1. The document describes the process of chromatin remodeling from a loose structure to a highly condensed structure. It progresses from nucleosomes forming a beads-on-a-string structure, to a 30nm fiber, then loops and folds to form a metaphase chromosome hundreds of nanometers in length.
2. It explains how histone acetylation promotes a loose chromatin structure allowing transcription, while unacetylated histones result in a tighter structure preventing transcription.
3. The stages of gene expression are outlined, from transcription to RNA processing and export from the nucleus for translation into protein in the cytoplasm.
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
IB Biology HL topic 7.3 Translation Presentation for the new syllabus first exams 2016. Images from the Biology Course Companion have been removed because I do not have permission to reuse them.
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
IB Biology HL topic 7.3 Translation Presentation for the new syllabus first exams 2016. Images from the Biology Course Companion have been removed because I do not have permission to reuse them.
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
This presentation is targeted for MBBS, MD and BDS students that describes briefly about aetiopathogenesis, tumour markers, anti cancer agents, apoptosis
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
As a periodontist, it is of utmost importance to understand the genetic basis of inheritance in periodontal diseases be able to relate to the various polymorphisms associated with periodontal diseases. This ppt presents the basics of genetics from the point of view of future understanding of polymorphisms related to periodontal diseases.
This presentation is targeted for MBBS, MD and BDS students that describes briefly about aetiopathogenesis, tumour markers, anti cancer agents, apoptosis
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
As a periodontist, it is of utmost importance to understand the genetic basis of inheritance in periodontal diseases be able to relate to the various polymorphisms associated with periodontal diseases. This ppt presents the basics of genetics from the point of view of future understanding of polymorphisms related to periodontal diseases.
Gene Expression and Control
1
sugar–
phosphate backbone
base pair
nucleotide base
DNA
gene
Figure 7.2 Animated! Comparing DNA
and RNA.
2
sugar–
phosphate backbone
nucleotide base
RNA
Figure 7.2 Animated! Comparing DNA
and RNA.
3
Gene Expression = Protein Synthesis
DNA = TACACCCACGTTGTGACT
RNA = AUGUGGGUGCAACACUGA
(aa)s = met - trp - val - gln - his - stop
DNA RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA
Transcription
ribosome subunits
RNA transport
tRNA
Convergence of RNAs
mRNA
Translation
polypeptide
4
3
2
1
Gene Expression = Protein Synthesis
Figure 7.10 Animated! Translation in eukaryotes.
1 In eukaryotic cells, RNA is transcribed in the nucleus.
2 Finished RNA moves into the cytoplasm through
nuclear pores.
3 Ribosomal subunits and tRNA converge on an mRNA.
4 A polypeptide chain forms as the ribosome moves
along the mRNA, linking amino acids together in the
order dictated by the mRNA codons.
5
gene
promoter
exon
intron
exon
intron
exon
DNA
transcription
newly transcribed
RNA
exon
intron
exon
intron
exon
exon
exon
exon
poly-A tail
finished mRNA
Gene Control
Figure 7.5 Animated! Post-transcriptional
modification of RNA. Introns are removed and
exons spliced together. Messenger RNAs also get
a poly-A tail.
6
Hemoglobin
Gene Control
Figure 7.11 Animated! Examples of mutations.
7
Gene Control
A base-pair substitution = Sickle-cell anemia
Figure 7.11 Animated! Examples of mutations.
8
Gene Control
A deletion of one nucleotide = beta thalassemia
Figure 7.11 Animated! Examples of mutations.
9
Gene Control
An insertion of one nucleotide = beta thalassemia
Figure 7.11 Animated! Examples of mutations.
10
Gene Control
Master genes
A transcription factor
Figure 7.13 An example of gene control.
11
Gene Control
Eyes form wherever the eyeless gene is expressed in fly embryos.
In humans, PAX6 mutations result in missing irises, a condition called aniridia.
Barr bodies – inactivated X chromosome
Gene Control
Sex Chromosome Genes
Figure 7.15 Examples of gene controls associated
with sex chromosomes.
13
Gene Control
SRY gene expressed
no SRY present
penis
vaginal opening
birth approaching
SRY gene expression determines whether male reproductive organs develop.
Sex Chromosome Genes
Figure 7.15 Examples of gene controls associated
with sex chromosomes.
14
Gene Control
Epigenetics
Figure 7.16 A methyl group (red ) attached to
a nucleotide in DNA.
15
Chromosomes
centromere
chromatid
chromatid
Figure 6.2 Animated! Chromosome structure.
1 The DNA molecule itself has two strands twisted
into a double helix.
2 At regular intervals, the DNA molecule (blue) wraps
around a core of histone proteins (purple).
3 The DNA and proteins associated with it twist
tightly into a fiber.
4 The fiber coils and then coils again to form a hollow
cylinder.
5 At its most condensed, a duplicated chromosome
has an X shape.
2
Chro ...
Resources of DNA synthesis and Protein synthesis are here: I got them from youtube,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNKWgcFPHqw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BwWavExcFI
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
17. LE 19-3
Signal
NUCLEUS
DNA
RNA
Chromatin
Gene available
for transcription
Gene
Exon
Intro
Transcription
Primary transcript
RNA processing
Cap
Tail
mRNA in nucleus
Transport to cytoplasm
CYTOPLASM
mRNA in cytoplasm
Translation
Degradation
of mRNA
Polypeptide
Cleavage
Chemical modification
Transport to cellular
destination
Degradation of protein
Active protein
Degraded protein
Chromatin modification:
DNA unpacking involving
histone acetylation and
DNA demethylation
18. LE 19-4
Histone
tails
Amino acids
available
for chemical
modification
DNA
double helix
Histone tails protrude outward from a nucleosome
Acetylation of histone tails promotes loose chromatin
structure that permits transcription
Unacetylated histones Acetylated histones
20. LE 19-4b
Acetylation of histone tails promotes loose chromatin
structure that permits transcription
Unacetylated histones Acetylated histones
21.
22. LE 19-5
Enhancer
(distal control elements)
Proximal
control elements
Upstream
DNA
Promoter
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon
Downstream
Transcription
Poly-A signal
sequence
Termination
region
Intron Exon Intron Exon
RNA processing:
Cap and tail added;
introns excised and
exons spliced together
Poly-A signal
Cleaved 3′ end
of primary
transcript
3′
Poly-A
tail
3′ UTR
(untranslated
region)
5′ UTR
(untranslated
region)
Start
codon
Stop
codon
Coding segment
Intron RNA
5′ Cap
mRNA
Primary RNA
transcript
(pre-mRNA)
5′
Exon
23. LE 19-6
Distal control
element Activators
Enhancer
DNA
DNA-bending
protein
TATA
box
Promoter
Gene
General
transcription
factors
Group of
mediator proteins
RNA
polymerase II
RNA
polymerase II
RNA synthesis
Transcription
Initiation complex
27. LE 19-10
Protein to
be degraded
Ubiquitinated
protein
Proteasome
Protein entering a
proteasome
Protein
fragments
(peptides)
Proteasome
and ubiquitin
to be recycled
Ubiquitin
28. LE 19-11
Proto-oncogene
DNA
Translocation or transposition:
gene moved to new locus,
under new controls
New
promoter
Gene amplification:
multiple copies of the gene
Point mutation
within a control
element
Oncogene Oncogene
Point mutation
within the gene
Normal growth-stimulating
protein in excess
Normal growth-stimulating
protein in excess
Normal growth-stimulating
protein in excess
Hyperactive or
degradation-
resistant protein
29. LE 19-12_1
Cell cycle-stimulating
pathway
Growth
factor
G protein
Receptor
MUTATION
Protein kinases
(phosphorylation
cascade)
NUCLEUS
Hyperactive
Ras protein
(product of
oncogene
issues signals
on its own.
Transcription
factor (activator)
DNA
Gene expression
Protein that
stimulates
the cell cycle
30. LE 19-12_2
Active
form
of p53
DNA
DNA damage
in genome
UV
light
Protein kinases
MUTATION
Defective or
missing
transcription
factor, such as
p53, cannot
activate
transcription
Protein kinases
(phosphorylation
cascade)
Cell cycle-inhibiting
pathway
Cell cycle-stimulating
pathway
Protein that
stimulates
the cell cycle
NUCLEUS
DNA
Gene expression
Transcription
factor (activator)
Receptor
G protein
Growth
factor
MUTATION
Hyperactive
Ras protein
(product of
oncogene)
issues signals
on its own
Protein that
inhibits
the cell cycle
31. LE 19-12_3
Protein overexpressed
EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS
Protein absent
Cell cycle not
inhibited
Increased cell
division
Cell cycle overstimulate
Effects of
mutations
Active
form
of p53
DNA
DNA damage
in genome
UV
light
Protein kinases
MUTATION
Defective or
missing
transcription
factor, such as
p53, cannot
activate
transcription
Protein kinases
(phosphorylation
cascade)
Cell cycle-inhibiting
pathway
Cell cycle-stimulating
pathway
Protein that
inhibits
the cell cycle
NUCLEUS
DNA
Gene expression
Transcription
factor (activator)
Receptor
G protein
Growth
factor
MUTATION
Hyperactive
Ras protein
(product of
oncogene)
issues signals
on its own
Protein that
stimulates
the cell cycle
32. LE 19-13
Colon
Colon wall
Loss of
tumor-
suppressor
gene APC (or
other)
Normal colon
epithelial cells
Small benign
growth (polyp)
Larger benign
growth (adenoma)
Activation of
ras oncogene
Loss of
tumor-
suppressor
gene DCC
Loss of
tumor-
suppressor
gene p53
Additional
mutations
Malignant tumor
(carcinoma)
33. LE 19-14
Exons (regions of genes coding
for protein, rRNA, or tRNA) (1.5%)
Alu elements
(10%)
Simple sequence
DNA (3%)
Large-segment
duplications (5–6%)
Unique
noncoding
DNA (15%)
Introns and
regulatory
sequences
(24%)
Repetitive
DNA that
includes
transposable
elements
and related
sequences
(44%)
Repetitive
DNA
unrelated to
transposable
elements
(about 15%)
35. LE 19-16
DNA of genome
Transposon
is copied
Mobile transposon
Transposon
Insertion
New copy of
transposon
Transposon movement (“copy-and-paste” mechanism)
Retrotransposon movement
DNA of genome
Insertion
RNA
Reverse
transcriptase
Retrotransposon
New copy of
retrotransposon
36. LE 19-16a
DNA of genome
Transposon
is copied
Mobile transposon
Transposon
Insertion
New copy of
transposon
Transposon movement (“copy-and-paste” mechanism)
38. LE 19-17
DNA
Non-transcribed
spacer
RNA transcripts
Transcription unit
DNA
18S 5.8S 28S
rRNA
18S
5.8S
28S
Part of the ribosomal RNA gene family
Heme
Hemoglobin
α-Globin
β-Globin
α-Globin gene family β-Globin gene family
Chromosome 11Chromosome 16
ζ ψζ ψα2 ψα1 α1α2
ψβ δ βGγ∍ Aγ
Embryo Embryo Fetus Adult
Fetus
and adult
The human α-golbin and β-globin gene families
42. LE 19-19
Duplication of
ancestral gene
Mutation in
both copies
Transposition
to different
chromosomes
Further
duplications
and mutations
Ancestral globin gene
ζ ψζ ψα2
ψα1 α1α2
ψβ δ βGγ∍ Aγ
α-Globin gene family
on chromosome 16
ψϑ
β-Globin gene family
on chromosome 11
ζ α
α
α β
β
∍
βγ
Evolutionarytime
44. LE 19-20
Epidermal growth
factor gene with multiple
EGF exons (green)
EGF EGF EGF EGF
F F F F
Fibronectin gene with multiple
“finger” exons (orange)
K
K KEGFF
Plasminogen gene with a
“kringle” exon (blue)
Portions of ancestral genes TPA gene as it exists today
Exon
shuffling
Exon
shuffling
Exon
duplication
Editor's Notes
Estructura del operón.
Estructura del operón triptófano
Regulación positiva. La proteína CAP es una proteína reguladora que activa genes catabólicos).
Cuando hay glucosa en E.coli los niveles de AMPc son bajos y el complejo CAP-AMPc no se forma. Cuando la glucosa se agota, aumentan los niveles de AMPc y se forma el complejo CAP-AMPc uniéndose al promotor, permitiendo la transcripción.
Silenciamiento del ARN:
ARNi micro ARN: ARNss de 21 a 25 nucleótidos con capacidad de regular la trasncripción por interferencia al unirse por complementariedad a ARNm bloqueando la transcripción o permitiendo la degradación del ARNm. Tienen una importante función en la defensa contra la invasión de los virus y en el silenciamiento de los transposones.
ARNmi: 19 a 14 nucleótidos bloqueando la traducción
regulación post-traduccional.
Barbara McClintock y los transposones. Maíz con variaciones en la pigmentación por causa de elementos transponibles