This document outlines the production methods of various inorganic chemicals, including sulfuric acid, ammonia, urea, and coal gasification, emphasizing their significance in industrial applications. It describes key processes such as the contact process for sulfuric acid production, gasification to create synthesis gas, and the ammonia synthesis using high temperature and pressure. Additionally, it highlights the importance of controlling reactions to prevent undesirable by-products like biuret in the urea manufacturing process.

1. CHEMICAL Technology
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM STUDIES
ZAKIR HUSAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH
2021-2023
Submitted by
SANA PARVEEN
21PKPM102
GM6514

2.  Introduction
• Production of inorganic chemicals
• Sulfuric Acid
• Coal gasification
• Ammonia Synthesis
• Urea Production
• Nitric Acid Production
• Styrene Production
• Industrial Catalysts
• Bio Refinery
OUTLINE

3. INTRODUCTION

4. Chemical industry plays a vital role in the modern world, providing the raw material,
essential building blocks for a wide array of products and processes. This report deals
with the production of inorganic chemical, focusing on key compounds such as sulfuric
acid, synthesis gas, ammonia, Urea Production, Nitric Acid Production, styrene, Industrial
Catalysts, terephthalic acid, and methanol carbonylation, Bio Refinery. Each of these
chemicals holds a unique place in the industrial landscape, serving as raw materials or
intermediates in various sectors, from plastics manufacturing to energy production.

5. SULFURIC ACID
The contact process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high
concentrations needed for industrial processes. Platinum was formerly employed as a catalyst
for the reaction, but as it is susceptible to poisoning by arsenic impurities in the sulfur
feedstock, vanadium oxide (V₂Os) is now preferred. The sulfur dioxide is obtained by
burning sulfur or by roasting sulphide ores in air. Purification of air and SO, is necessary to
avoid catalyst poisoning. The sulfur dioxide, mixed with an excess of air, is purified and
dried then passed through a series of converters where the catalyst is stored on shelves in a
way which exposes the maximum possible surface area. The oxidation is exothermic and
operating temperature is maintained without external heating by using heat exchangers. After
passing through the converters the gases are cooled and passed into an absorption tower
where the sulfur trioxide dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid. The product leaving the
absorption tower is normally 99 per cent sulfuric acid.

6. Reaction involved in contact process

7. COAL GASIFICATION
Gasification is a technological process that can convert any carbonaceous raw
material such as coal into fuel gas, also known as synthesis gas (syngas).
Syngas is Composed primarily of the colorless, odorless, highly flammable gases
carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2).
Gasification occurs in a gasifier, generally a high temperature/pressure vessel
where oxygen and steam are directly contacted with the coal causing a series of
chemical reactions to occur that convert the feed to syngas and ash/slag.
Gasification is a partial oxidation process.

9. In a gasifier, the carbonaceous feedstock undergoes several different processes and/or
reactions. Some of the major chemical reactions are

10. AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
Haber established the conditions under which nitrogen, N2(g), and hydrogen, H2(g),
would combine using Medium temperature (~500°C) Very high pressure (~250
atmospheres, ~351kPa) A catalyst (a porous iron catalyst prepared by reducing magnetite,
Fe3O4. The reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to produce ammonia gas is
exothermic, releasing 92.4kJ/mol of energy. The nitrogen and hydrogen are then reacted at
high temperature and pressure using an iron catalyst to form ammonia.
N₂+ 3H2 = 2NH3

12. Urea production
Urea is produced from NH, & CO, in two equilibrium reactions. At temperature (160-
240 C), pressure ( 110-150 atm).
2NH3 + CO2 = NH2 COO NH4 (ammonium carbamate)
NH2 COO NH4 = H2O + NH CONH (urea)
The urea manufacturing process are designed to maximize these reactions while
inhibiting biuret formation.
2NH2 CO NH2 = NH2 CO NH CONH2 + NH3 (biuret)
This reaction is undesirable, not only because it lowers the yield of urea, but because
biuret burns the leaves of plants. This means that urea which contains high levels of
biuret is unsuitable for use as a fertilizer.

14. INDUSTRIAL CATALYSTS

15. BIO REFINERY

16. THANKYOU