Recreation is a form of activity therapy used in most psychiatric settings. It is a planned therapeutic activity that enables people with limitations to engage in recreational experiences

2. Recreation is a form of activity therapy used in most psychiatric settings. It is a
planned therapeutic activity that enables people with limitations to engage in
recreational experiences.
To encourage social interaction.
To decrease withdrawal tendencies.
To provide outlet for feelings.
To promote socially acceptable behavior.
To develop skills, talents and abilities.
To increase physical confidence and a feeling of self- worth.

3. POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND
• Provide a non-threatening and non-demanding environment.
• Provide activities that are relaxing and without rigid guidelines and time-
frames.
• Provide activities that are enjoyable and self- satisfying.

4. TYPES OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

5. Suggested Recreational Activities for Psychiatric Disorders
Anxiety disorders
Aerobic activities like
walking, jogging, etc.
Depressive disorder
Non-competitive
sports, which provide
outlet for anger, like
jogging, walking,
running, etc.
Manic disorder One-
to-one basis
individual games like
badminton, ball.
Schizophrenia
(paranoid)
Concentrative
activities like chess,
puzzles.
Schizophrenia
(catatonic) Social
activities to give
client contact with
reality, like dancing,
athletics.

6. Suggested Recreational Activities for Psychiatric Disorders
DementiaConcrete, repetitious
crafts and projects that breed
familiarization and comfort.
Childhood and adolescent disorders It is better to
work with the child on a one-to-one basis and
give him a feeling of importance. Some activities
include playing, story-telling, and painting.
Adolescents fare better in groups; provide gross
motor activities like sports and games to use up
excess energy.
Mental retardation: Activities
should be according to the
client's level of functioning
such as walking, dancing,
swimming, ball playing, etc.

7. ROLE OF NURSE IN RECREATIONAL THERAPY
• Encourage the patient to communicate and express his feelings.
• She must provide a nonthreatening and non- demanding environment.
• She must providing activities that are relaxing and without rigid
guidelines.
• Nurse must help the patient to develop skills, talents abilities.
• She must frequently observe clients behavior throughout the abilities.
• She must provide activities that are enjoyable and self-satisfying.

8. CONCLUSION
Recreation therapists work with clients to develop a tailored approach to
help them increase their mental, physical and emotional well-being
through interventions that may include physical activity. Recreation
therapy is one of the essential treatment areas within the health care
team.

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• R Sreevani, A guide mental health nursing, 4th edition, Jaypee
publication.
• Townsend Mary C, (2007) psychiatry mental health nursing, fifth
edition, Jaypee publication.
• Manisha Gupta, A textbook of therapeutic modalities in Psychiatric
Nursing, Jaypee publications.
• https://www.slideshare.net>nicoleearl>recreationaltherapist.

10. PSYCHODRAMA

11. DEFINITION
• PSYCHODRAMA IS AN ACTION TECHNIQUE IN GROUP THERAPY WHICH ALLOWS CLIENTS TO EXPLORE THEIR
PROBLEMS THROUGH ROLE PLAYING AND OTHER DRAMATIC DEVICES TO GAIN BEHAVIORAL SKILLS AND INSIGHTS.
(OR)
• PSYCHODRAMA IS A THERAPEUTIC DISCIPLINE, WHICH USES ACTION METHODS, SOCIOMETRY, ROLE TRAINING, &
GROUP DYNAMICS TO FACILITATE CONSTRUCTIVE CHANGE IN THE LIVES OF PARTICIPANTS.
https://youtu.be/p925dlpPIfw

12. CONCEPTS & PRINCIPLES
 CREATIVITY: MORENO BELIEVED THAT AN ESSENTIAL FEATURE OF THERAPY IS TO FACILITATE THE CLIENTS CREATIVITY IN EXPLORING
THEMSELVES AND DISCOVERING NEW COPING SKILLS FOR LIFE.
 SPONTANEITY: THE BEST WAY TO ENCOURAGE CREATIVITY IS THROUGH SPONTANEOUS EXPLORATORY ACTIVITIES. MORENO SOUGHT TO
IMPLEMENT ACTIVITIES WHICH FOSTERED THE COURAGE TO IMPROVISE.
 WORKING IN THE PRESENT MOMENT: AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF PSYCHO DRAMA IS TO REINVENT PREVIOUSLY EXPERIENCED EVENTS
AND LEARN NEW REACTIONS THROUGH ROLE PLAYING.
 ENCOUNTER: GROUP MEMBERS MUST CONNECT WITH ONE ANOTHER IN A MEANINGFUL AND GENUINE MANNER.
 TELE: MORENO REFERRED TO THIS AS “THE CEMENT WHICH HOLDS GROUPS TOGETHER.” SIMILAR TO THE CONCEPT OF RAPPORT.
 SURPLUS REALITY: RE-ENACTMENTS OF THE CLIENTS PSYCHOLOGICAL WORLD WITHOUT THE CONSTRAINTS OF REALITY.
 CATHARSIS AND INSIGHT: CATHARSIS IS THE RELEASE OF EMOTIONS DURING PSYCHODRAMA. INSIGHTS ARE THE COGNITIVE SHIFTS IN
AWARENESS THAT ARE PRODUCED BY THE CATHARSIS.
 REALITY TESTING: THE TESTING OF BEHAVIORS IN SCENARIOS THAT WOULD POTENTIALLY NOT BE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE IN A SAFE
ENVIRONMENT.
 ROLE THEORY: MORENO’S IDEA THAT WE ARE ALL ACTORS ENGAGING IN IMPROVISATION IN DAILY LIFE ON THE “STAGE OF LIFE.”

13. INDICATIONS
• ADVOCATES OF THIS METHOD HAVE REPORTED SUCCESS WITH TREATING INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS
• GROUPS OF PATIENTS WITH MARITAL DISCORD
• GROUPS OF ALCOHOLICS
• PSYCHODRAMA IS USED IN MILIEU THERAPY AS A FORM OF GROUP THERAPY & AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
IN DEALING WITH PROBLEMS WITH IN THE SOCIAL SYSTEM OF THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
ADVANTAGES
• IT HELPS THE PATIENT TO DEFINE HIS PROBLEM CLEARLY
• TO EXPLORE THE PATIENT’S ADAPTIVE & MALADAPTIVE COPING RESPONSES TO HIS PROBLEM.
• TO IDENTITY MISPERCEPTIONS, UNREALISTIC GOALS, & DISTORTIONS OF REALITY.

14. ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN PSYCHODRAMA
• THE PROTAGONIST
• THE FOCUS OF THE PSYCHO DRAMATIC ENACTMENT. THIS INDIVIDUAL PRESENTS THE PROBLEM TO BE EXPLORED. GROUP
MEMBERS SHOULD FEEL COMFORTABLE TO DECLINE THE ROLE OF PROTAGONIST OR VOLUNTEER SHOULD THEY DESIRE TOO.
• PROTAGONIST / HERO / GROUP LEADER ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE PSYCHODRAMA DIRECTOR, THE GROUP LEADER IS THE
PRODUCER, THE FACILITATOR AND CATALYST, OBSERVER AND ANALYZER.
• THE DIRECTOR’S PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY IS TO HELP ENGAGE THE GROUP IN IMPROVISATION AND CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT
WHERE SPONTANEITY IS ENCOURAGED
• THE AUXILIARY EGOS
• THE SUPPORTING ROLES, USUALLY PORTRAYING SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE IN THE PROTAGONISTS LIFE.
• THE AUDIENCE
• THE AUDIENCE IS THE REMAINDER OF THE GROUP WHO OBSERVE THE ENACTMENT.
• THE STAGE
• AREA WHERE THE ENACTMENT TAKES PLACE.
• THE DIRECTOR
• THE PRODUCER

15. PHASES OF PSYCHODRAMA
IT’S THE ACTION DIMENSION OF PSYCHODRAMA THAT MAKES IT MORE EFFECTIVE THAN THE MORE PASSIVE MODALITY OF THE FOCUS GROUP. CLASSIC
PSYCHODRAMA INVOLVES A SERIES OF PHASES TERMED
1. PHASE – I WARM UP
• INITIAL ACTIVITIES TO BUILD GROUP TRUST AND COHERENCE. FOR EXAMPLE : THE GROUP LEADER MAY INTRODUCE THE PURPOSE OF THE ROLE-PLAYS
AND THEN INTERVIEW EACH GROUP MEMBER ABOUT POTENTIAL SCENARIOS THAT THEY MAY WISH TO EXPLORE THROUGH A DRAMATIC EXPERIENCE. THE
GOAL IS TO FOSTER SPONTANEITY AND A WILLINGNESS TO TRY NEW BEHAVIORS AND A SENSE OF PLAYFULNESS.
2. PHASE – II SHAPING & PRESENTATION
• THE ACTION PHASE IS ENGAGING THE ROLE-PLAY SCENARIO.
• THE GOAL IS TO BRING AWARENESS TO FEELINGS OR ATTITUDES THE SCENARIO ELICITS THAT PERHAPS THE PROTAGONIST WAS NOT PREVIOUSLY AWARE
OF.
• IMPORTANT TO AVOID COMMENTARIES AND INSTEAD HAVE THE PROTAGONIST ENGAGE IN ALTERNATIVE RESPONSES TO A GIVEN SCENARIO.
3. PHASE- III SHARING & DISCUSSING
• GROUP MEMBERS SHOULD DISCUSS HOW THE ENACTMENT AFFECTED THEM AND AVOID ANALYZING THE PROTAGONIST OR OFFERING ADVICE.
• SHARING WITH THE GROUP LEADS TO BONDING AND A SENSE THAT ONE IS “NOT ALONE”.
• IT TAKES COURAGE TO SHARE SO THE PROTAGONIST DESERVES TO BE HONORED.

16. PSYCHODRAMA TECHNIQUES
1. SELF-PRESENTATION: THE PROTAGONIST INTRODUCES THE SITUATION TO BE ENACTED.
2. ROLE REVERSAL: THE PROTAGONIST PLAYS THE ROLE OF SOMEONE OTHER THAN THEMSELVES IN THEIR CHOSEN SCENARIO. CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST
POWERFUL TOOLS IN PSYCHODRAMA.
3. DOUBLE: AN AUXILIARY CHARACTER PLAYS THE PART OF THE PROTAGONISTS INNER SELF.
4. SOLILOQUY: PROTAGONIST IMAGINES THEMSELVES IN A PLACE WHERE THEY ARE FREE TO VOCALIZE THEIR THOUGHTS.
5. THE EMPTY CHAIR: JACOB MORENO ORIGINATED THIS TECHNIQUE WHICH WAS LATER ADOPTED BY THE GESTALT MOVEMENT.
6. MIRROR TECHNIQUE: AIMED AT FOSTERING SELF- REFLECTION. ANOTHER MEMBER MIRRORS THE ACTIONS AND GESTURES OF THE PROTAGONIST.
7. FUTURE PROJECTION: ENACTMENTS DESIGNED TO HELP GROUP MEMBERS WORK OUT FUTURE SCENARIOS ABOUT WHICH THEY HAVE CONCERNS.
8. ROLE TRAINING: A NEW REACTION BEING TESTED BY A PROTAGONIST IN ORDER TO EXPERIENCE HOW IT FEELS TO ACT OUT A NEW BEHAVIOR.
9. THE MAGIC SHOP: A WARM-UP TECHNIQUE IN WHICH THE PARTICIPANT IMAGINES THEMSELVES IN A SHOP FULL OF JARS WHICH CONTAIN DIFFERENT
PERSONALITY TRAITS. THE PARTICIPANT THEN EXPRESSES THESE QUALITIES AND THEN EXCHANGE THEM FOR ANOTHER.
10. REPLAY: TRYING A SCENARIO AGAIN.

17. LIMITATIONS:
• GROUP LEADERS MUST TAKE CAUTION WHEN DEALING WITH A PARTICIPANT WHO HAS SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES AND MUST
CONSIDER THE SAFETY OF OTHER GROUP MEMBERS.
• HAS LIMITED VALUE FOR PARTICIPANTS WHO ARE VERY UNCOMFORTABLE WITH SHARING AND ACTING OUT SCENARIOS.
• THESE TECHNIQUES MAY NOT BE APPROPRIATE FOR THOSE WITH SOCIAL ANXIETIES OR RESERVED PERSONALITIES.
• GROUP LEADERS SHOULD HAVE RECEIVED TRAINING AS A SAFEGUARD FOR PRACTICING THESE TECHNIQUES.
NURSES RESPONSIBILITY
• COORDINATE THE PATIENTS.
• THROUGHOUT THE THERAPY SUPERVISE THE PATIENTS.
• HEALTH EDUCATE THE PATIENT.
• CLARIFIES THE PATIENTS DOUBTS.
• MOTIVATE TO PERFORM THE PSYCHODRAMA IN A WELL MANNER.

18. PLAY THERAPY

19. PLAY THERAPY REFERS TO A METHOD OF PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH CHILDREN IN WHICH A
THERAPIST USES A CHILD'S FANTASIES AND THE SYMBOLIC MEANINGS OF HIS OR HER PLAY AS
A MEDIUM FOR UNDERSTANDING AND COMMUNICATION WITH THE CHILD.

20. CURATIVE FUNCTION
•
•
•
•
DIAGNOSTIC FUNCTION
•
•
•
•

21. TYPES OF PLAY THERAPY:
1. DIRECTIVE VS NON-DIRECTIVE PLAY THERAPY
1. NON-DIRECTIVE PLAY THERAPY : IS A NON-INTRUSIVE METHOD IN WHICH CHILDREN ARE ENCOURAGED TO
WORK TOWARD THEIR OWN SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS THROUGH PLAY.
2. DIRECTIVE PLAY THERAPY : INCLUDES MORE STRUCTURE AND GUIDANCE BY THE THERAPIST AS
CHILDREN WORK THROUGH EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DIFFICULTIES THROUGH PLAY.
2. INDIVIDUAL VS GROUP PLAY THERAPY:
1. INDIVIDUAL PLAY: THE CHILD IS ALLOWED TO PLAY BY HIMSELF, THE THERAPIST OBSERVE THE CHILD
ALONE
2. GROUP PLAY: THE CHILD IS ALLOWED TO PLAY WITH OTHERS
3. FREE PLAY VS CONTROLLED PLAY THERAPY:
1. FREE PLAY : THE CHILD IS ALLOWED TO CHOOSE THE TOY TO PLAY OR THE TYPE OF PLAY
2. CONTROLLED PLAY THERAPY: THE CHILD IS ALLOWED TO PLAY IN THE CONTROLLED SITUATION
4. STRUCTURED VS UNSTRUCTURED PLAY THERAPY:
1. STRUCTURED : A SITUATION IS ORGANIZED , WHERE THE CHILD WANTS TO PLAY
2. UNSTRUCTURED PLAY THERAPY: NO SITUATION OR NO PLAN IS SET

22. MUSIC
THERAPY

23. MUSIC THERAPY IS THE USE OF MUSIC AND ITS ELEMENTS WITH A PATIENT OR A GROUP
OF PEOPLE IN A PROCESS DESTINATED TO MAKE COMMUNICATION, LEARNING OR
EXPRESSION EASIER AND ALSO TO PROMOTE IT.
ADVANTAGES
• TO EXPLORE THEIR FEELINGS.
• TO MAKE POSITIVE CHANGES IN MOOD AND IN THEIR EMOTIONAL STATE.
• TO DEVELOP A SENSE OF CONTROL OVER THEIR LIVES.
• TO LEARN OR IMPLEMENT SKILLS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS.
• TO IMPROVE SOCIALIZATION.

24.  MUSIC AND BREATHING:
• AN AVERAGE LOW, DEEP BREATHE HELPS CALM AND CONTROL EMOTIONS AND BUILD A BETTER
BODY METABOLISM.
 MUSIC AND BLOOD PRESSURE:
• FREQUENCY, TIME, VOLUME AND SLOW RHYTHMS CREATE LESS TENSION AND STRESS,
KEEPING THE BODY CALM AND RELAXED.
 MUSIC AND MUSCLE COORDINATION:
• THE TONE AND THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM ARE POWERFULLY INFLUENCED BY
TONE, SOUND AND VIBRATION.
 MUSIC AND TEMPERATURE:
• HIGH OR NOISY MUSIC CAN ELEVATE BODY TEMPERATURE WHILE SOFT MUSIC CAN DECREASE
IT.

25.  CHILDREN:
• LEARNING DISABILITIES
• CONDUCT PROBLEMS
• DEEP DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS: AUTISM
• CHILDREN WITH MENTAL DEFICIENCY
• DIFFICULTIES IN SOCIALIZATION
• LOW SELF – ESTEEM
• WITH DEGENERATIVE AND/OR CHRONICAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS …
 ADULTS
• DEGENERATIVE DISEASES DUE TO AGE (ALZEHEIMER…).
• PROBLEMS OF DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE. BRAIN DAMAGE DUE TO ILLNESSES OR INJURIES.
• IN GENERAL REDUCE STRESS
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH? V=APRKGKZHJQI

26. DANCE THERAPY

27. It is a psychotherapeutic use of movement, which furthers the emotional
and physical integration of the individual
ADVANTAGES
• Helps to develop body awareness
• Facilitates expression of feelings
• Improves interaction and communication
• Fosters integration of physical , emotional and social experiences
that result in a sense of increased self confidence and contentment
• Exercise through body movement maintains good circulation and
muscle tone

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