Multiplexing
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Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share a single transmission medium by dividing the available bandwidth. There are two main types of multiplexing: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM assigns non-overlapping frequency ranges to each signal, allowing all signals to be transmitted simultaneously using different frequencies. TDM divides available transmission time among users by sharing the signal, with synchronous TDM transmitting data in a round-robin fashion from attached devices and statistical TDM only transmitting data from active devices.
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Multiplexing techniques such as time division multiplexing (TDM) and frequency division multiplexing (FDM) allow multiple users to share network links. TDM divides time into slots that are allocated to users on a fixed or dynamic basis. FDM assigns each user a unique frequency band to transmit in simultaneously. Switching networks move data packets through intermediate nodes using either circuit switching, which establishes a dedicated path, or packet switching, which breaks messages into packets that travel independently through the network.
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1. Multiplexing techniques allow multiple communication links to share a single physical transmission line to make more efficient use of bandwidth. Common multiplexing methods include frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and statistical TDM.
2. FDM divides the bandwidth of a communication channel into different frequency bands, with each band carrying a separate signal. TDM allows multiple signals to share the same frequency channel by taking turns, with each signal assigned unique time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand.
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Multiplexing allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link using techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM combines signals by allocating each a different frequency band. WDM is similar but uses light signals transmitted through fiber optic channels. TDM is a digital process that combines data by allocating time slots, with synchronous TDM assigning fixed slots and asynchronous TDM allowing flexible slot allocation.
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Multiplexing combines multiple signals into a single transmission medium. There are several types of multiplexing including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). FDM combines analog signals onto different frequencies. TDM divides the transmission signal into time slots and allocates each signal to a time slot. WDM combines multiple optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. CDM combines signals by using spread spectrum technology and coding.
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Multiplexing allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. There are several types of multiplexing employed in telecommunications, including frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM uses different carrier frequencies to transmit separate signals. WDM takes advantage of the high data capacity of fiber-optic cables. TDM divides the transmission time into time slots and allots one slot for each message. Within TDM, synchronous TDM gives each device a fixed time slot while asynchronous TDM dynamically allocates slots.
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2. TDM can be synchronous, with signals transmitted in a repeating pattern, or statistical, only transmitting when a device is active to improve efficiency. Synchronous TDM is used for T-1 lines and ISDN, while statistical is used for LANs.
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1. The document discusses different techniques for multiplexing, which is sharing a transmission medium by multiple signals. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM).
2. TDM can be synchronous, with signals transmitted in a repeating pattern, or statistical, only transmitting when a device is active to improve efficiency. Synchronous TDM is used for T-1 lines and ISDN, while statistical is used for LANs.
3. WDM gives each signal a different wavelength on fiber optic lines. DWDM can transmit 30, 40, or more signals simultaneously on a single fiber using different
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Microwave Transmission
Microwave technology can be used for LANs, extended LANs, and mobile computing. It uses either terrestrial (ground-based) links or satellite links. There are three forms of mobile computing: packet-radio networking, cellular networking, and satellite station networking. Terrestrial microwave links employ line-of-sight transmitters and receivers in the low gigahertz range, requiring stations every 30 miles, while satellite links use geosynchronous satellites to relay signals over long distances. Microwave systems offer advantages like no cables and wide bandwidth but have disadvantages like disruption from obstacles and signal absorption.
Laser Transmission
The document discusses lasers and their properties compared to ordinary light. It provides details on:
1) Lasers emit light that is highly directional, monochromatic, and coherent, while ordinary light is emitted in many directions and is a combination of wavelengths.
2) Gas lasers work by applying a voltage to excite gas atoms in a tube to produce population inversion and emit continuous wave light.
3) Lasers can pose eye, skin, chemical, electrical, and fire hazards depending on their power level and are classified based on factors like wavelength and output.
Infrared Transmission
Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light, but shorter than microwave wavelengths. Infrared imaging is used extensively for military and civilian purposes such as target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, thermal efficiency analysis, and astronomy. Infrared radiation can also be used for heating, tracking objects that emit infrared, and short-range wireless communication using infrared light-emitting diodes.
Radio
Narrow-band radio transmission uses a single frequency for communication and has a greater range than infrared transmission, allowing mobile computing within a limited area as signals can bounce off walls and buildings even without direct line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver. However, its signals can be blocked by heavy walls like steel or concrete.
Transmission media
The document summarizes different types of transmission cables including coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding, and was commonly used in early Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cable consists of two copper wires twisted together to reduce interference, and comes in unshielded and shielded varieties. Fiber optic cable uses glass cores to transmit light signals and is more expensive but can transmit over greater distances and speeds with less signal loss than other cables.
Different frequency ranges
This document summarizes different frequency ranges used for various technologies and applications. It discusses extremely low frequencies to insanely high frequencies and provides examples such as AM radio from 535 KHz to 1.7 MHz, WiFi at either 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz, Bluetooth at 2.45 GHz, air traffic control radar from 0.96-1.215 GHz, GPS from 1.227-1.575 GHz, and gamma rays with the highest frequencies from 10^18 to 10^21 Hz.
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