ReFS is a new file system in Windows Server 2012 that is more resilient than NTFS. It uses techniques like checksums and copy-on-write to protect against data corruption. ReFS stores data in tables accessed through MinStore, providing improved scalability over NTFS. While missing some NTFS features, ReFS is best for large archives and virtual disk storage where high availability is important. It is optimized for use with Storage Spaces in future versions of Windows Server.
План вебинара:
##Что такое Storage Spaces Direct?
##Сценарии использования Storage Spaces.
##Описание минимальных требований для Storage Spaces.
##Как настроить Windows Server 2016 Spaces Direct для работы с локальными дисками сервера?
##Что такое Storage Replica?
##Разница подходов синхронной и асинхронной репликации.
##Какие технологии репликации для каких задач использовать (DFS-R, Hyper-V Repica, SQL AlwaysOn, Exchange DAG) - и как это комбинируется с новыми возможностями Windows Server 2016?
##Что такое ReFS и чем она отличается в Server 2016 от предыдущих изданий ОС?
##Что даёт использование ReFS для виртуальных машин Hyper-V. Сценарии и возможности.
##Общие изменения Storage технологий в Windows Server 2016.
SUN Network File system - Design, Implementation and Experience aniadkar
Overview of SUN Network File system and its design, architecture and implementation along with changes in NFS v3 and NFS v4
Presented by – Aniruddh Adkar
CSE 710 Parallel and Distributed File Systems ( Spring 2016 )
SUNY, University at Buffalo
Bridging Big - Small, Fast - Slow with Campaign Storageinside-BigData.com
Peter Braam presented this deck at the MSST 2017 Mass Storage Conference.
"Economic considerations and technology developments are necessitating widely usable tiered storage. Untroubled by the worries of transparency and performance, Campaign Storage—invented at Los Alamos National Laboratory—offers radical revisions of old workflows and adapts to new technologies. But it also leverages widely available technologies and interfaces to offer stability from the ground up and blend in with the past. We'll discuss how a simple combination of components can support scalability, data analytics and efficient integration with memory based storage."
Peter Braam is a scientist and entrepreneur focused on large scale computing problems. After obtaining a PhD in mathematics under Michael Atiyah, he was an academic at several universities including Oxford, CMU and Cambridge. One of his startup companies developed the Lustre file system which is widely used. Most other products he designed were sold to major corporations. From 2013, Peter has been assisting computing design for the SKA telescope as a consultant. Currently Peter is doing research in storage and also architecting a product for Campaign Storage, LLC.
Watch the video: http://wp.me/p3RLHQ-gNC
Learn more: http://campaignstorage.com/
and
http://storageconference.us/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
План вебинара:
##Что такое Storage Spaces Direct?
##Сценарии использования Storage Spaces.
##Описание минимальных требований для Storage Spaces.
##Как настроить Windows Server 2016 Spaces Direct для работы с локальными дисками сервера?
##Что такое Storage Replica?
##Разница подходов синхронной и асинхронной репликации.
##Какие технологии репликации для каких задач использовать (DFS-R, Hyper-V Repica, SQL AlwaysOn, Exchange DAG) - и как это комбинируется с новыми возможностями Windows Server 2016?
##Что такое ReFS и чем она отличается в Server 2016 от предыдущих изданий ОС?
##Что даёт использование ReFS для виртуальных машин Hyper-V. Сценарии и возможности.
##Общие изменения Storage технологий в Windows Server 2016.
SUN Network File system - Design, Implementation and Experience aniadkar
Overview of SUN Network File system and its design, architecture and implementation along with changes in NFS v3 and NFS v4
Presented by – Aniruddh Adkar
CSE 710 Parallel and Distributed File Systems ( Spring 2016 )
SUNY, University at Buffalo
Bridging Big - Small, Fast - Slow with Campaign Storageinside-BigData.com
Peter Braam presented this deck at the MSST 2017 Mass Storage Conference.
"Economic considerations and technology developments are necessitating widely usable tiered storage. Untroubled by the worries of transparency and performance, Campaign Storage—invented at Los Alamos National Laboratory—offers radical revisions of old workflows and adapts to new technologies. But it also leverages widely available technologies and interfaces to offer stability from the ground up and blend in with the past. We'll discuss how a simple combination of components can support scalability, data analytics and efficient integration with memory based storage."
Peter Braam is a scientist and entrepreneur focused on large scale computing problems. After obtaining a PhD in mathematics under Michael Atiyah, he was an academic at several universities including Oxford, CMU and Cambridge. One of his startup companies developed the Lustre file system which is widely used. Most other products he designed were sold to major corporations. From 2013, Peter has been assisting computing design for the SKA telescope as a consultant. Currently Peter is doing research in storage and also architecting a product for Campaign Storage, LLC.
Watch the video: http://wp.me/p3RLHQ-gNC
Learn more: http://campaignstorage.com/
and
http://storageconference.us/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Filesystem Showdown: What a Difference a Decade MakesPerforce
In the last 10 years, Ext4 has risen in prominence, ReiserFS has fallen to the wayside, ZFS has been ported to Linux, XFS keeps plugging along, and there's a new kid: Btrfs. NTFS has evolved, too. It's now 2016. How do these filesystems stack up against each other? Does it really make that much of a difference? We’ll show you the results of standard, consistent tests across platforms (Linux vs. Windows) and filesystems to see if the differences are worth choosing one over the other. For simplicity's sake, the tests are performed on identical hardware with out-of-the-box settings.
In computing, ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by Sun Microsystems, a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation. The features of ZFS include support for high storage capacities, integration of the concepts of file system and volume management, snapshots and copy-on-write clones, continuous integrity checking and automatic repair, RAID-Z and native NFSv4 ACLs. Unlike traditional file systems, which reside on single devices and thus require a volume manager to use more than one device, ZFS file systems are built on top of virtual storage pools called zpools. A zpool is constructed of virtual devices (vdevs), which are themselves constructed of block devices: files, hard drive partitions, or entire drives, with the last being the recommended usage.[7] Thus, a vdev can be viewed as a group of hard drives. This means a zpool consists of one or more groups of drives.
In addition, pools can have hot spares to compensate for failing disks. In addition, ZFS supports both read and write caching, for which special devices can be used. Solid State Devices can be used for the L2ARC, or Level 2 ARC, speeding up read operations, while NVRAM buffered SLC memory can be boosted with supercapacitors to implement a fast, non-volatile write cache, improving synchronous writes. Finally, when mirroring, block devices can be grouped according to physical chassis, so that the filesystem can continue in the face of the failure of an entire chassis. Storage pool composition is not limited to similar devices but can consist of ad-hoc, heterogeneous collections of devices, which ZFS seamlessly pools together, subsequently doling out space to diverse file systems as needed. Arbitrary storage device types can be added to existing pools to expand their size at any time. The storage capacity of all vdevs is available to all of the file system instances in the zpool. A quota can be set to limit the amount of space a file system instance can occupy, and a reservation can be set to guarantee that space will be available to a file system instance.
Doble CPU y doble sistema operativo: Una solución NAS, SAN perfecta para tareas informáticas de alto rendimiento y almacenamiento, utilizando el sistema operativo QES o QTS
Red Hat Storage Server Administration Deep DiveRed_Hat_Storage
"In this session for administrators of all skill levels, you’ll get a deep technical dive into Red Hat Storage Server and GlusterFS administration.
We’ll start with the basics of what scale-out storage is, and learn about the unique implementation of Red Hat Storage Server and its advantages over legacy and competing technologies. From the basic knowledge and design principles, we’ll move to a live start-to-finish demonstration. Your experience will include:
Building a cluster.
Allocating resources.
Creating and modifying volumes of different types.
Accessing data via multiple client protocols.
A resiliency demonstration.
Expanding and contracting volumes.
Implementing directory quotas.
Recovering from and preventing split-brain.
Asynchronous parallel geo-replication.
Behind-the-curtain views of configuration files and logs.
Extended attributes used by GlusterFS.
Performance tuning basics.
New and upcoming feature demonstrations.
Those new to the scale-out product will leave this session with the knowledge and confidence to set up their first Red Hat Storage Server environment. Experienced administrators will sharpen their skills and gain insights into the newest features. IT executives and managers will gain a valuable overview to help fuel the drive for next-generation infrastructures."
Авторский учебный курс от Архитектора Microsoft Алексея Кибкало.
Что нового в Remote Desktop Services 2012?
Scenario-based deployment
Remote Desktop Management Server
Remote Desktop Session Host, что нового в терминальных фермах
Новое в Remote Desktop Virtualization Host: коллекции, шаблоны
User Profile Disks -- для терминалов и VDI
Remote Desktop Connection Broker -- масштабируемость и гибкость
Remote Desktop Web Access -- HTML5, возможен ли доступ с iPad?
Remote Desktop Gateway
Remote Desktop Licensing
Внедрение сертификатов для Single Sign On
Metro Remote Desktop Client
Remote Desktop Client 6.2 - для Windows 7 и 8
Основные изменения протокола RDP 8.0
Что нового в APP-V 5.0?
Развитие APP-V
Новый формат данных, размер виртуального пакета
Управление через веб интерфейс
Взаимодействие между виртуальными и реальными пакетами
Настройки конфигураций для пользователей
Обновление пакетов и внесение изменений
Миграция с 4.6 на 5.0
App-V Shared Content Store -- куда эволюционировал Shared Cache
Что такое UE-V - введение?
При поддержке "Звезды и С" www.stars-s.ru
Технологии работы с дисковыми хранилищами и файловыми системами Windows Serve...Виталий Стародубцев
##Что такое Storage Replica
##Архитектура и сценарии
##Синхронная и асинхронная репликация
##Междисковая, межсерверная, внутрикластерная и межкластерная репликация
##Дизайн и проектирование Storage Replica
##Нововведения в Windows Server 2016 TP5
##Графический интерфейс управления, и другие возможности - демонстрация и планы развития
##Интеграция Storage Replica с Storage Spaces Direct
Filesystem Showdown: What a Difference a Decade MakesPerforce
In the last 10 years, Ext4 has risen in prominence, ReiserFS has fallen to the wayside, ZFS has been ported to Linux, XFS keeps plugging along, and there's a new kid: Btrfs. NTFS has evolved, too. It's now 2016. How do these filesystems stack up against each other? Does it really make that much of a difference? We’ll show you the results of standard, consistent tests across platforms (Linux vs. Windows) and filesystems to see if the differences are worth choosing one over the other. For simplicity's sake, the tests are performed on identical hardware with out-of-the-box settings.
In computing, ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by Sun Microsystems, a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation. The features of ZFS include support for high storage capacities, integration of the concepts of file system and volume management, snapshots and copy-on-write clones, continuous integrity checking and automatic repair, RAID-Z and native NFSv4 ACLs. Unlike traditional file systems, which reside on single devices and thus require a volume manager to use more than one device, ZFS file systems are built on top of virtual storage pools called zpools. A zpool is constructed of virtual devices (vdevs), which are themselves constructed of block devices: files, hard drive partitions, or entire drives, with the last being the recommended usage.[7] Thus, a vdev can be viewed as a group of hard drives. This means a zpool consists of one or more groups of drives.
In addition, pools can have hot spares to compensate for failing disks. In addition, ZFS supports both read and write caching, for which special devices can be used. Solid State Devices can be used for the L2ARC, or Level 2 ARC, speeding up read operations, while NVRAM buffered SLC memory can be boosted with supercapacitors to implement a fast, non-volatile write cache, improving synchronous writes. Finally, when mirroring, block devices can be grouped according to physical chassis, so that the filesystem can continue in the face of the failure of an entire chassis. Storage pool composition is not limited to similar devices but can consist of ad-hoc, heterogeneous collections of devices, which ZFS seamlessly pools together, subsequently doling out space to diverse file systems as needed. Arbitrary storage device types can be added to existing pools to expand their size at any time. The storage capacity of all vdevs is available to all of the file system instances in the zpool. A quota can be set to limit the amount of space a file system instance can occupy, and a reservation can be set to guarantee that space will be available to a file system instance.
Doble CPU y doble sistema operativo: Una solución NAS, SAN perfecta para tareas informáticas de alto rendimiento y almacenamiento, utilizando el sistema operativo QES o QTS
Red Hat Storage Server Administration Deep DiveRed_Hat_Storage
"In this session for administrators of all skill levels, you’ll get a deep technical dive into Red Hat Storage Server and GlusterFS administration.
We’ll start with the basics of what scale-out storage is, and learn about the unique implementation of Red Hat Storage Server and its advantages over legacy and competing technologies. From the basic knowledge and design principles, we’ll move to a live start-to-finish demonstration. Your experience will include:
Building a cluster.
Allocating resources.
Creating and modifying volumes of different types.
Accessing data via multiple client protocols.
A resiliency demonstration.
Expanding and contracting volumes.
Implementing directory quotas.
Recovering from and preventing split-brain.
Asynchronous parallel geo-replication.
Behind-the-curtain views of configuration files and logs.
Extended attributes used by GlusterFS.
Performance tuning basics.
New and upcoming feature demonstrations.
Those new to the scale-out product will leave this session with the knowledge and confidence to set up their first Red Hat Storage Server environment. Experienced administrators will sharpen their skills and gain insights into the newest features. IT executives and managers will gain a valuable overview to help fuel the drive for next-generation infrastructures."
Авторский учебный курс от Архитектора Microsoft Алексея Кибкало.
Что нового в Remote Desktop Services 2012?
Scenario-based deployment
Remote Desktop Management Server
Remote Desktop Session Host, что нового в терминальных фермах
Новое в Remote Desktop Virtualization Host: коллекции, шаблоны
User Profile Disks -- для терминалов и VDI
Remote Desktop Connection Broker -- масштабируемость и гибкость
Remote Desktop Web Access -- HTML5, возможен ли доступ с iPad?
Remote Desktop Gateway
Remote Desktop Licensing
Внедрение сертификатов для Single Sign On
Metro Remote Desktop Client
Remote Desktop Client 6.2 - для Windows 7 и 8
Основные изменения протокола RDP 8.0
Что нового в APP-V 5.0?
Развитие APP-V
Новый формат данных, размер виртуального пакета
Управление через веб интерфейс
Взаимодействие между виртуальными и реальными пакетами
Настройки конфигураций для пользователей
Обновление пакетов и внесение изменений
Миграция с 4.6 на 5.0
App-V Shared Content Store -- куда эволюционировал Shared Cache
Что такое UE-V - введение?
При поддержке "Звезды и С" www.stars-s.ru
Технологии работы с дисковыми хранилищами и файловыми системами Windows Serve...Виталий Стародубцев
##Что такое Storage Replica
##Архитектура и сценарии
##Синхронная и асинхронная репликация
##Междисковая, межсерверная, внутрикластерная и межкластерная репликация
##Дизайн и проектирование Storage Replica
##Нововведения в Windows Server 2016 TP5
##Графический интерфейс управления, и другие возможности - демонстрация и планы развития
##Интеграция Storage Replica с Storage Spaces Direct
Авторский учебный курс от Архитектора Microsoft Алексея Кибкало.
Поколения виртуальных машин
Автоматическая активация ОС в виртуальных машинах
Что такое Live Migration. Скорость работы, компрессия, миграция с WS2012 на WS2012R2
Живое изменение размера дисков виртуальных машин
Storage QoS, контроль и мониторинг производительности дисковых ресурсов
Клонирование и экспорт запущенных ВМ, экспорт снимков ВМ
Новые возможности в виртуальных машинах с Linux
Дисковая дедупликация для работающий VDI машин, дедупликация CSV
При поддержке "Звезды и С" www.stars-s.ru
Авторский учебный курс от Архитектора Microsoft Алексея Кибкало.
Что такое Hyper-V
Версии Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V
Аппаратные требования к Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V
Установка Hyper-V
Сетевые возможности Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V
Что такое Live Migration
Высокодоступные кластеры Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V
Аварийное восстановление и Hyper-V Replica
Азы управления при помощи System Center
При поддержке "Звезды и С" www.stars-s.ru
This is a self made slide covering topics related to storage systems available in the market with certain information of file systems to understand the fundamentals.
There are also some information is available related to how the whole stuff works.
Hadoop-professional-software-development-course-in-mumbaiUnmesh Baile
Vibrant Technologies is headquarted in Mumbai,India.We are the best Hadoop training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best Hadoop classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporates.
Hadoop professional-software-development-course-in-mumbaiUnmesh Baile
Vibrant Technologies is headquarted in Mumbai,India.We are the best Hadoop training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best Hadoop classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporates
Guide to Windows 7 - Managing File SystemsGene Carboni
This video explains how to manage file systems. Learn the file system features and limits in Windows 7. Review file and folder attributes used in the FAT and NTFS file systems. Get an explanation of file and folder permission, permission scopes and inheritance, and the impact of ownership. Learn how to use previous versions of files
Reply needed 1Rijndael was created because of the shortcomings.docxcarlt4
Reply needed 1
Rijndael was created because of the shortcomings of DES and triple-DES. After a thorough examination of submitted encryption algorithm proposals. AES resembles DES in the sense that it also uses combinations of transpositions and substitutions; AES, however, is much more flexible with respect to keys, which may be 256 or more bit.
Rijndael works by generating 10 128-bit keys from the 128-bit key which are stored in 4 x 4 tables. The plain text is also divided into 4 x 4 tables (each in 128-bit chunks). Each of the 128-bit plain text pieces is processed in a 10-round process (10 rounds on 128-bit keys, 11 on 192, 13 on 256).
The code will be generated after the 10th round. The rows of the matrices are now sorted cyclically. While the columns are exchanged by matrix multiplication via a Galois field (GF) (2 8). The security of this encryption method increases when Rijndael is performed several times with different round keys. Brute- Force attack can be prevented by Rijndael because the key length can exceed 128 bits.
Reference:
John Kelsey, Stefan Lucks, Bruce Schneier, Mike Stay, David Wagner, and Doug Whiting, Improved Cryptanalysis of Rijndael, Fast Software Encryption, 2000 pp213–230 "Academic: Improved Cryptanalysis of Rijndael - Schneier on Security". Archivedfrom the original on 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
Reply needed 2
The Rijndael algorithm for the AES encryption was designed following the three principles of resisting all known possible attacks, speed and compactness of the source code and to make the design as simple as possible. Its encryption process uses a set of round keys on a ray of data alongside other operations. The arrays hold exactly one block of data referred to as state array that needs to be encrypted (Nivetha, 2017). Data handling takes place in 128-bit blocks where the blocks can mirror the different key sizes. The steps involved in the AES encryption process are as follows. First, the round keys are derived from the cipher key. Secondly, the state array is initialized with the block data which is mainly the plain text to be encrypted. This is followed by adding the initial round key to the starting state array. The next step involves the manipulation of the data in about nine rounds. Then it has to be ensured that the tenth round of the data manipulation is performed. Lastly, the final state array is then copied out. This becomes the encrypted data or ciphertext. The nine and the tenth rounds of manipulation of the data are done to ensure that the tenth manipulation involves a slightly different method of manipulation from the others. This then completes the process of AES encryption.
Reference
Nivetha, K. (2017). Steps in the AES Encryption Process:: Appendix A. Overview of the AES Block Cipher :: Appendixes :: 802.11 security. wi-fi protected access and 802.11i :: Networking :: eTutorials.org. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from http://etutorials.org/Networking/802.11+security.+wi-fi+protected+a.
Hadoop Institutes : kelly technologies is the best Hadoop Training Institutes in Hyderabad. Providing Hadoop training by real time faculty in Hyderabad.
Types of File Systems
How does the file system handle security?
Attacks on the file system
How does the file system ensure data integrity?
A file system is an abstraction to store, retrieve and update a set of files. The term also identifies the data structures specified by some of those abstractions, which are designed to organize multiple files as a single stream of bytes. responsible for organizing files and directories, and keeping track of which areas of the media belong to which file and which are not being used.
عمار عبد الكريم صاحب مبارك
AmmAr Abdualkareem sahib mobark
Understanding the Windows Server Administration Fundamentals (Part-2)Tuan Yang
Windows Server Administration is an advanced computer networking topic that includes server installation and configuration, server roles, storage, Active Directory and Group Policy, file, print, and web services, remote access, virtualization, application servers, troubleshooting, performance, and reliability. With these slides, explore the key fundamentals of the Windows Server Administration.
Learn more about:
» Storage technologies.
» File Systems.
» HDD managements.
» Troubleshooting methodology.
» Server boot process.
» System configuration.
» System monitoring.
» High Availability & fault tolerance.
» Back up.
file system,why we use file system,attributes of file system,directories,operation performed on file,advantages of maintaining directories,level of directories,file allocation method,file sharing,physical file ,logical file
FirstLook: Экзамен 70-333 и 70-334 (на основе курсов 20333, 20334)Виталий Стародубцев
1. Сертификация Microsoft по направлению Communication – обзор, статусы, используемые технологии
2. Программные продукты Microsoft Lync Server 2013 и Skype for Business 2015 – краткий обзор возможностей
3. Обзор экзамена 334: Core Solutions of Microsoft Skype for Business 2015
4. Обзор экзамена 333: Deploying Enterprise Voice with Skype for Business 2015
5. Подготовка к экзаменам по продукту Skype for Business – новый курс 20334 - Основные функции Microsoft Skype for Business 2015
Подготовка к Экзамену Microsoft 70-411 (MCSA: Windows Server 2012)Виталий Стародубцев
•Характеристики экзамена
•Как правильно интерпретировать вопросы
•Подготовка к экзамену:
◦Темы экзамена и их процентное соотношение – рассматриваем с примерами и на что обратить внимание!
◦Вопросы с практическими заданиями
Подготовка к Экзамену Microsoft 70-410 с Экспертом А.Кибкало (MCSA: Windows Server 2012): Характеристики экзамена
Как правильно интерпретировать вопросы
Подготовка к экзамену:
Темы экзамена и их процентное соотношение -- рассматриваем с примерами и на что обратить внимание!
Вопросы с практическими заданиями
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. RESILIENCY FILE SYSTEM (REFS) (MNTFS)
What You Will Learn
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
Describe the issues around data corruption
Define silent rot
Explain the differences between ReFS and NTFS
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3. RESILIENT FILE SYSTEM (REFS)
Windows Server 2012 includes a new file system ReFS, short for Resilient File System.
NOTE: Early internal documentation referred to ReFS as MNTFS before it was finally
named ReFS.
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4. RESILIENT FILE SYSTEM (REFS), CONT’D
The main reason for the inclusion of a new file system is easy to understand when you look
at the simplified Windows storage stack.
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5. RESILIENT FILE SYSTEM (REFS), CONT’D
The file system rides along so high on the stack that there is just too much obfuscation
between it and the actual hardware.
Until now, Microsoft has simply trusted that the hardware was doing what we told it to
do.
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6. RESILIENT FILE SYSTEM (REFS)
So where has that trust gotten us?
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Event ID 55
Source Ntfs
Description: The file system structure on the disk is corrupt and unusable. Please run the
CHKDSK utility on the volume C:.
Event ID: 51
Event Type: Warning
Event Source: Disk
Description: An error was detected on device DeviceHarddisk3DR3 during a paging
operation.
Event ID: 50
Event Type: Warning
Event Source: Ftdisk
Description: {Lost Delayed-Write Data} The system was attempting to transfer file data
from buffers to DeviceHarddiskVolume4. The write operation failed, and only some of the
data may have been written to the file.
7. RESILIENT FILE SYSTEM (REFS)
What is worse, even if we can fix the problem, we rarely know what the cause was.
Often times it was actually ‘silent rot’.
Silent rot, aka bit rot, is the silent data killer than is not widely talked about. It is like the
dirty little secret of the storage world. This could be a bit flip, i/o that was carried out
incorrectly, or just the magnetic media’s inability to hold a bit position.
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8. BIT ROT I
It has been our long held position to put the responsibility for maintaining data integrity
onto the storage vendor.
This has not worked out well for us as it has put Microsoft in the uncomfortable position of
blame.
The file system must to be able to assemble those blocks into the files that customers
need.
So if a drive experiences a problem like silent rot, it isn’t seen until the file system is trying
to work with the corresponding block.
The result is that we are left reporting the problem, and subsequently we are the ones
blamed for it.
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9. BIT ROT II
Storage solutions are not without error detection and correction capabilities of course.
However, as systems have increased in complexity, it has become plain that the current
methods of preventing silent rot have long since been insufficient.
Some applications are already doing integrity checking for their data files. The problem
with this approach is that it is expensive and only helps the data files associated to the
applications that provide such checking. Silent rot can hit any file, not just the few that
are being protected by applications.
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10. BIT ROT III
The solution that would deliver the biggest blanket of protection would be to provide
additional error checking at the top layer that actually touches all files…the file system
layer.
We are seeing this same approach in the new file systems of other technology leaders
such as Sun’s Zettabyte File System (ZFS) and Oracle’s B-Tree File System (BTrFS).
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11. INTRODUCTION
ReFS is a new resilient, efficient, and scalable Windows file system.
It helps to protect data against lost, misdirected, and torn writes and latent data
corruption.
It intelligently utilizes redundant data stores where available and can efficiently repair
data in order to keep volumes online for as long as possible.
It can scale to the files, directories, and volumes of the future.
It has an efficient I/O pattern that is suitable for the devices of the future, both small and
large.
It is mostly backward compatible with Windows’ stalwart file system NTFS. Its data
resiliency features are mandatory for file system metadata and are optional for user
data, offering flexibility between performance and resiliency. In short, ReFS is a modern,
scalable, resilient copy-on-write file system.
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12. REFS GOALS
Maintain a high degree of compatibility with a subset of NTFS features that are widely
adopted while deprecating others that provide limited value at the cost of system
complexity and footprint.
Verify and auto-correct data. Data can get corrupted due to a number of reasons and
therefore must be verified and, when possible, corrected automatically. Metadata must
not be written in place to avoid the possibility of torn writes.
Optimize for extreme scale. Use scalable structures for everything. Don’t assume that
disk-checking algorithms, in particular, can scale to the size of the entire file system.
Never take the file system offline. Assume that in the event of corruptions, it is
advantageous to isolate the fault while allowing access to the rest of the volume. This is
done while salvaging the maximum amount of data possible, all done live.
Provide a full end-to-end resiliency architecture when used in conjunction with the
Storage Spaces feature, which was co-designed and built in conjunction with ReFS
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13. REFS FEATURES
Metadata integrity with checksums
Integrity streams providing optional user data integrity
Allocate on write transactional model for robust disk updates (also known as copy on
write)
Large volume, file and directory sizes
Storage pooling and virtualization makes file system creation and management easy
Data striping for performance (bandwidth can be managed) and redundancy for fault
tolerance
Disk scrubbing for protection against latent disk errors
Resiliency to corruptions with "salvage" for maximum volume availability in all cases
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14. NTFS VS REFS I
Functionality NTFS ReFS
Named Streams Yes No
OBJECT IDs Yes No
File System Compression Yes No
File System Encryption Yes (EFS) No
Transactions (TxF) Yes No
Short File Names Yes No
Sparse Files Yes No
File Table Yes (MFT) No
Hard Links Yes No
Extended Attributes Yes No
Quota Yes No
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15. NTFS VS REFS II
Functionality NTFS ReFS
Max size of a single file (264-1) bytes (264-1) bytes
Max size of a single volume Roughly 256 TB Roughly 4.7 ZB
Max number of files in a directory No actual limitation 2^64
Max number of directories in a volume No actual limitation 2^64
Max file name length 255 characters 255 characters
Max path length 32K 32K
Boot to file system Yes No
Supported on removable media Yes No
Failover Cluster support Yes Yes
Deduplication Yes No
BitLocker encryption Yes Yes
Access-control lists Yes Yes
USN journal Yes Yes
Change notifications Yes Yes
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16. NTFS VS REFS III
Functionality NTFS ReFS
Junction points Yes Yes
Mount points Yes Yes
Reparse points Yes Yes
Volume snapshots Yes Yes
File IDs Yes Yes
Oplocks Yes Yes
VSS snapshot support Yes Yes
Availability Server/Client Server only
Usable with WDS Yes No
Usable with new CSV Yes No
Usable with Branch Cache Yes No (Needs Object ID)
Usable with FCI Yes No (Needs Named Streams)
Usable with FRS Yes No (Hard blocks non NTFS)
Usable with DFSR Yes No (Hard blocks non NTFS)
No (Needs sparse files)
No (Needs Named Streams)
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17. SCALABILITY
NTFS has a size limit of 256 GB. ReFS scales to PB datasets.
NTFS has performance issues with volumes that have millions of files despite the fact that
it supports storing billions of files. Because of the B+ tree data structure for ReFS
metadata, it does not suffer from the same performance hit when millions of files are on
the volume.
Another issue with NTFS is the occasional need to take the volume offline to run CHKDSK.
While this has been improved in Windows Server 2012, ReFS has removed the need to run
CHKDSK entirely. In fact, you are actually blocked from running it.
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18. INTEGRITY
On ReFS, file system metadata is always protected with integrity. That means if there is
corruption detected for file system metadata:
Simple Space: the error will be logged
Mirror Space: the error will be automatically corrected, assuming an alternate copy is
available/valid
Parity Space: the error will be logged
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19. INTEGRITY
User data is optionally protected with integrity. That means if there is
corruption detected for user data where integrity is enabled:
Simple Space: the error will be logged
Mirror Space: the error will be automatically corrected, assuming an
alternate copy is available/valid
Parity Space: the error will be logged
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Space Type User data Integrity Default Auto correction supported
Simple Disabled No
Mirror Enabled Yes
Parity Disabled No
For user data where integrity is not enabled the
behavior will be identical to NTFS.
20. INTEGRITY
To determine whether integrity is enabled the “Enabled” column
will display “True” when integrity is enabled.
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PowerShell:
Get-FileIntegrity -FileName E:
For control over integrity, use the following Windows PowerShell:
Set-FileIntegrity
Get-FileIntegrity
Repair-FileIntegrity
Keep in mind that integrity only applies to ReFS. These Windows
PowerShell cmdlets will not function on NTFS volumes.
21. MINSTORE
ReFS is entirely dependent upon MinStore to deliver on its goals. Without an
understanding MinStore, it will be extremely hard to understand the motivations,
rationale, and effect of the decisions made in the design of the file system.
MinStore is a recoverable object store library that provides a key-value table interface to
its callers, implements copy-on-write (COW) semantics for modifications to those tables,
and optionally integrates with the Windows Cache Manager. In addition, it exposes a
namespace for table objects, a hierarchical allocator, and a transaction model.
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22. MINSTORE, CONT’D
On-disk structures and their manipulation are handled by the on-disk storage engine. As
an example, when NTReadRfile() is called, it is MinStore that provides VCN to LCN
mappings.
ReFS is a hybrid of the NTFS implementation and MinStore. There are many details of the
design that are inherited from NTFS. As such, familiarity with the way that NTFS is
designed and implemented is useful, but not necessary.
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23. MINSTORE, CONT’D AGAIN
The following diagram outlines the application compatibility
behind ReFS and NTFS.
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NTFS has an upper layer of APIs that the rest of
Windows can use to interface with the file system.
Below that is the on-disk store where files are
organized on the storage media.
24. MINSTORE, CONT’D YET ANOTHER TIME
ReFS has a similar upper layer where nearly all of the same APIs are
supported. The fundamental difference is in the way that ReFS stores
its metadata and user data on the media.
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Instead of just on-disk structures, ReFS's lower layer has
MinStore, which is comprised of the on-disk structures
and an in-memory component as well.
25. APIS NOT SUPPORTING REFS
There is a long list of APIs that do not support ReFS. This is in the class documentation.
Most of the APIs have to do with functionality that is not supported by ReFS
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26. REFS INFORMATION IS STORED IN A SERIES OF TABLES
An Object table will contain objects that point to a Directory table.
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27. REFS INFORMATION IS STORED IN A SERIES OF TABLES
The Directory table will contain a list of the file names associated with the directory. This
leads us to a File Metadata table.
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28. REFS INFORMATION IS STORED IN A SERIES OF TABLES
And finally individual file extents are defined in a File Extents table.
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29. ON-DISK STRUCTURES
Unlike the rigid nature of NTFS, the on-disk structures for ReFS are more fluid. NTFS taught
us that if we have such rigidly defined structures, the file system becomes very limited. It
is the intention to keep ReFS structures out of public hands so developers will not attempt
to manipulate the file system's raw sectors.
That being said, here are some very general points of which you should be aware.
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30. BOOT SECTOR
ReFS still has a boot sector but there is not much to it. Mostly it is just there for compatibility
with tools that identify file system type using the OEM ID string (shown here at offset 0x3).
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31. SUPER BLOCK AND CHECKPOINTS
A structure exists called the Super block. This is a read-only list of the locations of
'Checkpoints'.
There are thee copies of the Superblock. Only one is in use. The only time the
Superblock changes is when the volume is extended or otherwise altered.
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32. SUPER BLOCK AND CHECKPOINTS
A Checkpoint record contains the location of the global structures and the checksums
necessary for validation.
Multiple copies of a Checkpoint are written on the volume. This is to protect against
faults or corruption destroying all checkpoint records.
Recovery is simply the identification of the most recent checkpoint record. Sequence
numbers are used to accomplish this.
Both superblock and checkpoint record contain their own respective checksums and a
clock so we know which one is more recent in event of a disagreement
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33. POINTS OF CONCERN
Fragmentation : Because of the COW nature of ReFS, it has a high potential for
fragmentation.
Cluster size : ReFS has only one cluster size available to it, 64kb. This might lead to issues
with lost space when many tiny files are stored on the volume.
Limitations : There are a number of limitations with ReFS as far as competing with NTFS. It
may be more reliable, but due to its limitations, it is not a good fit for everything that NTFS
current handles today. As an example, since ReFS does not support named data
streams it cannot be used with File Classification Infrastructure, as the file tags are stored
in alternate data streams.
Identification : Poorly written tools that use the partition identifier as a method of
identifying a file system will have issues with ReFS as it identifies as NTFS (07). Some tools
will need to be updated to use the identification information in the boot sector instead.
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34. BEST USES FOR REFS – WINDOWS SERVER 2012/R2
ReFS is best used when a highly resilient and continually available file system is needed that
is not bogged down in with the extra bells and whistles that NTFS provides.
A couple such examples would be:
User data
Archives of big data
VHD libraries
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35. BEST USES FOR REFS – WINDOWS SERVER VNEXT
ReFS is optimized for Shared Nothing Storage Spaces for Live VM Storage
Tuned for Hyper-V
VHD(x) specific optimizations
Alternate Data Streams support
37. REFS TECHNICAL PREVIEW LIMITATIONS
Volumes can be accessed only from one build, which has formatted them
Data is lost on upgrade to next builds
Test deployments only
38. BEST REFS TESTING SCENARIO
Shared Nothing Storage Spaces with (Get-Cluster).DASModeEnabled=1
ReFS as file system for the virtual disk (Storage Space)
Also works with existing storage
39. LESSON REVIEW
Topics covered in this lesson include the following:
Introduction to the new file system, ReFS
Problems that lead to the creation of ReFS
Differences between ReFS and NTFS
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