vs ED-TOC respirometry
FTC ED-TOC
0
100
200
300
mgO2/gSSVh
n=10, bars 95% confidence interval
FTC vs ED-TOC settling velocity
0 50 100 150
0
20
40
60
80
100 FTC
ED-TOC
Operation day
Setvel(m/h)
ED-TOCFTC
A B
ED-TOC
0
FTC
46F-534R primersTX9-1391R primers
Figure 4. DGGE, 40-60% denaturant gradient.
4-CP influent
[mg/L]
4-CP effluent
[mg/L] FTC
Removal
percentage (FTC)
4-CP influent
[mg/L] ED-TOC
Removal
percentage(ED-TOC)
300-500 0.14 +/- 0.11 99.81 +/- 0.03 % 0.41+/- 0.08% 99.81+/-0.09%
Table 1. 4-CP removal in both strategies. Average with 95% confidence interval, n>60.
q= 1190 +/- 300 mg4CF gSSV-1 d-1
0
5
10
15
20
25
Clonepercentage
ED-TOC reactor microorganisms Fila
Fila
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Clonepercentage
FTC reactor microorganisms
Figure 3. CLSM of granular sections of 40 mm width. Protein/nucleic acid stain (DAPI)
(A, C), and protein/carbohydrate satin (B).
63X
B
25X
B
63XA B C
50 mm 20 mm 20 mm
Comparation
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
0
20
40
60
0
2
4
6
O2
4-CF
Cinética ED-TOC
tiempo (min)
4-CF[mg/L]
O2[mg/L]
ED-TOC Kinetics
q= 714 +/- 100 mg4CF gSSV-1 d-1
2
T Time (min)
Acknowledgments
Authors want to thanks to: Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Querétaro (CONCyTEQ) and
CONACyT scholarship for economic support; and MSc. Jaime Pérez, and MSc. Osiris Gaona for all the technical
support given.
Figure 1. FTC (A) vs ED-TOC (B) operation
scheme.
Slow reaction
Quick fill
A
Optimal degradation
B
Degradation
with inhibition
E-mail: serman13@hotmail.com