Light is a form of energy that allows us to see objects. When light reflects off objects and enters our eyes, we see the objects. There are two main types of reflection: irregular/diffused reflection which scatters light in all directions for general illumination, and regular/specular reflection which forms images using smooth, shiny surfaces like mirrors. Spherical mirrors can be either concave which converge light to a focal point, or convex which diverge light appearing to come from a point behind the mirror. The mirror formula relates the object and image distances to the focal length. Concave mirrors are used in flashlights and car headlights while convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles.
Reflection of light in spherical mirrorMUBASHIRA M
this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
Light - Reflection and Refraction, Class X, CBSE, ScienceDevesh Saini
PowerPoint Presentation covering all the concepts and topics of the chapter : Light- Reflection and Refraction of class X (CBSE).
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When light travelling in one medium falls on the surface of second medium the following three effect may occur.
1:- A part of incident light is reflected back into the same medium. This is called Reflection of light.
2:- A part of light is passes through the medium.This Is known as Refraction of light.
3:- And remaining part of the light is absorbed by the surface on which the light fall. This is known as Absorption of light.
Reflection of light in spherical mirrorMUBASHIRA M
this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
Light - Reflection and Refraction, Class X, CBSE, ScienceDevesh Saini
PowerPoint Presentation covering all the concepts and topics of the chapter : Light- Reflection and Refraction of class X (CBSE).
This is exactly what you are looking for.
Don't forget to comment and give feedback.
When light travelling in one medium falls on the surface of second medium the following three effect may occur.
1:- A part of incident light is reflected back into the same medium. This is called Reflection of light.
2:- A part of light is passes through the medium.This Is known as Refraction of light.
3:- And remaining part of the light is absorbed by the surface on which the light fall. This is known as Absorption of light.
Class 10 Light Reflection and Refraction 1.ppsxAlphinJohnson3
Light Reflection and Refraction
This presentation has complete information about the NCERT Science Chapter 'Light - Reflection and Refraction'.
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Consider a glass with a hollow sphere and a reflecting surface. This reflecting hollow surface of sphere of which either sides are polished, forms the spherical mirrors. Spherical Mirrors are of two types: (a) Concave Mirror Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-ray-optics/reflection-of-light-by-spherical-mirrors/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. LIGHT
i) Light is a form of energy which helps us to see objects.
ii) When light falls on objects, it reflects the light and when the
reflected light reaches our eyes then we see the objects.
iii) Light travels in straight line.
iv) The common phenomena of light are formation of shadows,
formation of images by mirrors and lenses, bending of light by a
medium, twinkling of stars, formation of rainbow etc.
3. Reflection of Light
When light falls on a highly polished surface like a mirror
most of
the light is sent back into the same medium. This process is
called
reflection of light.
Laws of reflection of light :-
i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the
mirror at
the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
4.
5. TYPES OF REFLECTION
• Irregular or Diffused Reflection :- When light strikes a
rough and dull surface, it bounces back in all directions giving
rise to general illumination. It helps us to see things.
• Regular or Specular Reflection :- When light reflects a
smooth and shiny surface, it gets reflected in the same medium
forming image of the object.
6.
7. Spherical mirrors
Spherical mirror is a curved mirror which is a part of
a hollow sphere. Spherical mirrors are of two types.
They are concave mirror and convex mirror.
i) Concave mirror :- A concave mirror, or converging mirror, has a
reflecting surface that bulges inward (away from the incident light).
Rays of light parallel to the principal axis after reflection from a
concave mirror meet at a point (converge) on the principal axis.
ii) Convex mirror :- A convex mirror, or diverging mirror, is a curved
mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source.
Rays of light parallel to the principal axis after reflection from a
convex mirror get diverged and appear to come from a point behind
the mirror.
8.
9. Terms used in the study of spherical
mirrors
i) Center of curvature :- It is the centre of the sphere of
which the mirror is a part (C).
ii) Radius of curvature :- It is the radius of the sphere
of which the mirror is a part (CP).
iii) Pole :- It is the centre of the spherical mirror (P).
iv) Principal axis :- It is the straight line passing through
the centre of curvature and the pole (X-Y).
10. v) Principal focus :-
In a concave mirror, rays of light parallel to the principal axis after
reflection meet at a point on the principal axis called principal
focus(F).
In a convex mirror, rays of light parallel to the principal axis after
reflection get diverged and appear to come from a point on the
principal axis behind the mirror called principal focus (F).
vi) Focal length :- It is the distance between the pole and
principal focus
(f). In a spherical mirror the radius of curvature is twice the focal
length.
R = 2f or f = R
2
•
11.
12. Images formed by concave mirror
a) When the object is at infinity the image is formed at
the focus, it is highly diminished, real and inverted.
13. b) When the object is beyond C, the image is formed
between C and F, it is diminished, real and inverted.
14. c) When the object is at C, the image is formed at C, it is
same size as the object, real and inverted.
15. d) When the object is between C and F, the image is
formed beyond C, it is enlarged, real and inverted.
16. e) When the object is at F, the image is formed at
infinity, it is highly enlarged, real and inverted.
17. f) When the object is between F and P, the image
is formed behind the mirror, it is enlarged,
virtual and erect.
18. Images formed by convex mirror
a) When the object is at infinity, the image is formed at
F behind the mirror, it is highly diminished, virtual and
erect.
19. b) When the object is between infinity and pole, the
image is formed behind the mirror, it is diminished,
virtual and erect.
20. Uses of spherical mirrors
a) Concave mirrors
• Concave mirrors are used in torches, search lights and head
lights of vehicles to get parallel beams of light.
• They are used as shaving mirrors to see larger image of the face.
• They are used by dentists to see larger images of the teeth.
• Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to
produce heat in solar furnaces.
21.
22. b) Convex Mirrors
Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles.
Convex mirrors give erect diminished images of objects. They
also have a wider field of view than plane mirrors.
23. New Cartesian sign convention for
spherical mirrors
i) The object is always placed on the left of the mirror and light
from the object falls from the left to the right.
ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from
the pole.
iii) All distances measured to the right of the pole are taken as +
ve.
iv) All distances measured to the left of the pole are taken as – ve.
v) The height measured upwards perpendicular to the principal
axis is taken as + ve.
vi) The height measured downwards perpendicular to the
principal axis is taken as – ve.
24.
25. Mirror formula for spherical mirrors
The mirror formula for spherical mirrors is the relationship between the object
distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length (f).
The mirror formula is expressed as :-
1/v + 1/u = 1/f
Magnification for spherical mirrors
Magnification for spherical mirrors is the ratio of the height of the image to the
height of the object.
M = Height of Image/Height of Object
The magnification is also related to the object distance and image distance. It is
expressed as :-
M = -V/U
