Regional integration involves neighboring states cooperating through common rules and institutions to deepen economic, political, and social cooperation. The goals of regional integration include building peace through interdependence, consolidating development models, and creating common strategies in global governance. Barriers include divergent political agendas, lack of long-term commitment, and insufficient regional infrastructure. Factors that can foster integration are the presence of a regional hegemon to provide leadership and stability, building a shared regional identity, and establishing strong regional institutions to oversee cooperation.
This document discusses the concepts of region and regionalism in geography. It defines region as an area with homogeneity of physical and cultural phenomena. Regionalism seeks to politicize territorial identities and interests and achieve autonomy. The document outlines principles for classifying regions, including using a consistent differentiating characteristic, ensuring classifications are exhaustive and mutually exclusive, and basing classifications on object properties. Regionalism can be studied to understand strong sub-national identities and make predictions.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental organization of 8 countries of South Asia. SAARC was founded in 1985 in Dhaka with the goal of promoting economic and regional cooperation. Its secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. Key issues addressed by SAARC include poverty alleviation, education, culture, sports, and critical areas like connectivity between member states. However, SAARC faces challenges like political instability, lack of trust between members, and the strained relationship between India and Pakistan. India plays a dominant role in SAARC given its large size and economy.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It has since expanded to include 10 member countries and aims to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development while maintaining regional peace and stability. ASEAN faces challenges such as financial crises, transboundary haze pollution, and disputes but has taken steps like the ASEAN Surveillance Process and ASEAN+3 Financial Cooperation to prevent future crises and foster cooperation. ASEAN also presents many opportunities for economic growth and development across member countries in the coming years.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
There are 8 common extension approaches used by organizations worldwide: general, commodity specialized, training and visit, participatory agricultural, project, farming systems development, cost sharing, and educational institution. Each has different characteristics, assumptions about farmers, purposes, planning/implementation strategies, resource requirements, implementation strategies, and measures of success. The general approach is top-down and centralized, while participatory and farming systems are more decentralized and involve farmers. Commodity specialized and training and visit approaches focus on increasing specific crop yields. The project approach concentrates resources on a small area for a limited time.
The IBSA Dialogue Forum brings together Brazil, India, and South Africa as a South-South cooperation grouping committed to sustainable development. It was formally established in 2003 with the Brasilia Declaration. The three countries work together on political issues, concrete collaborative projects through 14 working groups, and assisting other developing countries through the IBSA Fund. Key aspects of IBSA include regular foreign minister meetings, five leader summits held so far, and over $25 million contributed to development projects in other countries through the IBSA Fund.
Presentation on Trade policy 2072 NepalBijay pandey
This document summarizes Nepal's new trade policy of 2072. It aims to promote domestic industries, manage growing imports, and boost exports in order to make trade an engine of economic development. Some key points are:
- It was formulated based on previous trade policies and to take advantage of bilateral, regional, and multilateral trade arrangements.
- Nepal faces a large trade deficit due to high imports and low exports.
- The policy seeks to enhance export competitiveness, reduce the trade deficit, and align with other related policies to impact trade.
This document discusses the concepts of region and regionalism in geography. It defines region as an area with homogeneity of physical and cultural phenomena. Regionalism seeks to politicize territorial identities and interests and achieve autonomy. The document outlines principles for classifying regions, including using a consistent differentiating characteristic, ensuring classifications are exhaustive and mutually exclusive, and basing classifications on object properties. Regionalism can be studied to understand strong sub-national identities and make predictions.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental organization of 8 countries of South Asia. SAARC was founded in 1985 in Dhaka with the goal of promoting economic and regional cooperation. Its secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. Key issues addressed by SAARC include poverty alleviation, education, culture, sports, and critical areas like connectivity between member states. However, SAARC faces challenges like political instability, lack of trust between members, and the strained relationship between India and Pakistan. India plays a dominant role in SAARC given its large size and economy.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It has since expanded to include 10 member countries and aims to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development while maintaining regional peace and stability. ASEAN faces challenges such as financial crises, transboundary haze pollution, and disputes but has taken steps like the ASEAN Surveillance Process and ASEAN+3 Financial Cooperation to prevent future crises and foster cooperation. ASEAN also presents many opportunities for economic growth and development across member countries in the coming years.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
There are 8 common extension approaches used by organizations worldwide: general, commodity specialized, training and visit, participatory agricultural, project, farming systems development, cost sharing, and educational institution. Each has different characteristics, assumptions about farmers, purposes, planning/implementation strategies, resource requirements, implementation strategies, and measures of success. The general approach is top-down and centralized, while participatory and farming systems are more decentralized and involve farmers. Commodity specialized and training and visit approaches focus on increasing specific crop yields. The project approach concentrates resources on a small area for a limited time.
The IBSA Dialogue Forum brings together Brazil, India, and South Africa as a South-South cooperation grouping committed to sustainable development. It was formally established in 2003 with the Brasilia Declaration. The three countries work together on political issues, concrete collaborative projects through 14 working groups, and assisting other developing countries through the IBSA Fund. Key aspects of IBSA include regular foreign minister meetings, five leader summits held so far, and over $25 million contributed to development projects in other countries through the IBSA Fund.
Presentation on Trade policy 2072 NepalBijay pandey
This document summarizes Nepal's new trade policy of 2072. It aims to promote domestic industries, manage growing imports, and boost exports in order to make trade an engine of economic development. Some key points are:
- It was formulated based on previous trade policies and to take advantage of bilateral, regional, and multilateral trade arrangements.
- Nepal faces a large trade deficit due to high imports and low exports.
- The policy seeks to enhance export competitiveness, reduce the trade deficit, and align with other related policies to impact trade.
Strategic management involves formulation and implementation of major goals and initiatives by top management based on assessments of internal and external environments. [DOCUMENT] outlines the six key steps to effective strategic formulation: 1) define the organization, 2) define the strategic mission, 3) define strategic objectives, 4) define the competitive strategy considering industry, competition, and strengths/weaknesses, 5) implement strategies through tactical actions, and 6) regularly evaluate progress against the strategic plan and make adjustments based on changes in the business environment. Strategic formulation provides a framework for actions to achieve anticipated results but requires flexibility to adapt the strategic plan to changing market conditions.
Political Environment - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
A political system is basically the system of politics and government in a country. It governs a complete set of rules, regulations, institutions, and attitudes. A main differentiator of political systems is each system’s philosophy on the rights of the individual and the group as well as the role of government. Each political system’s philosophy impacts the policies that govern the local economy and business environment.
World systems theory argues that underdeveloped countries are poor not due to their own histories or characteristics, but because of their position in the global capitalist system. Core developed countries exploit peripheral poorer nations by maintaining economic and military dominance over them. This allows core nations to extract resources and profits from peripheries while preventing their industrial development. World systems theorists claim international organizations do not challenge this global power structure and peripheries should pursue policies like import substitution and cooperation to resist exploitation by the core. However, critics argue world systems theory's claims are not always supported by evidence and the causes of global inequality may be more complex.
This document discusses Wallerstein's world-systems analysis theory, which views the world economy as a single integrated system divided into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries based on their role in the international division of labor. The theory aims to explain the development of one large world economy. It has strengths in describing historical changes that shaped the modern world and recognizing globalization and inequality. However, it also has weaknesses like oversimplifying dynamics as countries and relationships change over time.
The document discusses the concept of globalization and its impact on global politics. It argues that globalization is transforming the traditional Westphalian system of sovereign states and territorial boundaries into a new geocentric system of global politics characterized by interconnectedness and interdependence. However, this new global political system remains "distorted" due to significant power asymmetries. The document suggests that cosmopolitan thinking offers a framework for democratizing global politics and reducing these distortions.
The document provides definitions, objectives, scope, principles, philosophy, and process of agricultural extension education. It defines extension as an educational process aimed at changing attitudes and behaviors through communication and mutual learning. The objectives are to help people identify and solve problems. The scope covers agricultural production, marketing, resource management, family living, youth, leadership, and community development. Key principles include cultural relevance, participation, interests/needs, and evaluation. The philosophy emphasizes self-help, cooperation, democracy, and voluntary participation. The educational process involves problem identification, goal-setting, teaching, and evaluation.
Analysis of the Performance of Public Enterprises in NepalSurath Giri
This paper discussed the history of state-owned enterprises in Nepal, their current status (financial as well as service delivery), causes of their poor performance and ways to improve their performance.
It is a well known fact that state-owned enterprises of Nepal have become a huge financial burden for the country but what exactly is the cause behind the poor performance? And can anything be done about it? The paper tries to answer these questions.
ICARDA is an international agricultural research center focused on improving agricultural productivity and food security in dry areas. It has four main crop improvement projects focused on wheat, barley, and food legumes. The projects develop stress-tolerant and nutritious crop varieties, integrated pest management, and capacity building activities to support national agricultural research systems in the region. ICARDA maintains a large genebank and provides breeding materials, training, and research support to partners worldwide.
Training and visit (T & V) in Agriculture ExtensionSohail_Ilyas
The Training and Visit (T&V) system is an agricultural extension approach that brings subject matter specialists and farmers together to facilitate farming operations and help farmers increase production. It aims to build a professional extension service to guide farmers through agricultural production and income growth. The T&V approach was implemented to ensure extension agents focus solely on extension, extension is closely linked to research, training is continuous, work is time-bound, and farmer orientation is maintained.
The document discusses concepts related to regional integration such as common markets, free trade areas, and economic integration. It outlines the purposes of regional integration including developing human resources, improving education and health standards, and helping businesses thrive through policies like free trade and movement of labor. It also summarizes the functions of organizations that promote regional integration in the Caribbean like the OECS Secretariat, CARICOM Secretariat, and objectives of CARICOM and the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME).
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
This document discusses multinational corporations and their impact. It begins with a quote criticizing multinationals as "big, irresponsible, monopolistic monsters." It then provides context on globalization and discusses both the arguments for and against multinationals. While multinationals provide benefits like jobs and technology, they can also exploit workers, harm local businesses, and make developing nations dependent on them. The document leaves the question open of whether multinationals are a friend or foe.
There were three main phases of globalization in history:
1) From 1492 to around 1800, which saw exploration and the establishment of colonies as European powers sought to expand their influence and gain resources.
2) From 1800 to 1940, characterized by the expansion of international trade and the growth of multinational companies, though this period ended with the outbreak of World War 1 and 2.
3) From 1950 onwards, led by the establishment of institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT/WTO to promote free trade and economic cooperation in the postwar period and reduce barriers to international commerce.
The document provides information about the history and objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how GATT was created in 1947 and helped establish rules for international trade. It then explains how the WTO was established in 1995 to replace GATT and now has 160 member countries. The key objectives of the WTO are to liberalize trade, provide a framework for trade agreements and disputes, and help resolve trade issues between countries.
Market-Led Extension to Enhance Producer ShareDevegowda S R
The document discusses the transition from production-led extension to market-led extension in India. It notes that while production-led extension made India self-sufficient in food, farmers did not receive remunerative prices. With globalization, a shift to market-led extension is needed. Farmers now need to transform from mere producers to producers and sellers in wider markets. Case studies show how market-led extension through groups, market intelligence, and linkages have increased farmers' incomes and crop productivity in various states. The role of extension is expanding beyond production to focus on quality, market needs, and marketing.
The document discusses different types of regional economic integration agreements including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It then provides examples of regional integration in Europe through the European Union and in the Americas through agreements like NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and attempts to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas. The benefits and challenges of regional integration are also examined.
SAARC is an organization dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development in South Asia. Its eight members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. The organization aims to promote collective self-reliance and improve quality of life through cooperation in 11 areas. However, SAARC has failed to achieve many of its objectives due to its policy of non-interference, political deadlocks between members like India and Pakistan, and geopolitical considerations outweighing cooperation on issues.
The Bretton Woods system established the international monetary order that existed from the end of World War II until the early 1970s. It was created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 and established the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The system tied global currencies to gold and used adjustable peg exchange rates within 1% limits. It aimed to prevent competitive currency devaluations and economic nationalism that damaged the global economy in the 1930s. The US-led system reflected Harry Dexter White's plans over John Maynard Keynes' proposals, given the US's dominant power following World War II.
The document discusses the origins and development of strategic management as a discipline. It began in the 1950s with pioneers like Chandler, Selznick, and Ansoff developing foundational concepts. Chandler recognized the importance of coordinating management functions under an overall strategy. Selznick introduced matching internal/external factors through SWOT analysis. Ansoff built on this with strategic frameworks and the concept of reducing gaps between current/desired states. The document outlines the key elements of strategic management theory that had developed by the 1970s, including relating strategy to the business environment, its fluid/complex nature, and its multi-level planning and conceptual aspects. Finally, it introduces tools for strategic analysis like PEST and scenario planning.
1 Strategic Planning for Planning for Public and Non Public Organizations 012...Jo Balucanag - Bitonio
Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. It may also extend to control mechanisms for guiding the implementation of the strategy
China’s Perspective of Regionalism In Asia-PacificXiance Wang
This document discusses China's considerations regarding various regional trade agreements, including the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). It notes that China sees the RCEP as an opportunity to counterbalance being excluded from the TPP currently. However, China also faces challenges in meeting TPP standards in areas like trade barriers, investment rules, environmental protections, and intellectual property that could prevent its participation. The document concludes that China may pursue the RCEP for now but seek future integration between the RCEP and TPP pathways.
Dr. Alejandro Diaz-Bautista Economic Policy Import Substitution Dependency Th...Economist
The document discusses import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies adopted in Latin America between the 1940s-1960s as a strategy for economic growth and development. ISI aimed to promote domestic industries like textiles and appliances to replace imports by using protective trade policies. While ISI initially saw some success, Latin American countries became increasingly dependent on exports of primary commodities, which deteriorated their terms of trade over time. ISI eventually declined as countries struggled with inefficient industries and faced debt crises in the 1980s.
Strategic management involves formulation and implementation of major goals and initiatives by top management based on assessments of internal and external environments. [DOCUMENT] outlines the six key steps to effective strategic formulation: 1) define the organization, 2) define the strategic mission, 3) define strategic objectives, 4) define the competitive strategy considering industry, competition, and strengths/weaknesses, 5) implement strategies through tactical actions, and 6) regularly evaluate progress against the strategic plan and make adjustments based on changes in the business environment. Strategic formulation provides a framework for actions to achieve anticipated results but requires flexibility to adapt the strategic plan to changing market conditions.
Political Environment - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
A political system is basically the system of politics and government in a country. It governs a complete set of rules, regulations, institutions, and attitudes. A main differentiator of political systems is each system’s philosophy on the rights of the individual and the group as well as the role of government. Each political system’s philosophy impacts the policies that govern the local economy and business environment.
World systems theory argues that underdeveloped countries are poor not due to their own histories or characteristics, but because of their position in the global capitalist system. Core developed countries exploit peripheral poorer nations by maintaining economic and military dominance over them. This allows core nations to extract resources and profits from peripheries while preventing their industrial development. World systems theorists claim international organizations do not challenge this global power structure and peripheries should pursue policies like import substitution and cooperation to resist exploitation by the core. However, critics argue world systems theory's claims are not always supported by evidence and the causes of global inequality may be more complex.
This document discusses Wallerstein's world-systems analysis theory, which views the world economy as a single integrated system divided into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries based on their role in the international division of labor. The theory aims to explain the development of one large world economy. It has strengths in describing historical changes that shaped the modern world and recognizing globalization and inequality. However, it also has weaknesses like oversimplifying dynamics as countries and relationships change over time.
The document discusses the concept of globalization and its impact on global politics. It argues that globalization is transforming the traditional Westphalian system of sovereign states and territorial boundaries into a new geocentric system of global politics characterized by interconnectedness and interdependence. However, this new global political system remains "distorted" due to significant power asymmetries. The document suggests that cosmopolitan thinking offers a framework for democratizing global politics and reducing these distortions.
The document provides definitions, objectives, scope, principles, philosophy, and process of agricultural extension education. It defines extension as an educational process aimed at changing attitudes and behaviors through communication and mutual learning. The objectives are to help people identify and solve problems. The scope covers agricultural production, marketing, resource management, family living, youth, leadership, and community development. Key principles include cultural relevance, participation, interests/needs, and evaluation. The philosophy emphasizes self-help, cooperation, democracy, and voluntary participation. The educational process involves problem identification, goal-setting, teaching, and evaluation.
Analysis of the Performance of Public Enterprises in NepalSurath Giri
This paper discussed the history of state-owned enterprises in Nepal, their current status (financial as well as service delivery), causes of their poor performance and ways to improve their performance.
It is a well known fact that state-owned enterprises of Nepal have become a huge financial burden for the country but what exactly is the cause behind the poor performance? And can anything be done about it? The paper tries to answer these questions.
ICARDA is an international agricultural research center focused on improving agricultural productivity and food security in dry areas. It has four main crop improvement projects focused on wheat, barley, and food legumes. The projects develop stress-tolerant and nutritious crop varieties, integrated pest management, and capacity building activities to support national agricultural research systems in the region. ICARDA maintains a large genebank and provides breeding materials, training, and research support to partners worldwide.
Training and visit (T & V) in Agriculture ExtensionSohail_Ilyas
The Training and Visit (T&V) system is an agricultural extension approach that brings subject matter specialists and farmers together to facilitate farming operations and help farmers increase production. It aims to build a professional extension service to guide farmers through agricultural production and income growth. The T&V approach was implemented to ensure extension agents focus solely on extension, extension is closely linked to research, training is continuous, work is time-bound, and farmer orientation is maintained.
The document discusses concepts related to regional integration such as common markets, free trade areas, and economic integration. It outlines the purposes of regional integration including developing human resources, improving education and health standards, and helping businesses thrive through policies like free trade and movement of labor. It also summarizes the functions of organizations that promote regional integration in the Caribbean like the OECS Secretariat, CARICOM Secretariat, and objectives of CARICOM and the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME).
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
This document discusses multinational corporations and their impact. It begins with a quote criticizing multinationals as "big, irresponsible, monopolistic monsters." It then provides context on globalization and discusses both the arguments for and against multinationals. While multinationals provide benefits like jobs and technology, they can also exploit workers, harm local businesses, and make developing nations dependent on them. The document leaves the question open of whether multinationals are a friend or foe.
There were three main phases of globalization in history:
1) From 1492 to around 1800, which saw exploration and the establishment of colonies as European powers sought to expand their influence and gain resources.
2) From 1800 to 1940, characterized by the expansion of international trade and the growth of multinational companies, though this period ended with the outbreak of World War 1 and 2.
3) From 1950 onwards, led by the establishment of institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT/WTO to promote free trade and economic cooperation in the postwar period and reduce barriers to international commerce.
The document provides information about the history and objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how GATT was created in 1947 and helped establish rules for international trade. It then explains how the WTO was established in 1995 to replace GATT and now has 160 member countries. The key objectives of the WTO are to liberalize trade, provide a framework for trade agreements and disputes, and help resolve trade issues between countries.
Market-Led Extension to Enhance Producer ShareDevegowda S R
The document discusses the transition from production-led extension to market-led extension in India. It notes that while production-led extension made India self-sufficient in food, farmers did not receive remunerative prices. With globalization, a shift to market-led extension is needed. Farmers now need to transform from mere producers to producers and sellers in wider markets. Case studies show how market-led extension through groups, market intelligence, and linkages have increased farmers' incomes and crop productivity in various states. The role of extension is expanding beyond production to focus on quality, market needs, and marketing.
The document discusses different types of regional economic integration agreements including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It then provides examples of regional integration in Europe through the European Union and in the Americas through agreements like NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and attempts to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas. The benefits and challenges of regional integration are also examined.
SAARC is an organization dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development in South Asia. Its eight members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. The organization aims to promote collective self-reliance and improve quality of life through cooperation in 11 areas. However, SAARC has failed to achieve many of its objectives due to its policy of non-interference, political deadlocks between members like India and Pakistan, and geopolitical considerations outweighing cooperation on issues.
The Bretton Woods system established the international monetary order that existed from the end of World War II until the early 1970s. It was created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 and established the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The system tied global currencies to gold and used adjustable peg exchange rates within 1% limits. It aimed to prevent competitive currency devaluations and economic nationalism that damaged the global economy in the 1930s. The US-led system reflected Harry Dexter White's plans over John Maynard Keynes' proposals, given the US's dominant power following World War II.
The document discusses the origins and development of strategic management as a discipline. It began in the 1950s with pioneers like Chandler, Selznick, and Ansoff developing foundational concepts. Chandler recognized the importance of coordinating management functions under an overall strategy. Selznick introduced matching internal/external factors through SWOT analysis. Ansoff built on this with strategic frameworks and the concept of reducing gaps between current/desired states. The document outlines the key elements of strategic management theory that had developed by the 1970s, including relating strategy to the business environment, its fluid/complex nature, and its multi-level planning and conceptual aspects. Finally, it introduces tools for strategic analysis like PEST and scenario planning.
1 Strategic Planning for Planning for Public and Non Public Organizations 012...Jo Balucanag - Bitonio
Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. It may also extend to control mechanisms for guiding the implementation of the strategy
China’s Perspective of Regionalism In Asia-PacificXiance Wang
This document discusses China's considerations regarding various regional trade agreements, including the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). It notes that China sees the RCEP as an opportunity to counterbalance being excluded from the TPP currently. However, China also faces challenges in meeting TPP standards in areas like trade barriers, investment rules, environmental protections, and intellectual property that could prevent its participation. The document concludes that China may pursue the RCEP for now but seek future integration between the RCEP and TPP pathways.
Dr. Alejandro Diaz-Bautista Economic Policy Import Substitution Dependency Th...Economist
The document discusses import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies adopted in Latin America between the 1940s-1960s as a strategy for economic growth and development. ISI aimed to promote domestic industries like textiles and appliances to replace imports by using protective trade policies. While ISI initially saw some success, Latin American countries became increasingly dependent on exports of primary commodities, which deteriorated their terms of trade over time. ISI eventually declined as countries struggled with inefficient industries and faced debt crises in the 1980s.
The sharp decline in Chinese stock markets a few months ago is a reminder of two things.
The first is the continued fragility of the Chinese market. The second is that any economic dysfunction has political implications, both in Chinese domestic and foreign policy.
This, in turn, will affect Chinese economic performance. It is essential, therefore, to understand Chinese national strategy.
The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has been portrayed as an increasingly aggressive country prepared to challenge the United States.
At the same time, aside from relatively minor forays into the South and East China Seas, China has avoided significant involvement in the troubles roiling in the rest of Eurasia.
There is a gap between what is generally expected of China and what China actually does.
To understand China's strategy, it is helpful to follow the logic inherent in the following five maps.
South Asia is a region with over 23% of the world's population but less than 3% of global GDP. It has a shared history, culture, and religion dating back over 3,500 years, including the spread of Aryan, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. However, the region struggles to demonstrate a unified identity in the modern era due to conflicts between religious and national identities exacerbated by imperialism and colonialism.
ASEAN, Asian Regionalism and Institutional GlobalismRyan Brack
A presentation on the differences in approach to creating a more cooperative political and fiscal framework for globalism arising from Regional identity.
The document discusses the history and development of regionalism and regional arrangements in Europe. It outlines the stages of European integration from post-WWII organizations like the OEEC and Council of Europe to current institutions like the European Commission, Council, Parliament, and Court of Justice. Key treaties and events that advanced integration are mentioned, including the founding of the ECSC in 1951 and the Maastricht Treaty establishing the European Union in 1993. The current 28 EU member states and main EU institutions are also listed.
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
The aim of economic integration is to lessen costs for both consumers and producers, in addition to increase trade between the countries taking part in the agreement.
A primary economic objective of integration is to raise:
a) real output and income of the participants
&
b) rate of growth
by increasing specialization and competition by facilitating desirable structural (linkages) changes.
TCI 2015 Samsung Electronics' Manufacturing Complex in VietnamTCI Network
Samsung Electronics has established a large manufacturing complex in Vietnam to take advantage of the country's strategic location, low costs, and growing consumer market. The complex produces smartphones, tablets and other electronics and employs over 100,000 workers. Samsung's investment and operations have helped seed the development of Vietnam's electronics industry by transferring technology, developing the local workforce, and encouraging the growth of local supplier companies. As a result, Vietnam has begun to establish itself as a hub for electronics production and exports in Southeast Asia.
MERCOSUR is a customs union established in 1991 by the Treaty of Asuncion between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It aims to promote free trade and fluid movement of goods, people, and currency between member states. The official languages are Portuguese and Spanish. Headquarters are located in Montevideo, Uruguay. Combined GDP is over $1 trillion. Associate members include Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. It has preferential trade agreements with many other countries and economic blocs.
Market segmentation and strategies that could be used by the hershey companyVictoria Rock
The document discusses market segmentation strategies that could be used by The Hershey Company for their chocolate bars. It identifies several potential market segments for Hershey, including promoting the health benefits of dark chocolate to adults. The target market analysis explores opportunities in health trends and specialized holiday products. To compete with major brands like Mars and Cadbury, the document recommends Hershey differentiate its products through new flavors and positioning statements emphasizing quality and customer benefits.
1. Regionalism in architecture involves balancing the use of precious and abundant resources based on their availability and how they influence human adaptations to the local environment.
2. Historically, resources were perceived as more abundant due to transportation improvements, but many are now becoming more precious, changing the design balance.
3. True regionalism considers how buildings interact with their surroundings, harnessing local climate and resources through passive design strategies tuned to the specific region.
Mercosur is a trading bloc in South America consisting of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. It was created in 1991 with the goal of promoting free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency between member states. Key objectives include eliminating customs duties and lifting restrictions on the movement of goods. Mercosur has established a common external tariff and aims to integrate member economies and develop common institutions. It currently functions as a customs union. India has a preferential trade agreement with Mercosur that came into effect in 2009.
Market segmentation involves grouping customers into segments based on similarities to better target them. It is the first of three key steps in developing a marketing strategy along with targeting and positioning. Effective segmentation criteria include segments being identifiable, accessible, sizable, profitable, with unique needs and durable over time. Segmentation allows companies to tailor products and marketing approaches to specific groups. Common bases for segmentation include geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral factors.
El MERCOSUR se creó en 1991 cuando Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay firmaron el Tratado de Asunción. Su objetivo es promover la integración política, económica y social de los países miembros a través de la libre circulación de bienes, servicios, capitales y personas, así como la adopción de una política comercial común y la coordinación de políticas macroeconómicas. Aunque ha logrado avances en la integración económica, todavía no se ha establecido plenamente el mercado común propuesto.
El documento describe el Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur), un bloque económico formado por Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay. El Mercosur busca la integración económica de la región a través de la libre circulación de bienes y factores productivos, un arancel externo común, y la coordinación de políticas macroeconómicas. Además, el Mercosur cuenta con miembros asociados y observadores, y su logro principal ha sido establecer una zona de libre comercio entre sus países integrantes.
El documento describe los antecedentes e historia de la integración regional en América Latina desde la década de 1950 hasta la formación del MERCOSUR en 1991, incluyendo organizaciones como la CEPAL, ALALC, ALADI y el Tratado de Cooperación Argentina-Brasil de 1988. También se mencionan las relaciones del MERCOSUR con otros bloques como el ALCA y México.
This document discusses the concept of social responsibility of businesses. It defines social responsibility as an entity's responsibility to consider the interests of society through its activities and impact. Corporate social responsibility refers to organizations voluntarily taking steps to improve life for stakeholders like employees, communities, and the environment. The document also discusses models of social responsibility put forward by scholars like Carroll and Halal. It examines factors influencing businesses' social orientation and perspectives both supporting and opposing the idea of social responsibility.
This document discusses regional integration processes in the Caribbean. It defines key terms like regionalization, regionalism, and regional integration. Regionalization refers to increasing cross-border flows driven by non-governmental forces, while regionalism is a political process driven by governments. Regional integration involves states giving authority to regional arrangements and cooperating to reduce barriers. The document then outlines the history of regional integration efforts in the Caribbean, including early attempts at a West Indies Federation and the formation of CARICOM and other organizations in the late 20th century. It also discusses the benefits and challenges of regional integration as well as the overlapping membership of Caribbean states in multiple regional groups.
Globalization has led to increasing interdependence between countries through growing flows of trade, finance, information and culture. It has consolidated through declining transportation and communication costs, neoliberal policies, financial deregulation, and the activities of multinational firms and international organizations. This has created global supply chains and specialization in high-tech, services, manufacturing and raw materials. However, many criticize that globalization has reduced sovereignty and prioritized financial interests over social welfare by escaping controls of states and societies.
The document discusses regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean. It provides background on the concepts of region, integration, and levels of economic integration such as free trade areas and customs unions. It then examines the history of integration efforts dating back to Simón Bolívar's Gran Colombia in the early 19th century. Current integration bodies and groupings like CARICOM, Mercosur, and the OAS are described. Challenges to integration like political disputes, language barriers, and larger countries feeling burdened are outlined. The document concludes by discussing the need for flexible, unbiased policies and clear goals to strengthen future integration efforts.
This document provides an overview of regional economic integration. It defines regional integration as economic and political steps taken by member states to increase competitiveness through preferential trade access and regional production networks. The stages of integration are described, moving from free trade areas to customs unions to common markets and eventual political union. Benefits include larger markets and economies of scale, while costs include loss of sovereignty and job losses in protected industries. Different types of regional blocs are characterized based on their proximity to world markets and size of local markets. The European Union is presented as the most advanced integration bloc, originating from the European Coal and Steel Community.
The document discusses the global interstate system and how it addresses issues beyond the scope of individual nation-states. It defines an interstate system as a system of competing states with no single dominant power, as described by Chase-Dunn. As the world becomes more interconnected through globalization, the role of governments is shifting and policies are influenced by international factors. Examples given are the Montreal Protocol, which aims to phase out ozone-depleting substances, and how globalization can negatively impact local communities. The document also outlines several international institutions that govern relations between countries, such as the UN, World Bank, IMF, WTO, and others. It concludes by differentiating globalism, which focuses on free flow of trade and
Lessons for Africa’s Integration inspired by the EU IntegrationGaia Manco
The commitment of African countries and their leaders to the ideals of regional cooperation
has been an integral part of the development discuss on the continent even before the wave of
independence in the 1960s. The promise of regional integration is the benefits to be derived
from smaller economies coming together and forming larger markets capable of attracting
meaningful investments and benefit from economies of scale. Armed with this believe
African economies have adopted ambitious integration targets towards the creation of an
African common market by 2025. This has mostly been through the creation of European
styled institutions of integration tasked with the responsibility of pushing ahead the
integration agenda. The paper argues that the adoption of EU styled institutions in Africa’s
integration experience without taking cognisance of the triggers,motivation and challenges
these institutions were created to address,explains the more degree of implementation of
regional integration commitments on the continent. It further argues that the European Unoin
is infact not the fruit of a single model of integration and can consequently not be replicated
in another part of the world though the lessons from its experience of integration remain
useful and relevant for experiences of regional integration across the world, including in
Africa. The paper closes by recommending a number of important lessons Africa can learn
from Europe’s integration experience to ensure that it moves from its current stage of rhetoric
and institutional proliferation to the active pursuit of development friendly regional
integration agenda
This document defines key terms related to global governance, international law, and national law. It discusses how global governance has shifted away from traditional sovereign nation-states towards looser structures requiring international cooperation. Several non-state actors have emerged to facilitate global problem solving, such as the United Nations and G20 organizations, which aim to enable coordinated international action and response on issues that extend beyond the capabilities of individual states.
A comparision of management system for development cooperationबि. बि. राई
The document discusses aid management systems in OECD countries. It outlines the purpose and history of the OECD, as well as trends in development policies and public opinion towards aid over time. Key points covered include shifting priorities from economic growth to poverty reduction and human needs, the importance of policy coherence and partnerships with developing countries, and monitoring public support through surveys and information dissemination. The conclusion emphasizes the need for transparency and accountability in aid spending.
According to the McDonald's Corporation website as of January 30, 2007, McDonald's had more than 30,000 local restaurants serving nearly 50 million people in more than 119 countries each day, demonstrating the global spread of transnational corporations. Transnational corporations have expanded globally due to factors such as technological advances in transportation and communication, access to new markets and resources, and the pursuit of profits. While transnational corporations can provide some benefits to less economically developed countries, they may also negatively impact local industries and communities.
The document introduces the concept of solidarity economy (SE) as an alternative to capitalism that democratizes the economy. Key aspects of SE discussed include ethical banks where savers choose how money is used, worker cooperatives owned and operated by employees, and participatory budgeting where citizens decide local government spending. The development of SE is described in various regions, and strategies proposed to further SE in Asia include creating national networks to connect stakeholders, developing a wiki to share SE information, and increasing collaboration with Latin America where SE is more established.
For your 2 replies, you must incorporate a minimum of 2 different re.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
For your 2 replies, you must incorporate a minimum of 2 different resources citing them in current APA format. You may use the textbook, scholarly journals, the Bible, and governmental websites.
Post a substantive written response to 2 other classmates' threads. Your response must identify specific weakness(es) as well as note the strengths of the post. By identifying a weakness (content based, not a spelling/grammatical aspect), you display the critical thinking skills required in a graduate course. Refrain from making statements like “I really couldn’t find a weakness to your thread but the assignment required it . . . ’’+ an insubstantial critique, as this is your chance to help your peer write stronger in their future threads. You should put as much time into your reply phase as you do your thread. The strongest scores on that portion are reserved for those replies that incorporate specific evidence rather than making opinion-based statements. Please maintain the proper tone in your critique by addressing the issues instead of attacking the person.
THE FIRST STUDENT- Hilary Wilkans
The countries of South America have many different regional trade agreements. However, there are only two groups of sub-regional trade, MERCOSUR and Andean Community of Nations (CAN). According to Thompson and Toledo (2001), “MERCOSUR is a free trade agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay” (p. 114). Silva (2012) describes CAN as, “an integration process in the Americas that started in 1969 with the signing of the Cartagena Agreement by Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru.” (p.430). The two trade blocs have many similarities and also various differences. Beginning with the similarities between the two, both groups are customs unions. Each country that has joined either MERCOSUR or CAN has established and enforced a common external tariff (CET). Both MERCOSUR and CAN also contain four primary member countries and had hopes of becoming common markets. Although the two groups are similar, there are also various differences between them. For instance, MERCOSUR is thought to have a noticeably superior economic weight, whereas CAN is thought to be “one of the most institutionalized regional agreements among developing countries” (Lynch, p. 99, 2010). Andean Community of Nations also tends to be very skeptical regarding capitalism, in comparison to MERCOSUR who is not.
Along with the similarities and differences of these two trade groups, there is a major benefit to be considered. The benefit that comes from these trade groups is that they “have agreed to form a free trade agreement” (Lynch, p.87, 2010). Through having a free trade agreement it ensures that each country is able to export and import between each other without trade barriers. Unfortunately, although free trade is a major benefit that is found in this trade bloc, there are also reasons for countries to decide not to join either group. Many countries refuse to be a part of thes.
- The G20 was created in 1999 by the G7 countries in response to financial crises to help stabilize global markets and the international monetary system.
- It has taken on a larger role since the 2008 crisis and expanded its membership to include both creditor and emerging economies.
- However, the G20 and other global institutions have struggled to anticipate and resolve major issues like inequality, unemployment, climate change, and have focused more on short-term banking rescues in developed countries. Significant obstacles remain to establishing a new economic governance with more justice for developing countries.
1. The document discusses alternative regional integration frameworks in Latin America and the Caribbean, including ALBA, CELAC, UNASUR, and Petrocaribe.
2. ALBA emphasizes cooperation, complementarity, and extra-economic goals like human development over economic liberalization. Petrocaribe provides member countries with oil supplies at lower prices and more flexible payment terms.
3. While traditional integration schemes face challenges, these new frameworks fit models of developmental regionalism and South-South cooperation, and have provided development assistance and social programs that help alleviate economic crises. However, some question their long-term economic sustainability.
Running head DB FORUM THREE – SOUTH AMERICAN RTA1DB FORUM THRE.docxsusanschei
Running head: DB FORUM THREE – SOUTH AMERICAN RTA 1
DB FORUM THREE – SOUTH AMERICAN RTA 5
DB Forum Three: South American RTAs
Conner Linde
BUSI 464-B01
Liberty University
Respectfully submitted to Dr. Hammett
February 1, 2017
South American RTAs:
Long unwelcoming to any form of international trade, the nations of South America are in the process of strengthening the continent’s negotiating position by integrating their economies through trade (Lynch, 2010, pp. 88-89). Though regional and national tensions still exist, the continent has come together by means of two primary trade agreements, MERCOSUR and the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). Though they are unique from one another, these two agreements, together, attract the membership of the majority of the South American nations, yet there are a notable few nations that belong to neither. The distinctions, benefits, and disadvantages of the agreements illustrate well the current standing of South American international trade and consideration of those independent nations is indeed intriguing.
MERCOSUR
MERCOSUR, with the greater economic weight behind it (Lynch, 2010, p. 87), is currently officially made up of four full member nations and six associate member nations (Lynch, 2010, p. 113). Considered the world’s fourth largest trading bloc, MERCOSUR has incredible potential for making a lasting impact in South America, yet it has not been very sluggish in doing so (Downey, 2014, p. 1178). While MERCOSUR definitely has substantially lowered the trade barriers of its full member nations, it does have ambitious goals of completely lowering trade barriers, further integrating its member nations, becoming a common market (Lynch, 2010 p. 115), and strengthening South America within the global economy and “it has not made substantial progress aligning its policies, thereby hindering its progress” (Downey, 2014, p. 1178). These conflicted agendas have caused MERCOSUR to progress very slowly towards its ambitious goals. Though MERCOSUR has the magnitude of a juggernaut, momentum is still needed to actually accomplish that which it has set out to accomplish.
Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
Originally intended to become an Andean common market, the Andean Community of Nations (CAN) has become “one of the most institutionalized regional agreements among developing nations” (Lynch, 2010, p. 99). Though integration slowed during the 1970s, CAN has continued to bridge cultural and national divides, resolving disputes and bringing peace to many of its member nations (Lynch, 2010, p. 99). However, CAN’s primary member nations all rely heavily upon agriculture and remain poor, with a high percentage of their populations living in poverty (Morles, 2012). This creates a dependence, first of all, upon the nation’s current agricultural capacity, and secondly, upon imported external goods. This is problematic, however, if each of the primary member nations are experiencing the same needs and none ar ...
This course introduces students by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. The focus on these issues is a multidimentional approach that integrates political, economic, historical geographical and sociological perspectives that created an increasing awareness of the interconnected- ness of peoples and places around the globe. The Contemporary World course is designed to provide students with an understanding of world events. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
Michael Lanzetta - The Global Fund Partnership Forum 2015 Summary ReportMichael Lanzetta
The document summarizes key discussions and recommendations from the 2015 Global Fund Partnership Forum meetings in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, and Buenos Aires. There was widespread agreement on several themes: 1) The need for more cohesive community system policies and greater investment in community responses. 2) A differentiated approach is needed that recognizes regional/local differences but also promotes integration across disease programs. 3) Transitioning and sustainability require strategies that continue support for key populations in middle-income countries. Measurement and data collection on community impact must also be strengthened to guide investment priorities. Common priorities raised included gender issues, challenges in complex operating environments, and meaningful participation of communities in decision-making.
The Contemporary World: Global Economic StructuresAntonio Delgado
This document discusses economic globalization and related topics through four main sections. It begins by defining economic globalization and its emergence in the 1500s. It then examines the Bretton Woods system established in 1944 to regulate international monetary systems and addresses organizations it created like the IMF and World Bank. Other economic organizations are also outlined. Finally, it explores the role of multinational corporations in globalization through foreign direct investment and other activities.
This document discusses regional integration among developing countries from a social constructivist perspective. It first outlines the key ideas of social constructivism in international relations, namely that the international system exists through intersubjective ideas and can change as ideas change. It then uses the case study of regional integration to discuss how integration has four stages and aims to reduce discrimination, while cooperation involves concerted actions in areas of common interest. Regarding regional integration among developing countries, the document discusses how it was seen as promoting development but largely failed to increase intra-regional trade or serve as an alternative to trade with industrialized nations. It concludes that while regional integration encouraged some reforms, trade benefits were not achieved and a shift toward cooperation may be more effective.
Similar to Regional integration and developing countries (20)
Este documento presenta un resumen de la geopolítica de la Federación Rusa. Rusia es el país más grande del mundo con una población de 147 millones concentrada principalmente en la parte europea. Limita con 14 países y tiene intereses estratégicos en su periferia que incluye a países de la CEI. Rusia busca restaurar su influencia global mediante alianzas como la OCS y el uso de su poder energético. Mantiene disputas territoriales en el Cáucaso y se opone a la expansión de la OTAN.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la economía política internacional. Explica que la disciplina estudia el impacto de las dinámicas políticas en la economía global y cómo los países crean instituciones para regular las transacciones económicas y financieras a nivel internacional. También resume varias teorías clave como la teoría de la estabilidad hegemónica, que argumenta que la cooperación internacional requiere la hegemonía de una potencia que establezca las reglas, y la teoría de los regímenes, que sostiene que
Este documento resume la geopolítica de Europa, incluyendo sus límites geográficos, su población, economía, cultura, organizaciones políticas como la Unión Europea y la OTAN, y los principales retos a los que se enfrenta como el envejecimiento de la población, la dependencia energética y la fragmentación política.
EEUU sigue siendo la primera potencia mundial debido a su capacidad militar, su influencia económica y política, y su poder blando. Sin embargo, enfrenta desafíos como la creciente competencia de China y el nacionalismo de Trump que ha debilitado algunas alianzas. Otras potencias como la Unión Europea, Rusia, India y China también buscan aumentar su influencia global.
El documento presenta una introducción a la economía política internacional. Resume algunas teorías clave como la teoría de la economía dual, la teoría del sistema-mundo moderno/capitalista, y la teoría de la estabilidad hegemónica. También analiza el papel de las empresas transnacionales y los desafíos actuales del orden económico global, incluido el cambio en el equilibrio de poder entre Estados Unidos y China.
Este documento presenta información sobre la geografía, población y mosaico cultural de Rusia. Rusia es el país más grande del mundo y su población de 147 millones se concentra principalmente en la parte europea. La población rusa se extiende también a lo largo de la periferia en países como Ucrania, Kazajstán y Bielorrusia. El documento también resume brevemente la historia reciente de Rusia desde la disolución de la Unión Soviética y su posicionamiento geopolítico actual.
Este documento resume las principales características geográficas, demográficas, culturales, económicas y de seguridad de Europa. Explora los límites de Europa, las fuerzas y debilidades del continente como su fragmentación política y dependencia energética, y los retos como el envejecimiento de la población, el terrorismo y la gestión de la inmigración. Finalmente, analiza el potencial de Europa como actor económico y su influencia global a pesar de enfrentar desafíos para preservar su unidad e importancia en
EEUU sigue siendo la primera potencia mundial debido a su poder militar, su influencia económica y financiera, y su capacidad de proyección cultural. Sin embargo, su hegemonía se ve desafiada por el ascenso de China y el debilitamiento de algunas de sus alianzas. A pesar de mantener una gran ventaja militar, su liderazgo se ha visto cuestionado por su retiro de acuerdos internacionales y su política proteccionista. La redistribución del poder global continúa con el surgimiento de nuevos actores.
Este documento discute los conceptos de seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. Explica que la seguridad alimentaria se refiere al acceso físico y económico a suficientes alimentos, mientras que la soberanía alimentaria se refiere al derecho de los pueblos a definir sus propias políticas alimentarias. También analiza los factores que han llevado a la pérdida de soberanía alimentaria en los países en desarrollo, como la especulación financiera, la compra de tierras, la producción de
Este documento resume la geopolítica de América Latina y el Caribe. La región comprende 21.2 millones de km2 y 30 países, con una población de más de 600 millones de personas. Existen disputas fronterizas entre varios países y diversidad geográfica, cultural e idiomática. Estados Unidos ha ejercido una fuerte influencia política e intervencionismo militar en la región durante los siglos XIX y XX, apoyando golpes de estado y dictaduras. En la actualidad, persisten desafíos como la violencia, la pobreza y
Este documento analiza cómo se mide y conceptualiza la pobreza en México y a nivel global. Explica que no existe consenso sobre cómo definirla y que afecta las políticas públicas. Describe las diferentes formas en que organismos como el Banco Mundial y CONEVAL miden la pobreza, incluyendo líneas de pobreza, carencias sociales, y percepciones. Finalmente, analiza las razones de la pobreza como desigualdad, falta de oportunidades, y exclusión social.
El documento describe la división de Europa después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en dos bloques ideológicos rivales, el bloque occidental liderado por Estados Unidos y el bloque oriental liderado por la Unión Soviética. La Guerra Fría llevó a la creación de alianzas militares como la OTAN y el Pacto de Varsovia y a la división de Alemania. El documento también analiza los intentos de reforma en el bloque soviético bajo Gorbachov y el colapso eventual de la Unión Soviética a principios de la dé
El documento resume brevemente la historia y definiciones de terrorismo, la distinción entre organizaciones terroristas y criminales, y los factores que favorecen su desarrollo. Menciona que el terrorismo busca fines políticos a través de actos violentos, mientras que las organizaciones criminales buscan ganancias. Ambos se nutren de problemas globales como la desigualdad y se aprovechan de vacíos institucionales. El documento también analiza la evolución de grupos terroristas islámicos como Al Qaeda y el Estado Islámico.
Este documento resume la evolución de la cooperación internacional al desarrollo desde la década de 1960 hasta la actualidad. Se describe el surgimiento del Comité de Asistencia al Desarrollo de la OCDE y cómo los actores, objetivos y enfoques de la cooperación han cambiado a través de los años. También se analizan los programas y niveles de ayuda oficial al desarrollo de diferentes países y regiones como Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea, Canadá y China.
Este documento define las empresas transnacionales (ETN) y describe sus principales características. Resume que las ETN operan en varios países a través de filiales, generan más del 30% de sus ganancias en el extranjero, y su centro de decisión generalmente está en el país de origen. También dominan sectores como agroalimentario, comunicaciones, automotriz y energía. Las ETN realizan la mayor parte del comercio mundial y tienen ingresos comparables al PIB de países enteros.
El documento resume los principales puntos de la renegociación del TLCAN y el nuevo acuerdo AEUMC. Señala que la renegociación tomó 14 meses y que Trump consideraba al TLCAN un "desastre". El nuevo acuerdo mantiene la estructura trilateral, aumenta los requisitos de contenido regional para vehículos, y requiere que una parte de los salarios sean superiores a 16 dólares por hora. También cubre aspectos como protección de propiedad intelectual, comercio digital y anticorrupción.
El documento analiza la tendencia creciente al proteccionismo impulsada por el gobierno de Trump en Estados Unidos. Trump ha impuesto aranceles más altos a productos de acero, aluminio y China con el objetivo de reducir el déficit comercial estadounidense y proteger industrias estratégicas. Sin embargo, otros países como China también han adoptado medidas proteccionistas. Esto lleva a un cambio hacia acuerdos comerciales más pequeños y bilaterales en lugar del sistema multilateral anterior. Además, las sociedades en Estados Unidos y Europa demandan mayor
Rusia es el país más grande del mundo con una población de 144 millones concentrada principalmente en la parte europea. A pesar de su tamaño, tiene una baja densidad de población y problemas de natalidad. El documento describe la geografía, demografía, cultura y política exterior de Rusia, incluida su influencia en los estados de la antigua Unión Soviética a través de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes y la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghái. También analiza los conflictos territoriales de Rusia y su rivalidad geopolí
Este documento explora varios aspectos de la identidad europea, incluyendo su geografía, población, cultura, valores históricos compartidos, idiomas y religiones. También analiza las fuerzas y debilidades de Europa, como su economía, dependencia energética, deuda y desafíos como la integración cultural y política. El documento concluye examinando la influencia global de Europa y los retos futuros de lograr consensos sobre temas como la defensa y la soberanía.
El documento resume la arquitectura del orden económico global establecida en Bretton Woods después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con énfasis en el Banco Mundial y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Describe los objetivos, estructura, operaciones y áreas de intervención del Banco Mundial, así como sus logros en la reducción de la pobreza. También resume la historia, objetivos y áreas de préstamo del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. Definition
• A process in which neighboring states enter
into an agreement in order to upgrade
cooperation through common rules and
institutions (inter-governmental or
supranational)
• Goals of the agreement could range from
economic to political, environmental, social
or cultural
3. Activity:
• Form groups of 3
• Answer the questions (20 minutes):
– What are the goals and expectations of a
regional integration?
– What are the barriers to regional integration?
– What are the factors that can foster the
integration? (help to upgrade and to sustain
the cooperation)
• Make your presentation
4. What are the goals and
expectations of a regional
integration?
5. 1. To build Peace through interdependence + sharing
values + common identity + environment of mutual
trust… (Kantian philosophy)
2. To reach a Mutual consolidation (politically and
economically) (Argentina-Brazil after 1985 and the
military dictatorships) (Rojas 2008)
It allows:
– To consolidate mutually the national orders
– To stimulate together the same development model
(market economy and democracy in the case of
MERCOSUR)
6. Mercosur
• Sub-regional bloc
• 5 members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela
• Very deep integration since it established a customs union (common
external tariff = same tariffs in its relation with the rest of the world)
• Associate members: Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
• Observers: New Zealand and Mexico
• Goal: To promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and
currency
• Official languages: Spanish, Portuguese and Guarani
• Paradigm: Pragmatism (slow integration into globalization without affecting
internal sectors; many consider it as protectionist) + it gives a preference to
the relations South-South ≠ Pacific Alliance (neoliberal approach; total
open regionalism; to deepen relations with current hegemon)
7. • Founded in 1991 by the Treaty of Asunción; but actually originated in
1985, when presidents Alfonsín of Argentina and Sarney of Brazil
signed the Argentina-Brazil Integration and Economics Cooperation
Program
• Strong institutional architecture: Parliament
• Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations have a FTA since
2012
Purpose is to merge into a common integration (Union of South
American Nations)
Problem: 2 different paradigms:
– Colombia and Peru: neoliberal (total open regionalism; both have a
FTA with USA)
– The rest: much more pragmatics; slow and under control integration
in the globalization, much more protectionists and south oriented
=> Lack of political synchronization between LAC affects integration
(upgrading cooperation)=> significantly weakens their negotiation
position (political weight)
8. 3. To create and to defend common strategies in global
governance (Kacowicz 2008) (i.e: Latin American and Caribbean
States Community; Shanghai Cooperation Organization;
Commonwealth of Independent States )
To Impact in the global model (to shape the new order)
To create a counter-power in order to balance alliances
dominating the current international/regional order:
– China and Russia in Asia
– Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela in Americas
– South Africa is trying in Africa with African Union
To allow a better insertion in the Globalization
The purpose is much more than economic
They also offer a platform to promote dialogue among members
to deepen sub-regional integration
9. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
• Eurasian political, economic and military organization
• Founded in 2001 in Shanghai
• 6 members: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
• Oficial languages: Russian and Chinese
10. • Last week, it was decided to admit India and Pakistan as full
members => they are expected to join by 2016
• Observers: Mongolia, Iran, Sri Lanka, Belarus, Turkey…
• Officially: to promote cooperation against terrorism and
separatism but many say that the real purpose is to brake US
interest in the region (access to energy in the Caspian Sea) as
well to limit US military presence [strong after 9/11 and
intervention in Afghanistan])
• Many see SCO as a global counter-power undermining US and
European influence
11. Latin American and Caribbean States
Community (CELAC)
• Regional bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states
• Founded in 2010 and implemented in 2011 in Caracas
• 33 members (600 million people)
=> All the countries from Americas except USA and Canada and a couple
of Islands belonging to France, UK and Netherlands
• Goal: To deepen Latin American integration and to reduce the
interference of the USA in the region
=> It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States
(OAS) = the regional organization created by Washington in 1948
13. African Union (AU)
• Continental union
• 54 members => all African countries except
Morocco (AU accepted Western Sahara whose
status is disputed; territory claimed by Morocco =>
it felt betrayed so decides to withdraw)
• Founded in 2001 in Addis Ababa (Eth.)
• Wide range of Goals:
– To achieve greater unity and solidarity
– To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and
independence
– To accelerate the political and social-economic
14.
15. Currently there are 8 Regional Economic Communities (REC)
recognized by the AU:
• Arab Maghreb Union (UMA)
• Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
• Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD)
• East African Community (EAC)
• Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
• Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
• Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
• Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)
24. 4. To coordinate public policies; Goals:
– To slow destructive competition (to avoid competition
in order to receive FDI based on the sacrifice of the
national normative frameworks = race to the bottom)
=> Creating a common front it allows to balance global
market forces (FDI or financial flows) and to preserve the
welfare state (Gilpin)
– To create a political unity in the globalization
(coordination of PPs leads to common interests)
=> Increases to political power of the regional bloc (“critical
mass”)
25. 5. To create a regional market => to extend the market
perspective for all the actors => It improves the
competitiveness of economic fabric:
• It gives more opportunities to the Small and Medium-
sized Enterprises thanks to the wider market (CEPAL,
2009)
• It allows to Consolidate the value chains (=> it increases
the size of the production units)
• It gives more opportunities for the Diversification of
productive bases
• It increases the probability to connect FDI with regional
actors (allowing spill-over effects)
26. 6. It is easier for governments and firms to get funds
in the financial market
– Due to the size/visibility/stability of the regional economy it is
easier to get access to the global financial market (regionalism
allows to get a critical mass)
– To get a loan cheaper. Ex.: Before monetary union, when Italian
Government wanted to get money it issued bonds in Lira => due
to the limited market it had to pay a high interest rate
≠ with Eurozone: actors issues bonds in Euro, the potential
number of buyers is much more important than before => less
expensive and faster
28. 1. Different internal and external political agendas
(sometimes drastically opposed paradigms) => divergent
objectives
– Objectives are not necessarily regional (ASEAN, MERCOSUR,
Central American Market, CARICOM…)
– Lack of a common strategy for global integration: some
wants a rapid integration and others a pragmatic integration
(Kacowicz 2008)
2. In many DCs there is a lack of long-term vision due to the
political/social/economic instability/precarity => uncertainty
about commitment to the regional integration
29. 3. In many DCs there is a lack of a regional infrastructure =>
it is difficult :
– To create an integrated economy and society at the
regional level
– To foster the circulation of informations/ideas/products
– To promote a regional identity => to build up the idea of
“territoriality” among the population (i.e. sense of
belonging to the same community => it could be
necessary to have the support of the society to be a
sustainable project)
30. Constructivist perspective: new regionalism
(Habermas, Wendt, Hettne)
• Bottom-up vision (Giacalone): “Shared ideas” have to
build the regional order, more than the material
forces (market or officials)
• Integration based on shared conviction of belonging
to the same community of values (feeling of high
interdependence and the conviction that all the
region is sharing the same history)
Regionalism is strong and dynamic (high level of adaptation) +
31. • Requires:
– To foster a Collective learning process
– to construct an Identity to guide the economic and
political behaviors
– To foster the construction of a “Social reality”
At the beginning it requires an important intervention of
the authorities to build regional infrastructures (to foster
regional synergy)
=> Integration has to be socially constructed
32. Preferential
agreement
(Commonwealt
h)
FTA (NAFTA)
Customs
Union
(Mercosur;
Andean
Community;
Southern
Africa
Customs
Union)
Common
market
(CARICOM)
Monetary
Union
(Customs and
Economic
Union of
Central Africa;
West African
Economic and
Monetary
Union)
Towards a
political
union
(Commonwe
alth of
Independent
States or EU)
It reduces
tarrifs but no
elimination
The purpose is
to eliminate
tarrifs among
members (free
movement of
goods) (1)
The purpose
is: (1) + to
adopt a
Common
Customs Tariff
against the
rest of the
world (2)
The purpose is:
(2) + free
movement of
capital, services
and individuals
(3)
The purpose: (3)
+ common
currency
Constructivism is opposed to the Functionalism (top-
down perspective) :
The Deepening and consolidation of the integration through a step by step strategy
promoted by material forces (Balassa)
34. 1. Different internal and external political agendas =>
divergent objectives
2. In many DCs there is a lack of long-term vision due to the
political/social/economic instability => uncertainty about
commitment to integration
3. In many DCs there is a lack of regional infrastructure
It makes it difficult to foster circulation + economies of
scale => affect competitiveness
Probability the integration will benefit a few people
(not an inclusive project)
What are the barriers to regional integration?
35. Other barriers…
4. Very often there is a strong concern for relative gains
among DCs i.e. it is important for the members to win more
than the others (they compare each other: “how much do
they earn?” is important) (Grieco 93) (they are afraid that
economic gains could be transformed in political power and
military threat) (Realist)
the high level of competition may brake the cooperation
≠Neoliberal approach: countries tend to privilege absolute
gains (do not care about how much other players will earn)
36. 5. Very often there is a Lack of complementarity among the
markets due to the low level of purchasing powers (similar
productive structure)
– Few incentives to deepen integration to avoid
destructive competition (Padrón 2007)
– Few trade relations
Low interdependence (±8% average among LAC and less
important among African countries) (Hurrel 95)
=> Integration can vanish easiliy
37. 6. Weak regional institutions (Serbin 2014; Dabene 2014)
– Weak control mechanisms => low level of confidence
– National interests prevail distrust
– Without normative framework, members do not know what
would be the future behavior of the others
7. Very often in a regional integration between DCs there is a
Lack of access to own funds and difficult fiscal situation
Necessary to search for external financing sources
It creates dependency and interference
It affects autonomy
38. 8. Absence of a strong and clear regional hegemon
– Competitive environment prevails
– May be there is a regional leader but it is often perceived as
a competitor
– Few countries are willing to assume the political-economical
support/leadership for integration
9. DCs (despite the regional integration) still depend a lot on the
political and economic situation in ICs => it means uncertainty
for regional integration
39. 2 schools analyze the presence of an hegemon in a regional
integration
Neorealism
• Integration requires the presence of an hegemon to be sustainable
• Hegemon fosters stability of regional order => confidence and
visibility + maintain integration active (has a long term vision) (SADC;
CIS; Mercosur)
Neoliberalism
• It is possible to reach an integration without any hegemon (Keohane,
Axelrod, CEPAL)
• There is a rational interests for cooperation- Why? Because
naturally States are seeking:
– To vanish uncertainty and to foster predictability
– To generate confidence with neighbors
=> they are willing to commit
40. What are the factors that favor
regional integration between DCs and
beyond?
41. 1. International outlook:
(1) Stagnation of Multilateral negotiations (impossibility to go
further): can create incentives to initiate regional cooperation
(TPP)
(2)Current crisis of the model and global
rearrangement: allows South-South
relations/alliances (BRICS; Shanghai
Cooperation Organization; Commonwealth of
Independent States)
2. Presence of an internal hegemon willing to boost the cooperation
(Solis 01)
2. Presence of an external hegemon (Fawcett) (EU supports Mercosur
42. ASEAN
• Founded in 1967
• Original States:
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore,
and Thailand.
• After cold war it
expanded to Brunei,
Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar, and Vietnam
• 625 million people =
almost 9% of the world's
43. • AFTA (ASEAN FTA) implemented only in 1992 (25
years later)
• 1990: Malaysia proposed the creation of an East
Asia Economic Caucus: ASEAN + China + Japan +
South Korea
– Objective: to counterbalance the growing influence of USA in the
Asian region
– It faced heavy opposition from USA + Japan
– However in 1997 it was created an ASEAN + 3
– Most recently was created the East Asia Summit (EAS), which
includes “ASEAN +3” + India + Australia + New Zealand + USA +
Russia
44. • There is a project for a common currency since the
1990s however:
– ASEAN trade more with other countries (80%) than among its
member countries (20%)
– There is no sufficient macroeconomic convergence
• Currently it serves as a platform for FDI coming
from EU, Japan, USA and China to produce with low
cost (low wages, low taxation, low environmental
legislation, low labor legislation…)
Turned to be a “world manufacture center” i.e.
basis for production and export used by MNFs
Based on “open regionalism” and there are
45. 5. The small amount of “players” might benefit integration
(Haggard 97)
6. Connectivity (increases cohesion and mobility) (CEPAL)
7. Construction of the idea of “territoriality”, common
identity and shared vision, sense of belonging =
constructivism (Giacalone; Rojas)
8. Legitimacy of the project and the support for the
integration project among private sector and civil society
(Identification to the project; Ojeda 2010) => Allows a
Bottom-up construction (Giacalone)
46. 5. Cooperation not restricted only to trade dimension:
useful to open the cooperation in other areas to promote
the connection of many political and social actors (Serbin
2014)
6. Political/ideological coincidence/alignment: it impacts
positively on the degree of regional cohesion and on the
capacity to share goals
10. Existence of regional Institutions and control
mechanisms (CEPAL 2009; Perales 1997):
To allow “good behaviors”, transparency, certainty, long-
term vision, confidence and compromise
Editor's Notes
The journey is more important than the destination