The TCP/IP model has four layers: Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. The Application layer contains protocols that provide services to users like web browsing, email, and file transfers. The Transport layer deals with manipulating data and preparing it for delivery through the network using protocols like TCP and UDP. The Internet layer determines routing and addresses using IP addressing and routing protocols. The Network Access layer is responsible for transmitting bits and bytes across physical network connections using devices like hubs, switches, and network interface cards.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
TRANSPORT LAYER OF OSI MODEL
WHAT IS OSI MODEL?
LAYERS OF OSI MODEL
Data format of “OSI” Layers
Benefits of the OSI Model
WHAT IS TRANSPORT LAYER?
WORKING OF TRANSPORT LAYER
SERVICES BY TRANSPORT LAYER
Protocols of transport layer
USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL (UDP)
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL(TCP)
Sliding window Control or 3-Way Handshake
Functions of TCP
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
, Datagram Format
, Fragmentation
, Options
, Security of IPv4 Datagrams
,ICMPv4
, MESSAGES
, Debugging Tools
, ICMP Checksum
, MOBILE IP
, Addressing
, Agents
, Three Phases
, Inefficiency in Mobile IP
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP protocol suite does not define any protocol in the data-link layer or
physical layer. These two layers are territories of networks that when connected
make up the Internet. These networks, wired or wireless, provide services to the upper
three layers of the TCP/IP suite. This may give us a clue that there are several standard
protocols in the market today. For this reason, we discuss the data-link layer in several
chapters. This chapter is an introduction that gives the general idea and common issues
in the data-link layer that relate to all networks.
❑ The first section introduces the data-link layer. It starts with defining the concept
of links and nodes. The section then lists and briefly describes the services provided
by the data-link layer. It next defines two categories of links: point-to-point
and broadcast links. The section finally defines two sublayers at the data-link layer
that will be elaborated on in the next few chapters.
❑ The second section discusses link-layer addressing. It first explains the rationale
behind the existence of an addressing mechanism at the data-link layer. It then
describes three types of link-layer addresses to be found in some link-layer protocols.
The section discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which maps
the addresses at the network layer to addresses at the data-link layer. This protocol
helps a packet at the network layer find the link-layer address of the next node for
delivery of the frame that encapsulates the packet. To show how the network layer
helps us to find the data-link-layer addresses, a long example is included in this
section that shows what happens at each node when a packet is travelling through
the Internet.
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
TRANSPORT LAYER OF OSI MODEL
WHAT IS OSI MODEL?
LAYERS OF OSI MODEL
Data format of “OSI” Layers
Benefits of the OSI Model
WHAT IS TRANSPORT LAYER?
WORKING OF TRANSPORT LAYER
SERVICES BY TRANSPORT LAYER
Protocols of transport layer
USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL (UDP)
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL(TCP)
Sliding window Control or 3-Way Handshake
Functions of TCP
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
, Datagram Format
, Fragmentation
, Options
, Security of IPv4 Datagrams
,ICMPv4
, MESSAGES
, Debugging Tools
, ICMP Checksum
, MOBILE IP
, Addressing
, Agents
, Three Phases
, Inefficiency in Mobile IP
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP protocol suite does not define any protocol in the data-link layer or
physical layer. These two layers are territories of networks that when connected
make up the Internet. These networks, wired or wireless, provide services to the upper
three layers of the TCP/IP suite. This may give us a clue that there are several standard
protocols in the market today. For this reason, we discuss the data-link layer in several
chapters. This chapter is an introduction that gives the general idea and common issues
in the data-link layer that relate to all networks.
❑ The first section introduces the data-link layer. It starts with defining the concept
of links and nodes. The section then lists and briefly describes the services provided
by the data-link layer. It next defines two categories of links: point-to-point
and broadcast links. The section finally defines two sublayers at the data-link layer
that will be elaborated on in the next few chapters.
❑ The second section discusses link-layer addressing. It first explains the rationale
behind the existence of an addressing mechanism at the data-link layer. It then
describes three types of link-layer addresses to be found in some link-layer protocols.
The section discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which maps
the addresses at the network layer to addresses at the data-link layer. This protocol
helps a packet at the network layer find the link-layer address of the next node for
delivery of the frame that encapsulates the packet. To show how the network layer
helps us to find the data-link-layer addresses, a long example is included in this
section that shows what happens at each node when a packet is travelling through
the Internet.
1. TCP/IP Model There are four layers in TCP/IP model Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Network Access Layer
2. Application Layer (AL): Application Layer (AL), contains those protocols which provides services to users. Web browsing, e-mail, encryption, session establishment all these things happen in application Layer which uses protocols such as, HTTP, SMTP, DNS, TELNET, FTP, NFS, DFS, IMAP4, POP3, NNTP, SSH, SSL, GOPHER. Application Layer (AL), defines network application services like file transfer, network management. Identification of services is done using port numbers. Ports are nothing but socket i.e. entry & exit point to the layer. Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer of OSI model Responsible for converting data into standard format ex: ASCII, JPEG, MIDI, MP3. Encoding-decoding, encryption-decryption, compression, NFS, RPC (remote procedure code).
3. Transport Layer (TL): Two important protocols are used in Transport layer (TL). They are TCP and UDP Transport layer (TL), deals with actual manipulation of data and prepares it for delivery through network. If data is too large for the single frame, then TL breaks it into smaller pieces and assigns sequence number. It ensures that all the data is received in the right order than it was sent. TL is responsible for ensuring data is sent and received successfully. TL is responsible for verifying delivery of packets. Identification services, sequencing, flow control, error correction, segmentation, reassembling is done here.
4. Internet Layer (IL): Internet layer (IL), deals with, finding the way to the destination. Internet layer (IL) defines, IP addressing, routing, switching. It determines where the data should go on the physical network. It is responsible for routing each packet to its destination. Defines network address. Protocols that are used in this layer are routing protocol-OSPF, RIP, IGRP, EIGRP Routed protocols-IP, IPX, Appletalk. And DDP (datagram delivery protocol), ICMP, IPSec. This layer is also known as network layer in OSI model. IL provides best path to the data to reach destination. Device working in this layer is Router.
5. Network Access Layer: It is responsible for putting frames (packets) on the wire. Responsible for setting bits & bytes, electrical signals and impulses back and forth across the wire (coaxial or twisted pair). Deals with wire, connectors, signals, pulses, modems, fiber optic cable (in for of light). “Doors between worlds” connecting physical aspect of network (cables & Digital pulses). Describes specifications for topology. Devices used here are- HUB, Switch, Repeater, Bridges, and NIC. MAC – it talks about physical address LLC – it talks about wan protocols like ppp, hdlc, and frame relay. Responsible for error detection.