Gene expression in prokaryotes is primarily regulated at the transcription initiation step through the use of operons, which contain clusters of genes controlled by a single promoter. Operons include structural genes, operators that repressors can bind to, and promoters where RNA polymerase binds. Key examples like the lac operon are regulated by repressors that bind to the operator in the absence of an inducer, and activators like CAP that help recruit RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotesAnna Purna
Presence of nucleus and complexity of eukaryotic organism demands a well controlled gene regulation in eukaryotic cell. Tissue specific gene expression is essential as they are multicellular organisms in which different cells perform different functions. This PPT deals with various control points for the gene regulation and expression within a cell.
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promotepolymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA genetranscription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE ANDMECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OFTRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL ANDENERGETIC DETAILS
lac operon is a negatively controlled inducible operon.E.coli can use lactose as a source of carbon.
The enzymes required for the use of lactose as a source of carbon are synthesised only when the lactose is available as carbon source.
The lac operon is an example of nagatively controlled inducible operon.
Structure
The lac operon consists of 5 structural units.
Promoter
Operator
Structural genes
CAP binding sites
Regulatory gene
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotesAnna Purna
Presence of nucleus and complexity of eukaryotic organism demands a well controlled gene regulation in eukaryotic cell. Tissue specific gene expression is essential as they are multicellular organisms in which different cells perform different functions. This PPT deals with various control points for the gene regulation and expression within a cell.
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promotepolymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA genetranscription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE ANDMECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OFTRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL ANDENERGETIC DETAILS
lac operon is a negatively controlled inducible operon.E.coli can use lactose as a source of carbon.
The enzymes required for the use of lactose as a source of carbon are synthesised only when the lactose is available as carbon source.
The lac operon is an example of nagatively controlled inducible operon.
Structure
The lac operon consists of 5 structural units.
Promoter
Operator
Structural genes
CAP binding sites
Regulatory gene
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes finalICHHA PURAK
The power point presentation explains about regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes by means of Inducible and repressible operons with the help of Lactose(lac) operon and Tryptophan (trp)
Gene regulation in eukaryotes in a nutshell covering all the important stages of gene regulation in eukaryotes at transcriptional level, translation level and post-translational level.
Imagine a situation when a cell starts producing enzymes required for metabolism and those required for cell death (apoptosis) at the same time. The cell will be in a confused state and will not know which function to perform first. The needs of the body keep changing with time and cell has to tune itself to perform the desired set of activities. Gene regulation helps a unicellular organism to adapt well to the environment.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes finalICHHA PURAK
The power point presentation explains about regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes by means of Inducible and repressible operons with the help of Lactose(lac) operon and Tryptophan (trp)
Gene regulation in eukaryotes in a nutshell covering all the important stages of gene regulation in eukaryotes at transcriptional level, translation level and post-translational level.
Imagine a situation when a cell starts producing enzymes required for metabolism and those required for cell death (apoptosis) at the same time. The cell will be in a confused state and will not know which function to perform first. The needs of the body keep changing with time and cell has to tune itself to perform the desired set of activities. Gene regulation helps a unicellular organism to adapt well to the environment.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and virusesNOOR ARSHIA
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and viruses includes gene expression mechanism of prokaryotes such as lac operon ,trp operon, feedback inhibition, types of temporal response, positive and negative gene regulation. It also includes mechanisms such as reverse transcriptase in viruses.
Gene regulation can be defined as any kind of alteration in the gene to give rise to a different expression which might result in a change in the synthesized amino acid sequence.”
Gene expression is basically the synthesis of the polypeptide chain encoded by a particular gene.
Therefore the expression of the gene can be quantified in terms of the amount of protein synthesised by the genes.
The control of gene expression or protein synthesis is called gene regulation or it is the process of turning genes on and off
Gene regulation in prokaryotes is most extensively observed at the initiation of transcription.
Most genes are controlled by extracellular signals- present in medium.
Repressor, a negative regulatory molecule, binds to the operator gene and interferes with the expression of genes. Activator, a positive regulatory molecule, enhances the expression of the genes.
Operon : a group or cluster of structural genes under a single promoter; bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod in 1961
“Lac operon is an operon or a group of genes with a single promoter that encode genes for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E.coli and other bacteria.”
Lac operon concept is an example of prokaryotic gene regulation.
Genome size, organization,& gene regulation in prokaryotes (lac-operon)Iqra Wazir
AN overview about genomes, its organization and how it is regulated with reference to lac operon. Important terminologies related to gene regulation. Supported by animation which will run upon downloading.
3. • It can be defined as the mechanisms that
regulate expression, those mechanisms that
increase or decrease expression of a given gene
as the requirement for its product varies.
• There are various stages at which expression of a
gene can be regulated.
• But the most common stage of regulation
in bacteria (as a prokaryote) is a
transcription initiation step.
4. • Regulation in prokaryotes occurring
through a functioning unit of genomic
DNA known as operon
• which contains a cluster of genes under
the control of a single Promotor.
6. Operon
a unit of coordinated and regulated gene
activity found in prokaryotes, by means of
which the control of the synthesis of a
protein or a group of (usually functionally
associated) proteins is determined.
DNA sequences
operon
7. Operon
DNA sequences
operon
3
structure genesoperatorpromoterregulatory gene
5
It consists of a segment of genomic DNA containing a
structural gene or a linear sequence of structural genes
(which are transcribed as a single unit), promoter &
operator together with one or more regulatory
regions.
8. 3
structure genesoperatorpromoterregulatory gene
5
Promoter
the region at the start of a gene where the
RNA polymerase binds and initiates
transcription.
Many promoters are regulated by “Activators” that
help RNA Polymerase bind DNA and by
“Repressors” that block that binding.
10. Regulatory proteins
Genes are very often controlled by extracellular
signals, in the case of bacteria, this means
molecules present in the growth medium.
These signals are communicated to genes by
regulatory proteins, which come in two types:
- Positive regulators or activators which increase
transcription of the regulated gene
- Negative regulators or repressors which decrease
or eliminate transcription
12. • How do activators & repressors
affect the transcription ?
13. • In the absence of regulatory proteins (activators & repressors)
RNA polymerase binds only weakly. This is because one or
more of the promoter elements is absent or imperfect or when
polymerase does occasionally bind, however, it spontaneously
undergoes a transition to the open complex and initiates
transcription.
• This gives a low level of constitutive expression called
• Binding of RNApolymerase is the rate-limiting step in this case.
Basal level of
transcription
the basal level.
14. To control expression from such a promoter, a
repressor needs only bind to a site overlapping the
region bound by polymerase. In that way, the
repressor blocks polymerase binding to the promoter,
thereby preventing transcription.
No transcription
15. • To activate transcription from this promoter, an activator
can just help the polymerase binds the promoter.
• the activator uses one surface to bind to a site on the
DNA near the promoter, with another surface, the
activator simultaneously interacts with RNA
polymerase, bringing the enzyme to the promoter. This
mechanism, often called Recruitment.
Activated level of
transcription
17. The Lac operon
One of the negative inducible operons
The lac genes of Escherichia coli. (as an example) are
transcribed from a promoter that is regulated by an
activator and a repressor working in the simple way
outlined before.
18. this mRNA is translated to give the three protein products
The three lac genes: lacZ, lacY, and lacA—are arranged
adjacently on the E. coli. genome and are together called
the lac operon. The lac promoter, located at the 5 end of
lacZ, directs transcription of all three genes as a single
mRNA (called a polycistronic message because it
includes more than one gene).
19. The lac Z: gene encodes the enzyme b- galactosidase, which
cleaves the sugar lactose into galactose and glucose.
The lacY: gene encodes the lactose permease, a protein which
transports lactose into the cell.
The lacA: gene encodes thiogalactoside transacetylase, which
rids the cell of toxic thiogalactosides that also get
transported in by lacY.
20. The lac I gene: encodes the Lac repressor.
• Two regulatory proteins are involved: one is a
repressor called the Lac repressor (as previous)
and the other is an activator called CAP
(catabolite activator protein).
21. • Two regulatory proteins are involved: one is a
repressor called the Lac repressor (as previous)
and the other is an activator called CAP
(catabolite activator protein).
• The gene encoding CAP is located elsewhere on the bacterial
chromosome, not linked to the lac genes.
22. • Both CAP and the Lac repressor are DNA-binding
proteins and each binds to a specific site on DNA at or
near the lac promoter
• These genes are expressed at high levels only when
lactose is available, and glucose (the preferred energy
source) is not.
23. In the presence of Glucose
(the preferred energy source)
• Lac repressor can bind DNA and repress
transcription only in the absence of lactose.
• The lac operator overlaps the promoter,
and so the repressor bound to the operator
physically prevents RNA polymerase from
binding to the promoter and thus initiating
transcription to produce lac gene enzymes
24. Glucose
Molecules
35
In the presence of Glucose
(the preferred energy source)
m RNA
Promoter Lac Z Lac y Lac AI gene Operator
RNA
Pol.
Repressor
25. In the presence of Lactose & absence of Glucose
Two events occur:
• Cap binds as a dimer to a site similar in length to
that of the lac operator but different in sequence,
located upstream of the start site of transcription.
When Cap binds to that site, the activator helps
polymerase binds to the promoter by interacting
with the enzyme and recruiting it to the
promoter . This cooperative binding stabilizes
the binding of polymerase to the promoter
26. In the presence of Lactose & absence of Glucose
Two events occur:
• lactose transglycosylation to the lactose
isomer 1,6 allolactose, which acts as an
inducer of the lac operon by binding to
the repressor, changing its conformation
to be unable to bind with the operator
27. 35
m RNA
Repressor
Promoter Lac Z Lac y Lac AI gene Operator
RNA
Pol.
In the presence of Lactose & absence of Glucose
b- galactosidase permease transacetylase
allolactose
Molecules
Polycistronic m RNA