Relation between TCP/IP Model Layers and OSI Model Layers
•
0 likes•262 views
Relation between TCP/IP Model Layers and OSI Model Layers
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
OSI MODEL
The OSI model defines a standard approach to network communication with 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and error checking and the upper layers providing services to applications. Information is encapsulated as it moves down the layers and headers are added before being de-encapsulated as it moves up the layers at the receiving end. The model separates network functions and allows components from different vendors to work together.
Chap 12 tcp
This document provides an overview of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It discusses TCP services like reliable data delivery and connection-oriented communication. The document explains TCP features such as flow control, error control, and congestion control. It describes TCP segments, the three-way handshake for connection establishment, and the TCP state transition diagram. Examples are provided to illustrate TCP windows, acknowledgments, retransmissions, and timers.
Internet and intranet
The document defines and compares intranets, extranets, and the internet. An intranet allows restricted access within an organization, an extranet expands access to authorized outsiders like suppliers, and the internet provides open access worldwide. It also defines VPNs as using public networks like the internet to connect private networks, and VLANs as logical groupings of devices that appear on the same network despite geographical distribution. The key differences are levels of access and size of the network.
Tcp IP Model
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
Network communication standards
This document discusses several network communication standards and protocols. It explains that organizations like ANSI and IEEE establish network standards that specify how devices connect to networks and communicate. It describes several widely used standards including Ethernet, which defines cable-based networking, as well as wireless standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, WiMAX, and TCP/IP, which is the standard protocol that ensures data is routed and delivered correctly over the Internet.
multiplexing
This document discusses different multiplexing techniques used in data and computer communications, including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), statistical TDM, and their applications. It also covers digital carrier systems, synchronous optical network (SONET), asynchronous digital subscriber line (ADSL), discrete multitone (DMT) modulation, and cable modem operations.
Osi model(open system interconnection)
The OSI model is a standard reference model for network communication that consists of 7 layers:
1) The physical layer is responsible for the movements of individual bits from one hop to the next.
2) The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop to the next.
3) The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
The Internet, Intranet and Extranet
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Recommended
OSI MODEL
The OSI model defines a standard approach to network communication with 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and error checking and the upper layers providing services to applications. Information is encapsulated as it moves down the layers and headers are added before being de-encapsulated as it moves up the layers at the receiving end. The model separates network functions and allows components from different vendors to work together.
Chap 12 tcp
This document provides an overview of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It discusses TCP services like reliable data delivery and connection-oriented communication. The document explains TCP features such as flow control, error control, and congestion control. It describes TCP segments, the three-way handshake for connection establishment, and the TCP state transition diagram. Examples are provided to illustrate TCP windows, acknowledgments, retransmissions, and timers.
Internet and intranet
The document defines and compares intranets, extranets, and the internet. An intranet allows restricted access within an organization, an extranet expands access to authorized outsiders like suppliers, and the internet provides open access worldwide. It also defines VPNs as using public networks like the internet to connect private networks, and VLANs as logical groupings of devices that appear on the same network despite geographical distribution. The key differences are levels of access and size of the network.
Tcp IP Model
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
Network communication standards
This document discusses several network communication standards and protocols. It explains that organizations like ANSI and IEEE establish network standards that specify how devices connect to networks and communicate. It describes several widely used standards including Ethernet, which defines cable-based networking, as well as wireless standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, WiMAX, and TCP/IP, which is the standard protocol that ensures data is routed and delivered correctly over the Internet.
multiplexing
This document discusses different multiplexing techniques used in data and computer communications, including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), statistical TDM, and their applications. It also covers digital carrier systems, synchronous optical network (SONET), asynchronous digital subscriber line (ADSL), discrete multitone (DMT) modulation, and cable modem operations.
Osi model(open system interconnection)
The OSI model is a standard reference model for network communication that consists of 7 layers:
1) The physical layer is responsible for the movements of individual bits from one hop to the next.
2) The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop to the next.
3) The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
The Internet, Intranet and Extranet
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Internet and intranet
The Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers using TCP/IP, while an intranet is a private network within an organization that also uses TCP/IP. Public relations utilizes various Internet and intranet tools for different functions like publicity, sponsorship, fundraising, sales promotion, marketing, brand management, communication, education, and event management. PR professionals use blogs, social networks, videos, photos, wikis, podcasts, webinars, RSS feeds, forums, games, newsrooms, alerts, search optimization, and email for engagement and monitoring.
Basic networking
The document discusses basics of computer networks. It defines data communication and its key characteristics like delivery, accuracy and timeliness. The basic components of a communication model are identified as the message, protocol, sender, receiver and transmission medium. Different data types like text, numbers, images, audio and video are represented as bit patterns for transmission. Types of networks like personal area network, local area network, wide area network, campus area network and metropolitan area network are classified based on their geographical span, interconnectivity, administration and architecture.
Osi model 7 Layers
OSI layers describes how the data can be send from one parties to another during data communication. it also gives the detailed information of how the data functionally divided into small pieces and reaches the destination.
Network standards & protocols
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network communication. It has 7 layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and higher layers dealing with software interactions. The layered model allows for modularity and troubleshooting individual layers.
Networking standards
There are many standards organizations that establish networking standards. The key organizations discussed are IEEE, which establishes electrical and computer engineering standards; ISO, which sets international technological standards; ANSI, which represents the US in international standards setting; and organizations like IETF, IANA, and ICANN that set Internet protocols and manage IP addressing.
Python reading and writing files
This document discusses different techniques for reading files in Python. It begins by explaining what files are and the different types, with a focus on text files. It then demonstrates opening a file and reading the entire contents in one string. Next, it shows how to read each line of a file as a separate string using readlines(). Finally, it provides an example of printing the lines of a file in reverse order to illustrate reading files in different ways. The key techniques covered are reading the entire file, reading a specified number of characters, reading each line as a separate string, and iterating through the lines in reverse order.
OSI Model - Every Detail Explained
The document summarizes the 7 layers of the OSI model and how data is transmitted through each layer. As data flows down the layers, it is broken into smaller pieces and encapsulated with headers at each layer. At the physical layer, data takes the form of electrical signals made up of 1s and 0s that can be transmitted across physical media.
What is an intranet
The document discusses intranets, their technology and uses. An intranet is a private internal network that uses internet technology for communication and information sharing within an organization. It allows improved internal communication and access to information. The technology behind intranets includes TCP/IP networks, firewall protected internet connectivity, web servers, databases and authoring tools. Intranets are advantageous as they are platform independent, easy to publish and maintain information on, and cost effective. Some disadvantages include potential security concerns and information overload. The document also discusses DNS, defining it as the distributed naming system that maps names to internet addresses and stores retrieval information in a global data store.
Multiplexing
Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share a single transmission medium by dividing the available bandwidth. There are two main types of multiplexing: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM assigns non-overlapping frequency ranges to each signal, allowing all signals to be transmitted simultaneously using different frequencies. TDM divides available transmission time among users by sharing the signal, with synchronous TDM transmitting data in a round-robin fashion from attached devices and statistical TDM only transmitting data from active devices.
Tdm & fdm
Bandwidth utilization techniques allow multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single data link. Multiplexing divides the bandwidth into channels that can be assigned to different signals. There are two primary multiplexing techniques: frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and time-division multiplexing (TDM). FDM is an analog technique that combines signals by assigning each to a different frequency band. TDM is a digital technique that combines signals by assigning each short time slots in a repeating sequence. TDM makes more efficient use of the available bandwidth than FDM.
types of computer networks, protocols and standards
This document defines and classifies computer networks. It discusses how networks allow computers to be interconnected and exchange information. Networks are classified based on their transmission technology (broadcast or point-to-point) and scale (LAN, MAN, WAN). LANs are within a building or campus, MANs cover a city, and WANs span large geographical areas. Wireless networks can connect components or allow communication between devices within range using technologies like Bluetooth or over larger distances using cellular networks. Protocols and standards like TCP/IP and ISO/OSI model govern network communications and interoperability.
Intranet 47
This document defines intranet, discusses its key characteristics and uses within organizations, and outlines both the advantages and disadvantages of using an intranet. An intranet is a private computer network that uses internet protocols to securely share information with employees. Intranets allow organizations to deliver tools like collaboration platforms, directories, and business applications to improve productivity. The main advantages of intranets are increased workforce productivity, improved communication, cost savings, and enhanced collaboration. However, disadvantages include the potential for incorrect or inappropriate information to be posted, a need for user training, and information overload if not properly controlled.
Multiplexing
The document discusses different techniques for multiplexing, which is the sharing of a transmission medium by multiple signals. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM) including synchronous and statistical TDM, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). TDM techniques like T-1 and ISDN use synchronous multiplexing to transmit multiple digital signals over a single circuit simultaneously.
7 layer OSI
Model OSI memiliki tujuh lapisan yang mendefinisikan fungsi jaringan dari fisik hingga aplikasi. Setiap lapisan bertugas mentransfer data dengan menambahkan header sebelum dikirim dan menghapusnya saat diterima. Model ini memudahkan desain jaringan dengan membagi tugas secara logis.
TCP Model
- The TCP/IP model was created by the Department of Defense to provide reliable networking and data integrity during disasters. It is now the predominant networking model used today.
- The TCP/IP model layers correspond to layers in the OSI model. Key protocols at each TCP/IP layer include IP, TCP, UDP, ARP, and Ethernet at the network/data link layers.
- TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communications using sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and retransmissions. UDP provides simpler, connectionless delivery without guarantees.
OSI MODEL - A PROJECT
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model:
1. The physical layer defines electrical specifications for activating and maintaining physical links.
2. The data link layer provides reliable transmission of data frames across physical links and defines media access control.
3. The network layer provides path selection and logical addressing between hosts across networks.
4. The transport layer segments data streams and handles flow control and reliability between hosts.
5. The session layer establishes and manages dialogues between presentation layers of two hosts.
6. The presentation layer ensures data formats are readable between applications of different systems.
7. The application layer provides network services to user applications like browsers and office programs.
Intranet and extranet
1. An intranet is a private internal network that uses internet technologies like HTML and TCP/IP and is only accessible to authorized members of an organization. It provides collaboration and communication tools.
2. An extranet extends an organization's intranet to external partners, suppliers, and customers. It uses the same internet technologies and security measures as an intranet.
3. Both intranets and extranets provide advantages like low costs, easy access to information, and improved communication and collaboration. However, they also pose security and information overload risks that must be managed.
Multiplexing
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used in telecommunications to transmit multiple signals over a shared medium. It involves dividing a signal into multiple time slots and assigning each slot to a different signal. TDM was initially developed for telegraphy in 1870 and is now widely used. It is used in digital networks like TDM telephone networks and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks to efficiently allocate bandwidth to multiple signals or data streams. Common examples of TDM include digitally transmitting multiple telephone calls over the same cable or interleaving left and right stereo signals in an audio file.
7 multiplexing
Multiplexing allows multiple transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity through techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM allocates different carrier frequencies to different signals so they do not overlap. TDM interleaves multiple digital signals in time by assigning fixed time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand to make more efficient use of bandwidth compared to synchronous TDM which allocates slots even if they are empty.
TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model has four layers: Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. The Application layer contains protocols that provide services to users like web browsing, email, and file transfers. The Transport layer deals with manipulating data and preparing it for delivery through the network using protocols like TCP and UDP. The Internet layer determines routing and addresses using IP addressing and routing protocols. The Network Access layer is responsible for transmitting bits and bytes across physical network connections using devices like hubs, switches, and network interface cards.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
More Related Content
Viewers also liked
Internet and intranet
The Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers using TCP/IP, while an intranet is a private network within an organization that also uses TCP/IP. Public relations utilizes various Internet and intranet tools for different functions like publicity, sponsorship, fundraising, sales promotion, marketing, brand management, communication, education, and event management. PR professionals use blogs, social networks, videos, photos, wikis, podcasts, webinars, RSS feeds, forums, games, newsrooms, alerts, search optimization, and email for engagement and monitoring.
Basic networking
The document discusses basics of computer networks. It defines data communication and its key characteristics like delivery, accuracy and timeliness. The basic components of a communication model are identified as the message, protocol, sender, receiver and transmission medium. Different data types like text, numbers, images, audio and video are represented as bit patterns for transmission. Types of networks like personal area network, local area network, wide area network, campus area network and metropolitan area network are classified based on their geographical span, interconnectivity, administration and architecture.
Osi model 7 Layers
OSI layers describes how the data can be send from one parties to another during data communication. it also gives the detailed information of how the data functionally divided into small pieces and reaches the destination.
Network standards & protocols
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network communication. It has 7 layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and higher layers dealing with software interactions. The layered model allows for modularity and troubleshooting individual layers.
Networking standards
There are many standards organizations that establish networking standards. The key organizations discussed are IEEE, which establishes electrical and computer engineering standards; ISO, which sets international technological standards; ANSI, which represents the US in international standards setting; and organizations like IETF, IANA, and ICANN that set Internet protocols and manage IP addressing.
Python reading and writing files
This document discusses different techniques for reading files in Python. It begins by explaining what files are and the different types, with a focus on text files. It then demonstrates opening a file and reading the entire contents in one string. Next, it shows how to read each line of a file as a separate string using readlines(). Finally, it provides an example of printing the lines of a file in reverse order to illustrate reading files in different ways. The key techniques covered are reading the entire file, reading a specified number of characters, reading each line as a separate string, and iterating through the lines in reverse order.
OSI Model - Every Detail Explained
The document summarizes the 7 layers of the OSI model and how data is transmitted through each layer. As data flows down the layers, it is broken into smaller pieces and encapsulated with headers at each layer. At the physical layer, data takes the form of electrical signals made up of 1s and 0s that can be transmitted across physical media.
What is an intranet
The document discusses intranets, their technology and uses. An intranet is a private internal network that uses internet technology for communication and information sharing within an organization. It allows improved internal communication and access to information. The technology behind intranets includes TCP/IP networks, firewall protected internet connectivity, web servers, databases and authoring tools. Intranets are advantageous as they are platform independent, easy to publish and maintain information on, and cost effective. Some disadvantages include potential security concerns and information overload. The document also discusses DNS, defining it as the distributed naming system that maps names to internet addresses and stores retrieval information in a global data store.
Multiplexing
Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share a single transmission medium by dividing the available bandwidth. There are two main types of multiplexing: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM assigns non-overlapping frequency ranges to each signal, allowing all signals to be transmitted simultaneously using different frequencies. TDM divides available transmission time among users by sharing the signal, with synchronous TDM transmitting data in a round-robin fashion from attached devices and statistical TDM only transmitting data from active devices.
Tdm & fdm
Bandwidth utilization techniques allow multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single data link. Multiplexing divides the bandwidth into channels that can be assigned to different signals. There are two primary multiplexing techniques: frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and time-division multiplexing (TDM). FDM is an analog technique that combines signals by assigning each to a different frequency band. TDM is a digital technique that combines signals by assigning each short time slots in a repeating sequence. TDM makes more efficient use of the available bandwidth than FDM.
types of computer networks, protocols and standards
This document defines and classifies computer networks. It discusses how networks allow computers to be interconnected and exchange information. Networks are classified based on their transmission technology (broadcast or point-to-point) and scale (LAN, MAN, WAN). LANs are within a building or campus, MANs cover a city, and WANs span large geographical areas. Wireless networks can connect components or allow communication between devices within range using technologies like Bluetooth or over larger distances using cellular networks. Protocols and standards like TCP/IP and ISO/OSI model govern network communications and interoperability.
Intranet 47
This document defines intranet, discusses its key characteristics and uses within organizations, and outlines both the advantages and disadvantages of using an intranet. An intranet is a private computer network that uses internet protocols to securely share information with employees. Intranets allow organizations to deliver tools like collaboration platforms, directories, and business applications to improve productivity. The main advantages of intranets are increased workforce productivity, improved communication, cost savings, and enhanced collaboration. However, disadvantages include the potential for incorrect or inappropriate information to be posted, a need for user training, and information overload if not properly controlled.
Multiplexing
The document discusses different techniques for multiplexing, which is the sharing of a transmission medium by multiple signals. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM) including synchronous and statistical TDM, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). TDM techniques like T-1 and ISDN use synchronous multiplexing to transmit multiple digital signals over a single circuit simultaneously.
7 layer OSI
Model OSI memiliki tujuh lapisan yang mendefinisikan fungsi jaringan dari fisik hingga aplikasi. Setiap lapisan bertugas mentransfer data dengan menambahkan header sebelum dikirim dan menghapusnya saat diterima. Model ini memudahkan desain jaringan dengan membagi tugas secara logis.
TCP Model
- The TCP/IP model was created by the Department of Defense to provide reliable networking and data integrity during disasters. It is now the predominant networking model used today.
- The TCP/IP model layers correspond to layers in the OSI model. Key protocols at each TCP/IP layer include IP, TCP, UDP, ARP, and Ethernet at the network/data link layers.
- TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communications using sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and retransmissions. UDP provides simpler, connectionless delivery without guarantees.
OSI MODEL - A PROJECT
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model:
1. The physical layer defines electrical specifications for activating and maintaining physical links.
2. The data link layer provides reliable transmission of data frames across physical links and defines media access control.
3. The network layer provides path selection and logical addressing between hosts across networks.
4. The transport layer segments data streams and handles flow control and reliability between hosts.
5. The session layer establishes and manages dialogues between presentation layers of two hosts.
6. The presentation layer ensures data formats are readable between applications of different systems.
7. The application layer provides network services to user applications like browsers and office programs.
Intranet and extranet
1. An intranet is a private internal network that uses internet technologies like HTML and TCP/IP and is only accessible to authorized members of an organization. It provides collaboration and communication tools.
2. An extranet extends an organization's intranet to external partners, suppliers, and customers. It uses the same internet technologies and security measures as an intranet.
3. Both intranets and extranets provide advantages like low costs, easy access to information, and improved communication and collaboration. However, they also pose security and information overload risks that must be managed.
Multiplexing
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used in telecommunications to transmit multiple signals over a shared medium. It involves dividing a signal into multiple time slots and assigning each slot to a different signal. TDM was initially developed for telegraphy in 1870 and is now widely used. It is used in digital networks like TDM telephone networks and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks to efficiently allocate bandwidth to multiple signals or data streams. Common examples of TDM include digitally transmitting multiple telephone calls over the same cable or interleaving left and right stereo signals in an audio file.
7 multiplexing
Multiplexing allows multiple transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity through techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM allocates different carrier frequencies to different signals so they do not overlap. TDM interleaves multiple digital signals in time by assigning fixed time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand to make more efficient use of bandwidth compared to synchronous TDM which allocates slots even if they are empty.
TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model has four layers: Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. The Application layer contains protocols that provide services to users like web browsing, email, and file transfers. The Transport layer deals with manipulating data and preparing it for delivery through the network using protocols like TCP and UDP. The Internet layer determines routing and addresses using IP addressing and routing protocols. The Network Access layer is responsible for transmitting bits and bytes across physical network connections using devices like hubs, switches, and network interface cards.
Viewers also liked (20)
types of computer networks, protocols and standards
types of computer networks, protocols and standards
Recently uploaded
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
Convolutional Neural Network used for image classification
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
Design and optimization of ion propulsion drone
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION for seminar ppt.pdf
BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION
AND CLASSIFICATION USING
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Recently uploaded (20)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Relation between TCP/IP Model Layers and OSI Model Layers
- 1. T e c h n i c a l - N o t e s P a g e | 1 lookformrsingh.wordpress.com +91-9457670576 lookformrsingh@gmail.com 3 1 1 2 This is the relation between Four (4) layers of TCP/IP Model and Seven (7) layers of OSI Model. i.e. First Layer of TCP/IP Model is associated with 2 layers of OSI Model. Second Layer of TCP/IP Model is associated with 1 layer of OSI Model. Third Layer of TCP/IP Model is associated with 1 layer of OSI Model. Fourth Layer of TCP/IP Model is associated with 3 layers of OSI Model. Elaborating it further: First Layer of TCP/IP Model, which is ‘Host-to-Network Layer’ or ‘Network Interface Layer’ is associated with first and second layers of OSI Model, which are, ‘Physical Layer’- the first layer of OSI Model and ‘Data Link Layer’- the second layer of OSI Model. Second Layer of TCP/IP Model, which is ‘Internet Layer’, is associated with third layer of OSI Model, which is, ‘Network Layer’. Third Layer of TCP/IP Model, which is ‘Transport Layer’, is associated with fourth layer of OSI Model, which is, ‘Transport Layer’. Fourth Layer of TCP/IP Model, which is ‘Application Layer’, is associated with fifth, sixth and seventh layers of OSI Model, which are, ‘Session Layer’- the fifth layer of OSI Model, ‘Presentation Layer’- the sixth layer of OSI Model and ‘Data Link Layer’- the seventh layer of OSI Model.
- 2. T e c h n i c a l - N o t e s P a g e | 2 lookformrsingh.wordpress.com +91-9457670576 lookformrsingh@gmail.com TCP/IP Model Layers OSI Model Layers Layer- 1: Application Layer Layer- 7: Application Layer Layer- 6: Presentation Layer Layer- 5: Session Layer Layer- 3: Transport Layer Layer- 4: Transport Layer Layer- 2: Internet Layer Layer- 3: Network Layer Layer- 1: Host-to-Network Layer (or Network Interface Layer) Layer- 2: Data Link Layer Layer- 1: Physical Layer