Psychodrama is a form of group therapy involving enactments of real or imagined scenarios from a participant's (called the protagonist's) life. The goals are to help the protagonist gain insight and resolve issues related to the scenario being explored. Other group members take on roles to support the protagonist. Key aspects include a director guiding the process, a protagonist bringing an issue to explore, and other group members playing auxiliary roles to help the protagonist work through the issue. The method allows people to practice living and handle difficult situations in a safe environment without real consequences to gain understanding and spontaneity in addressing challenges.
Bruce Hersey, a licensed clinical social worker, will be leading monthly psychodrama sessions in State College, Pennsylvania on September 20, October 18, and November 15 from 7-9 pm. Psychodrama involves bringing inner issues to life through role playing with other group members and guided by a director. It provides a safe way to work through dilemmas and conflicts. The drama emerges from a selected group member and others take on roles while techniques like role reversal are used to help gain new perspectives. Participants of varied backgrounds are welcome but the group is intended for adults and mature teens. People can sign up by attending a session and paying $20.
During the Kick-off workshop for our project titled "Psychodrama as transformative intervention in the SRH of Young men: Proof of a Novel Approach", I got the chance to present an introduction to psychodrama to the consortium members and advisory board committee.
Jacob Levy Moreno was born in Bucharest, Romania in 1889. He was a pioneer in the fields of psychodrama, sociometry and group psychotherapy. Moreno developed innovative therapeutic techniques like role playing and the empty chair method. He founded the Sociometric Institute and Moreno Institute for training psychodramatists. Moreno trained generations of therapists and his techniques influenced the fields of drama therapy and play therapy. However, over time the origins of techniques integrated from Moreno's work were sometimes omitted. The document provides biographical details of Moreno and outlines his major contributions to the development of group-based therapeutic approaches.
There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
The following are the types of variables that that analyzer should look for in scoring and analyzing a testee's test.
The document discusses the INFJ personality type as defined by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality assessment. INFJs make up only 1-3% of the population. They are introverted but can still gain energy from social interactions. They focus on intuiting possibilities rather than details or realities. They make decisions based on personal feelings and social norms over logic. They also prefer planning and making judgments early.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals are influenced by and influence society through social interactions. It examines topics like conformity, obedience, and persuasion through experimental research methods. Unlike other fields of psychology, social psychology focuses on individuals rather than making broad generalizations. It seeks to understand how social and cultural systems shape human cognition and behavior. While sociology examines society on a large scale, social psychology analyzes how social groups and relationships impact individuals. Common research methods in social psychology include surveys, observations, and correlation research to better understand relationships between variables.
The document discusses key aspects of psychological thrillers. It notes that psychological thrillers emphasize the psychology of characters and their unstable mental states. They often feature an unreliable narrator and plot twists that create a dissolving sense of reality. Suspense is heavily used through techniques like lighting, music, and camera work. Effective psychological thrillers slowly unravel a character's mental state through mundane situations that highlight their flaws. They manipulate the audience's emotions towards complex characters.
Carl Rogers was a major figure in humanistic psychology. He believed that humans have an innate tendency towards growth and self-actualization if provided an environment of unconditional positive regard. Rogers developed person-centered therapy which aims to provide clients with empathy, genuineness and warmth to help them move towards congruence between their real, perceived and ideal selves. He saw the fully functioning person as open, trusting, flexible and able to live fully in each moment. However, critics argue that Rogers' theory is too optimistic about human nature and risks promoting selfishness.
Bruce Hersey, a licensed clinical social worker, will be leading monthly psychodrama sessions in State College, Pennsylvania on September 20, October 18, and November 15 from 7-9 pm. Psychodrama involves bringing inner issues to life through role playing with other group members and guided by a director. It provides a safe way to work through dilemmas and conflicts. The drama emerges from a selected group member and others take on roles while techniques like role reversal are used to help gain new perspectives. Participants of varied backgrounds are welcome but the group is intended for adults and mature teens. People can sign up by attending a session and paying $20.
During the Kick-off workshop for our project titled "Psychodrama as transformative intervention in the SRH of Young men: Proof of a Novel Approach", I got the chance to present an introduction to psychodrama to the consortium members and advisory board committee.
Jacob Levy Moreno was born in Bucharest, Romania in 1889. He was a pioneer in the fields of psychodrama, sociometry and group psychotherapy. Moreno developed innovative therapeutic techniques like role playing and the empty chair method. He founded the Sociometric Institute and Moreno Institute for training psychodramatists. Moreno trained generations of therapists and his techniques influenced the fields of drama therapy and play therapy. However, over time the origins of techniques integrated from Moreno's work were sometimes omitted. The document provides biographical details of Moreno and outlines his major contributions to the development of group-based therapeutic approaches.
There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
The following are the types of variables that that analyzer should look for in scoring and analyzing a testee's test.
The document discusses the INFJ personality type as defined by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality assessment. INFJs make up only 1-3% of the population. They are introverted but can still gain energy from social interactions. They focus on intuiting possibilities rather than details or realities. They make decisions based on personal feelings and social norms over logic. They also prefer planning and making judgments early.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals are influenced by and influence society through social interactions. It examines topics like conformity, obedience, and persuasion through experimental research methods. Unlike other fields of psychology, social psychology focuses on individuals rather than making broad generalizations. It seeks to understand how social and cultural systems shape human cognition and behavior. While sociology examines society on a large scale, social psychology analyzes how social groups and relationships impact individuals. Common research methods in social psychology include surveys, observations, and correlation research to better understand relationships between variables.
The document discusses key aspects of psychological thrillers. It notes that psychological thrillers emphasize the psychology of characters and their unstable mental states. They often feature an unreliable narrator and plot twists that create a dissolving sense of reality. Suspense is heavily used through techniques like lighting, music, and camera work. Effective psychological thrillers slowly unravel a character's mental state through mundane situations that highlight their flaws. They manipulate the audience's emotions towards complex characters.
Carl Rogers was a major figure in humanistic psychology. He believed that humans have an innate tendency towards growth and self-actualization if provided an environment of unconditional positive regard. Rogers developed person-centered therapy which aims to provide clients with empathy, genuineness and warmth to help them move towards congruence between their real, perceived and ideal selves. He saw the fully functioning person as open, trusting, flexible and able to live fully in each moment. However, critics argue that Rogers' theory is too optimistic about human nature and risks promoting selfishness.
The document discusses tone and mood in literature. Tone refers to the author's attitude conveyed through word choice and details, which can be serious, humorous, joyful, optimistic or pessimistic. Mood is the atmosphere or feeling of a work, created by settings, objects, images and details, and can have moods like romantic, gloomy, mournful, imaginary, optimistic, sad, serious or humorous.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave and think in social situations and how they interact with and influence others. Some key topics in social psychology include conformity, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, group processes, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Social psychology was introduced in the late 19th century to understand human behavior and phenomena like extreme obedience. It uses scientific methods to study how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others.
This document discusses Carl Jung's theories and methods for investigating the human psyche and promoting self-realization. It describes techniques like word association tests, dream analysis, and active imagination that Jung used to uncover material from the collective unconscious and help patients achieve a balanced sense of self. Key aspects of Jung's psychotherapy approach involved confession, elucidation of insights by the therapist, education to adapt to society, and facilitating a transformation into a healthy individual.
Fritz Perls developed Gestalt therapy, which focuses on awareness of oneself and one's body. Perls believed that personality is based on biological needs like hunger and sex. Healthy people focus on completing these needs rather than social roles. Unhealthy people get stuck avoiding the present through defenses. Gestalt therapy aims to help clients become aware of their defenses and complete unfinished needs and emotions through exercises and dreams. The therapist helps by accurately reflecting clients' projections to increase their awareness.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
The document discusses the filmmaker's two minute thriller and how it used and developed cinematic conventions. It had two main characters - a news reporter who provided false information portraying the other character as mentally unstable. This challenged conventions by having a female in an antagonist role at first. Various cinematic techniques like lighting, shot sizes, and editing were used to further develop the narrative and build tension. The film followed conventional character archetypes like having a false hero and protagonist challenging expectations.
psychological technique used in SSB for areer as an officer in DefenceCol Mukteshwar Prasad
1. The document discusses various psychological tests used in the SSB, including the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Word Association Test (WAT), and Situation Reaction Test (SRT).
2. In the TAT, candidates are shown pictures and asked to create stories based on them. Their responses are analyzed to understand their unconscious motivations and relationships. The WAT presents words and measures initial responses, bringing thoughts from unconscious to subconscious levels. The SRT poses questions to confirm traits measured in other tests on a conscious level.
3. The tests aim to evaluate candidates on the 15 qualities measured in the Officer Like Qualities (OLQ) framework through their stories, word associations,
The document discusses how the media product, a two minute thriller created by the student, uses and develops conventions of the thriller genre through its cinematography, editing, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, characters, and narrative structure. Specifically, it challenges conventions by having a female protagonist portrayed initially as the antagonist, and uses techniques like high/low angle shots, fast/slow pacing, and diegetic/non-diegetic sounds to manipulate audience understanding and build tension. Comparisons are made to existing thrillers like Scream and Don't Say a Word to further analyze genre conventions.
Viktor Frankl was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded logotherapy. Some key points about him:
- He survived Nazi concentration camps and drew upon his experiences to develop logotherapy, which focuses on a person's will to find meaning.
- His most influential work, Man's Search for Meaning, analyzed how even in terrible circumstances like concentration camps, finding meaning in life allows one to endure suffering.
- Logotherapy contends that the primary human motivation is to search for meaning rather than pleasure or power. The therapist helps clients discover meaning rather than prescribe it.
- Frankl made major contributions to existential philosophy and psychotherapy through his emphasis on meaning and fulfillment as central to
Psychodrama is an active therapeutic approach developed by Jacob Moreno in 1914 that uses guided role playing and drama to help participants work through past, present, or future challenges. During sessions, a protagonist reenacts experiences with guidance from a facilitator/therapist. There are three steps: warm up, action, and sharing. Key roles include the protagonist, auxiliary egos, double, director, and audience. Techniques include doubling, role reversal, surplus reality, future projection, mirroring, and the empty chair. Psychodrama can be an empowering alternative to talk therapy for conditions like trauma.
This document discusses psychodrama, a therapeutic technique where participants enact scenarios from their lives. Psychodrama uses spontaneity, creativity, and role-playing to help clients gain insight. It involves a protagonist, auxiliary egos to fill other roles, an audience, and a director. Sessions proceed through warm-up, action, and sharing phases. Common techniques include role reversal, doubling, the empty chair method, and future projections. The document also explores applying psychodrama to groups, multicultural settings, and integrating it with other therapeutic approaches.
Psychodrama is a therapeutic technique developed in the 1930s involving role playing and dramatic enactments to help clients gain insight and behavioral skills. It allows clients to explore problems by acting out scenarios in a safe environment. The key elements are a protagonist, auxiliary roles, audience, director, and stages of warm up, enactment, and discussion. Techniques include role reversal, doubling, and future projections. While effective, it requires trained facilitators and may not be suitable for all clients or settings.
Psychodrama therapy allows clients in addiction recovery to reenact traumatic past experiences with the support of a therapist and group. By controlling the process, clients can gain a new perspective and release painful emotions. The therapist ensures clients feel supported as they express themselves freely. Reliving trauma through psychodrama helps release pain locked inside and prevents those experiences from continuing to shame or scare clients. Sharing stories with others encourages healing and prevents clients from feeling alone with their pain. While challenging, psychodrama helps clients find courage to begin healing past traumas.
- The document provides performance metrics for the Argie Bond Quant fund from inception on December 7, 2011 through May 13, 2014. It includes annualized returns, annual returns for 2012-2014, year-to-date and month-to-date returns, as well as risk metrics like annualized volatility, maximum drawdown, and Sharpe ratio. The fund has achieved annualized returns of 1.86% since inception with maximum drawdowns of 27 trading days to the bottom and 14 days to recover.
Drama therapy uses role playing and performance to help participants explore their feelings and gain new perspectives. It allows people to express emotions in a safe environment by taking on roles and scenarios from their own experiences. Examples showed how drama therapy helped people experience different viewpoints and emotions like comfort and frustration. Advantages include a stronger ability to understand personal roles and develop relationships, while disadvantages include potential participant resistance and a need for more scientific evidence of its effectiveness as a newer form of therapy.
El sociodrama es una representación dramática de un problema de un grupo que permite analizar una situación realista y encontrar una solución mediante la profundización de elementos problemáticos e ideas opuestas. Para elaborar un sociodrama, se elige un tema, actores, una historia y se ensaya antes de analizarlo en grupo y proponer soluciones.
Sociodrama is a dramatic role-playing technique used to study and address problems in group relationships. It involves individuals acting out assigned roles to explore intergroup issues. Sociodrama can be used in a variety of settings including personnel training, education, mental health, and with groups like prisoners, patients, families, students and older adults. It requires a stage, actors, audience and theme, and follows a sequence of planned activities. The document assigns nursing students to conduct a sociodrama on August 10th exploring the academic life of MSc nursing students.
The document discusses meditation, defining it as a mental discipline to get beyond thinking into deeper relaxation or awareness. It describes different types of meditation like breathing, conceptual, and mantra meditation. Reasons for meditating include stress relief, anger management, and improved focus. Various religions that incorporate meditation are discussed like Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Christianity. Specific meditation techniques from these religions are outlined. The effects of meditation on reducing heart rate and blood pressure are also summarized based on an experiment conducted.
The document discusses tone and mood in literature. Tone refers to the author's attitude conveyed through word choice and details, which can be serious, humorous, joyful, optimistic or pessimistic. Mood is the atmosphere or feeling of a work, created by settings, objects, images and details, and can have moods like romantic, gloomy, mournful, imaginary, optimistic, sad, serious or humorous.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave and think in social situations and how they interact with and influence others. Some key topics in social psychology include conformity, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, group processes, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Social psychology was introduced in the late 19th century to understand human behavior and phenomena like extreme obedience. It uses scientific methods to study how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others.
This document discusses Carl Jung's theories and methods for investigating the human psyche and promoting self-realization. It describes techniques like word association tests, dream analysis, and active imagination that Jung used to uncover material from the collective unconscious and help patients achieve a balanced sense of self. Key aspects of Jung's psychotherapy approach involved confession, elucidation of insights by the therapist, education to adapt to society, and facilitating a transformation into a healthy individual.
Fritz Perls developed Gestalt therapy, which focuses on awareness of oneself and one's body. Perls believed that personality is based on biological needs like hunger and sex. Healthy people focus on completing these needs rather than social roles. Unhealthy people get stuck avoiding the present through defenses. Gestalt therapy aims to help clients become aware of their defenses and complete unfinished needs and emotions through exercises and dreams. The therapist helps by accurately reflecting clients' projections to increase their awareness.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
The document discusses the filmmaker's two minute thriller and how it used and developed cinematic conventions. It had two main characters - a news reporter who provided false information portraying the other character as mentally unstable. This challenged conventions by having a female in an antagonist role at first. Various cinematic techniques like lighting, shot sizes, and editing were used to further develop the narrative and build tension. The film followed conventional character archetypes like having a false hero and protagonist challenging expectations.
psychological technique used in SSB for areer as an officer in DefenceCol Mukteshwar Prasad
1. The document discusses various psychological tests used in the SSB, including the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Word Association Test (WAT), and Situation Reaction Test (SRT).
2. In the TAT, candidates are shown pictures and asked to create stories based on them. Their responses are analyzed to understand their unconscious motivations and relationships. The WAT presents words and measures initial responses, bringing thoughts from unconscious to subconscious levels. The SRT poses questions to confirm traits measured in other tests on a conscious level.
3. The tests aim to evaluate candidates on the 15 qualities measured in the Officer Like Qualities (OLQ) framework through their stories, word associations,
The document discusses how the media product, a two minute thriller created by the student, uses and develops conventions of the thriller genre through its cinematography, editing, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, characters, and narrative structure. Specifically, it challenges conventions by having a female protagonist portrayed initially as the antagonist, and uses techniques like high/low angle shots, fast/slow pacing, and diegetic/non-diegetic sounds to manipulate audience understanding and build tension. Comparisons are made to existing thrillers like Scream and Don't Say a Word to further analyze genre conventions.
Viktor Frankl was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded logotherapy. Some key points about him:
- He survived Nazi concentration camps and drew upon his experiences to develop logotherapy, which focuses on a person's will to find meaning.
- His most influential work, Man's Search for Meaning, analyzed how even in terrible circumstances like concentration camps, finding meaning in life allows one to endure suffering.
- Logotherapy contends that the primary human motivation is to search for meaning rather than pleasure or power. The therapist helps clients discover meaning rather than prescribe it.
- Frankl made major contributions to existential philosophy and psychotherapy through his emphasis on meaning and fulfillment as central to
Psychodrama is an active therapeutic approach developed by Jacob Moreno in 1914 that uses guided role playing and drama to help participants work through past, present, or future challenges. During sessions, a protagonist reenacts experiences with guidance from a facilitator/therapist. There are three steps: warm up, action, and sharing. Key roles include the protagonist, auxiliary egos, double, director, and audience. Techniques include doubling, role reversal, surplus reality, future projection, mirroring, and the empty chair. Psychodrama can be an empowering alternative to talk therapy for conditions like trauma.
This document discusses psychodrama, a therapeutic technique where participants enact scenarios from their lives. Psychodrama uses spontaneity, creativity, and role-playing to help clients gain insight. It involves a protagonist, auxiliary egos to fill other roles, an audience, and a director. Sessions proceed through warm-up, action, and sharing phases. Common techniques include role reversal, doubling, the empty chair method, and future projections. The document also explores applying psychodrama to groups, multicultural settings, and integrating it with other therapeutic approaches.
Psychodrama is a therapeutic technique developed in the 1930s involving role playing and dramatic enactments to help clients gain insight and behavioral skills. It allows clients to explore problems by acting out scenarios in a safe environment. The key elements are a protagonist, auxiliary roles, audience, director, and stages of warm up, enactment, and discussion. Techniques include role reversal, doubling, and future projections. While effective, it requires trained facilitators and may not be suitable for all clients or settings.
Psychodrama therapy allows clients in addiction recovery to reenact traumatic past experiences with the support of a therapist and group. By controlling the process, clients can gain a new perspective and release painful emotions. The therapist ensures clients feel supported as they express themselves freely. Reliving trauma through psychodrama helps release pain locked inside and prevents those experiences from continuing to shame or scare clients. Sharing stories with others encourages healing and prevents clients from feeling alone with their pain. While challenging, psychodrama helps clients find courage to begin healing past traumas.
- The document provides performance metrics for the Argie Bond Quant fund from inception on December 7, 2011 through May 13, 2014. It includes annualized returns, annual returns for 2012-2014, year-to-date and month-to-date returns, as well as risk metrics like annualized volatility, maximum drawdown, and Sharpe ratio. The fund has achieved annualized returns of 1.86% since inception with maximum drawdowns of 27 trading days to the bottom and 14 days to recover.
Drama therapy uses role playing and performance to help participants explore their feelings and gain new perspectives. It allows people to express emotions in a safe environment by taking on roles and scenarios from their own experiences. Examples showed how drama therapy helped people experience different viewpoints and emotions like comfort and frustration. Advantages include a stronger ability to understand personal roles and develop relationships, while disadvantages include potential participant resistance and a need for more scientific evidence of its effectiveness as a newer form of therapy.
El sociodrama es una representación dramática de un problema de un grupo que permite analizar una situación realista y encontrar una solución mediante la profundización de elementos problemáticos e ideas opuestas. Para elaborar un sociodrama, se elige un tema, actores, una historia y se ensaya antes de analizarlo en grupo y proponer soluciones.
Sociodrama is a dramatic role-playing technique used to study and address problems in group relationships. It involves individuals acting out assigned roles to explore intergroup issues. Sociodrama can be used in a variety of settings including personnel training, education, mental health, and with groups like prisoners, patients, families, students and older adults. It requires a stage, actors, audience and theme, and follows a sequence of planned activities. The document assigns nursing students to conduct a sociodrama on August 10th exploring the academic life of MSc nursing students.
The document discusses meditation, defining it as a mental discipline to get beyond thinking into deeper relaxation or awareness. It describes different types of meditation like breathing, conceptual, and mantra meditation. Reasons for meditating include stress relief, anger management, and improved focus. Various religions that incorporate meditation are discussed like Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Christianity. Specific meditation techniques from these religions are outlined. The effects of meditation on reducing heart rate and blood pressure are also summarized based on an experiment conducted.
Este documento describe diferentes enfoques de psicoterapia humanista y existencial. Aborda las características generales del ser humano según estas perspectivas, como que es más que la suma de sus partes y que busca sentido. Luego describe brevemente diferentes terapias como la logoterapia de Viktor Frankl, la terapia gestáltica, la terapia centrada en el cliente de Carl Rogers y el psicodrama de Jacob Moreno.
Este documento describe los principales enfoques de la psicoterapia humanista, incluyendo la psicología del ser de Maslow, la psicoterapia centrada en el cliente de Rogers, el psicodrama de Moreno, la gestalt terapia de Perls y la logoterapia de Frankl. Explica las influencias, técnicas y objetivos de cada enfoque con énfasis en mejorar la conciencia personal y ayudar a los pacientes a alcanzar su máximo potencial.
Meditation is an experience of relaxing the body, quieting the mind, and awakening the spirit. Meditation encourages a deepening of consciousness or awareness, and also facilitates a deeper understanding of self and others.
El sociodrama se refiere a la dramatización de situaciones de la vida cotidiana mediante la representación de personajes voluntarios. Esto permite a los participantes experimentar sentimientos y comprender la situación, mientras que el público puede aprender y analizar lo ocurrido. Se usa para presentar problemas, ideas opuestas o actuaciones contradictorias y suscitar discusión. El sociodrama es útil para iniciar o profundizar la discusión de temas, encontrando soluciones a problemas de manera concreta.
The document summarizes a group therapy session for women who have experienced domestic violence. It describes the group's structure and dynamics. The group was held in a comfortable setting and consisted of 10-12 women of varying ages and ethnicities. The goal of the group was to provide a safe space for the women to share their experiences and build trust and community. The session lasted an hour and was facilitated by a social worker. Members discussed signs of abuse, avoiding unhealthy relationships, and helping their children who witnessed abuse. The group helped members feel less isolated and more empowered as survivors.
This document describes the development of the Micro Forum technique for group facilitation. The author arrived to facilitate a tense group of prisoners and used improvisational games and role-playing to shift the group's energy and perspective. By having the men take on roles as elders discussing life challenges, their mindsets changed from prisoners to philosophical discussants. Through building scenes together about a character named Sean adjusting to life after prison, the group's confidence and openness increased. Their role-playing brought Sean's story to a resolution, providing containment and a well-adjusted platform for the group. The author reflects on finding their facilitation approach and being ready to do meaningful work.
This document discusses using expressive arts therapy and psychodrama techniques in group therapy sessions for teenagers. It describes how creative arts like music, visual art, dance, and drama can help teens explore and communicate difficult emotions. The document outlines objectives of using this approach, including emphasizing opposites that exist in development, highlighting the role of creativity, and providing an experience to challenge rigid views. It also discusses considerations for structuring arts-based group therapy sessions for teens.
Role play is an educational technique where participants act out scenarios to analyze human relations problems. It can be used to get groups actively involved in discussions and make learning more engaging. There are two broad types - sociodrama which deals with interactions between individuals/groups, and psychodrama which focuses on a specific person's needs. The role play process involves planning scenarios, having students act them out while others observe, and then providing feedback to facilitate learning. It helps develop communication skills, sensitivity, problem solving abilities and independent thinking.
This document describes a drama therapy technique developed for use in prisons. The technique aims to provide flexible sessions that can be completed in one meeting, as prisoner schedules and groups are often in flux. It involves participants role playing different characters and scenes related to a central issue, such as reintegrating after prison. The drama unfolds scene by scene, with participants observing and then taking on new roles. This allows them to safely expand their understanding of behaviors and possibilities. The technique was tested with a group of prisoners and found to increase confidence and participation over the course of working through the drama.
How To Write A Satirical Essay. How to write good satire. 40 Best Satire Top...Heidi Andrews
How to Write a Satire Essay: Tips & Examples | HandmadeWriting. Satire Essay Topics List (Funn & Easy) for school: Examples, Ideas .... Satirical Essay. 021 Essay Example Satire ~ Thatsnotus. 008 Topics Write Satirical Essay ~ Thatsnotus. College Essay: Satirical essay ideas. How To Write A Satire Essay: Learn The Right Techniques To Cope With It. Excellent Satire Essay Examples ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write Satire Analysis Essay - UNUGTP News. Satire writing help! Is Fitzgerald Writing a Love Story or a Satire?. English IV--Satire Essay: A Modest Proposal. Step-by-step Guide On Writing Satirical Essays - EssayMin. 004 Essay Example Satire Good Examples Of Essays Topics ~ Thatsnotus. Satirical Writing - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. How To Write A Good Satire Story - Adams Author. Calaméo - Satire Essay Example: Excellent and Useful Tips for Students. Satire Essay | Year 12 HSC - English (Standard) | Thinkswap. New Satire Essay Examples On Bullying Full - Essay. College Essay: Writing a satirical essay. Essay websites: Example of satirical essay.
Laura Wood, LPC presented on expressive therapies at Castlewood Treatment Center as well as how expressive therapies can be utilized for the treatment of eating disorder
The document discusses a study into the healing power of dollmaking. It provides context for why dollmaking was chosen, outlines the theories that support how dollmaking can be therapeutic, and describes the multi-step dollmaking process used in the study. This included creating dolls to represent protection, identifying pain, releasing blocks, healing goals, and an inner healer. The study had 30 female participants who engaged in the dollmaking process online over 3 months. Participants reported positive outcomes including feeling more whole, gaining insight, and experiencing transformation.
Erika Valdivia Rhetorical Critisism Paper - Comm 199CErika Valdivia
Katy Perry has had significant influence through her music videos, which tell stories using narrative and emotional appeal. Six of her videos are among the most viewed on YouTube. Her videos "Firework" and "Roar" use these rhetorical techniques to teach moral lessons. "Firework" encourages focusing on an internal light during distress. "Roar" shows a woman adapting to overcome challenges in the jungle. As a human resources consultant, the author would draw on these videos' themes of empowerment and resilience to encourage employees. Future research could explore qualities of effective heroes and acceptable story endings.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
An introduction to psychodrama
1. An Introduction to Psychodrama
by Marcia Karp
A little girl asked her Mum, “What's life?”. Mum
replied, “Life is what happens to you while you're
waiting to grow up.”
Psychodrama has been defined as a way of practicing
living without being punished for making mistakes; that
is to say, practicing growing up while you are doing it.
The action that takes place in a group is a way of look-
ing at one's life as it moves. It is a way of looking at
what happened and what didn't happen in a given situa-
tion. All scenes take place in the present, even though a
person may want to enact something from the past or
something in the future. The group enacts a portion of
life as if on a video seen through the eyes of the protago-
nist or subject of the session. The personal representa-
tion of truth by the protagonist can be eye-opening for
someone else watching; who may see them reflected in
the struggle to express what is real. J.L. Moreno, who
founded psychodrama in Vienna in the early 1900,
described it as 'a scientific exploration of truth through
dramatic method. Moreno (1953) had observed that
thus far there was science without religion and religion
without science. He felt the way forward was a combina-
tion: “A truly therapeutic procedure cannot have less an
objective than the whole of mankind.”
Psychodrama has been defined as a way of
practicing living without being punished for
making mistakes
Psychodrama was designed as a method of group psy-
chotherapy. Moreno had great trust in the group. When he
asked, “Who shall survive?” I think he felt the survivors
will be those who both use and cherish their own creativity
and spontaneity and that these people will survive in a
group. He used to say, “If God ever comes back, He'll
come back as a group”. A group can experience many
things:
We are not alone.
We can feel normalized.
We go back to the constellation into which we were
born - the family group.
The group can share the weight of emotional truth.
The very form of this sharing, each person differently,
may be liberating.
To be emotionally or physically held by a group mem-
ber who is not previously enmeshed in the story can be
therapeutic.
The tools set out for the method of psychodrama arc as
follows:
• a director
• the group
• a protagonist
• auxiliary egos
• a stage
The director
In most therapies this is the therapist, facilitator or group
leader. The director is a trained person who helps guide
the action. The director is a co-producer of the drama
taking clues from the perceptions of the person seeking
help. The following are some of the director's tasks:
(a) To build sufficient cohesion and a constructive
working group climate.
(b) To stimulate individual group members
sufficiently and warm them up to action.
(c) To consider group dynamics and measure grout,
interaction at the beginning of a session.
(d) To guide the appropriate selection of a protago-
nist and take care of others in the group who were con
sidered but not chosen to be a subject of the session.
(e) To make a treatment contract for the session
which is an action-preparation negotiated with the pro
tagonist.
(f) To establish a therapeutic alliance.
(g) To prepare the action-space or stage on which the
therapeutic drama takes place
(h) To intervene to give the protagonist sufficient
freedom to select the focus of exploration.
(i) To identify non-verbal messages of the protagonist
as well as the verbal.
(j) To anchor each scene setting in the appropriate
time and place.
(k) To help put auxiliary egos into role.
(I) To identify central issues in the enactment and to
help the protagonist show the group what happened
rather than talk about it.
(m) To use psychodramatic techniques such as role-
reversal, to move the action from the periphery of the
problem to the core of the issue.
(n) The core of the issue may involve a catharsis of
emotion, insight catharsis, catharsis of laughter or
catharsis of integration which the director maximizes
appropriately.
(o) To create sufficient safety for the protagonist and
the group.
(p) To ensure confidentiality in the group and physi-
cal safety.
(q) To ensure that the psychodrama is a group
process and not one-to-one therapy in a group,
(r) To create sufficient closure where the protagonist
and group integrate the material presented in the ses-
sion.
(s) To help the protagonist to re-enter the group after
the session.
(t) To facilitate role feedback from group members
who played auxiliary roles in the session.
(u) To allow catharsis and integration of group mem-
bers who identify with the protagonist and can share
from their own experience.
(v) To protect the protagonist from distorted respons-
es or analysis of the group and to attend to each member
sharing similar experiences or moments when they were
most involved in the session.
(w) To share from his/her life history, if appropriate.
The group
The average size of a psychodrama group is between
ten and fifteen people. I have seen groups of as few as
three,
and as many as four hundred. The emotional material in
large groups seems to transcend the numbers and often
people feel the group shrinks in size and are astounded that
in a group of twenty-five they are able spontaneously to be
2. themselves.
There are many societal roles represented in any
given group. If, for example, the protagonist is an alcoholic,
there may be a mother, sibling, partner or therapist in the
group who, in the sharing, can present their own view of
what happened to them. This feedback from other roles,
in relation to the problem enacted, can be invaluable insight
for the protagonist. The socially investigative dimension
of the problem is better researched in the session when
many roles are represented. One of the aspects of a
psychodrama group which sets it apart from other groups is
the multiplicity of roles that are represented by each person
in the group. We each play a staggering variety of roles in
one day: parent, son or daughter, professional, friend, lover,
citizen, boss, student, not to mention all the somatic roles
such as sleeping, eating, and crying. Separate from the
many roles we play in our own lives, we may be asked to
play a role for someone else in the group - a dying mother,
for example. If the person selected to play the dying mother
has previously been seen as the group scapegoat, the role-
structure can change drastically in a psychodrama group,
allowing a positive alliance to form between protagonist
and person playing the dying mother; an alliance
which previously didn't exist. This constant change of
role structure in a group disallows the role rigidity that may
occur in other groups. The role repertoire is expanded by
each group member playing a different kind of role from
that which s/he may be seen to play in the group. A member
of the group with low self esteem may be stretched to play a
courageous role, surprising both themselves and the group by
the release of creativity hidden, problematic, learned
behavior. This glimpse of courage motivates the player to
produce more and encourages group members to relate to
them in a different way.
The protagonist
I used to work in a public theatre in New York at 78th
and
Broadway called the Moreno Institute. Seven nights a
week there was a public audience, a circular wooden stage
and a director. A person seated in the front, middle or back
of the theatre, a professor, housewife or carpenter, could be
a subject of the psychodrama session which they had
chosen to attend.
Human beings have problems. Normosis, a word
coined by Moreno, meaning the struggle to be normal,
confounds the best of us. Though psychodrama was
designed to help psychotics, it has evolved into a therapy of
relationships for anyone. The protagonist, meaning the
first in action, is a representative voice of the group through
which other group members can do their own work. The
protagonist simply states an aspect of life s/he wants to work
on; my fear of death, my relationship with my daughter, my
authority problem at work. The director, with the
protagonist, sets out to create scenes that give examples of
the problem in the present, looking at possible behavior
patterns. Seeing the problem in the present, seeing the
problem as it exists in the past and trying to resolve the
problem by establishing the core or roots of the issue, is the
aim so that future behavior contains a more adequate
approach. The “spontaneity” that is sought is defined as a
fresh response to an old situation or an adequate response to
a new situation. The idea of throwing away the script was
crucial to the con-
ceptualisation of psychodrama as an action method. The
protagonist has a chance to review the life script that s/he
is using, which may have been handed down for good
reason but fails to be adequate for present life requirements.
A person who was handed a script not to cry may no longer
feel that serves them in present-day functioning. One who has
never grieved for the loss of a parent because they bought
the 'brave' script may feel the relief of letting go of tears
with a new definition of brave - one who has the courage to
face what really exists within. That courage to be may not
have been within the role repertoire of one's parents, but
within this new family group bravery may find a new climate
to encourage self-expression, which may have lain dormant
for years.
The auxiliary ego
In the very first group I joined there was a psychiatric
nurse for whom I formed an immediate dislike. -While she
was protagonist she was asked to choose someone in the
group who could understand her inner thoughts and could
help her express what she wasn't able to say. She chose me
to be her double. I was astonished at her choice but
found, once I stood next to her and we worked as a team
trying to explore her inner truth that I could understand her
very well and I stopped disliking her. She also taught me
how much of me was in her and introduced me to the reality
that the people we dislike usually have behavior that strikes
close to home; therefore we are warding off the very thing
we can't deal with in ourselves.
One, who has never grieved for the loss of a
parent because they bought the ‘brave'
script, may feel the relief of Setting goes of
tears with a new definition of brave.
The auxiliary ego is anyone in the group who plays a role
representing a significant other in the life of the protagonist.
This may be-a role external to the protagonist, such as a
family member or colleague at work. It may be an internal
role such as one's fearful self, child self or one's inner
voice, as in the role of what is called the double. The
double helps express that which isn't being expressed, with
or without words. Because Moreno felt that the royal route
to the psyche is not the word but non-verbal expression, the
auxiliary ego can express, by-gesture, posture or distance,
those unspoken secrets in relation to the protagonist. I
once was a double for a man who was having a quite
normal dinner conversation with his wife of twenty years,
He was telling her he didn't like to eat liver and clenched
his fist as he spoke. As his double, I also clenched my fist
and went a step further. I slammed my fist down on the
table and said, “I've had enough of not being understood,
I want a divorce.” He looked at me, shocked, and said to
her, “So do I!” It was the non-verbal clue that spoke the
truth, not his words. His body conveyed the truth while his
words masked it. He then chose to express his actual
feelings.
The auxiliary ego who plays a dying parent may reach out
with arms to say goodbye to the protagonist caught in a
web of unexpressed emotion. Those very arms may
represent years of love that was unexpressed. If the pro-
tagonist reverses roles and is able to speak or show what has
not been said all those years, the role-reversal can release
spontaneity that was dammed or blocked in his
own role as son. Often people are more spontaneous
in the role of someone else than in their own role.
Role-reversal is the engine that drives the
psychodrama. The role of significant other in the group
is modeled by the protagonist and a group member
then moves in to play that role. Through crucial role
3. reversals the protagonist experiences a shift in role
boundary by playing another person. The person
being the auxiliary ego holds the role that has been
set and creates within it, as they imagine the person in
that role would play it. The role is played through
the perception of the protagonist.
Stage
Psychodrama is based on life itself. The space a
person lives in is reproduced on the stage. If a
conversation takes place in the kitchen, we set out
the table and chairs and give imaginative space to a
window, sink, door, fridge, etc.
Constructing the reality of an individual's space helps
the person to really be there and warms them up to pro-
duce the feelings that do or do not exist in that space.,
When someone remembers a conversation that took
place at the table, in childhood, it is important to have
the people in the scene played by members of the
group. We can often learn more by looking in this way
at a person's living space than we can in months of
interview. I once was invited into a created space of a
young man's apartment. He walked in by lifting his
feet unusually high as if carefully tiptoeing. I asked
why. He said, 'I throw my old milk cartons on the floor,
they are everywhere1
. That spoke of isolation, not many
visitors, a lack of care for the smell and looks. An
important clue to his alienation was his living space. Our
task then was to look at why he had no friends and why
he became a recluse. His words up until then belied
his reality, but showing the “stage” upon which he
lived gave us a trust reality.
The phases of psychodrama
Every psychodrama has three phases:
Warm-up
Enactment
Sharing
Warm-up
The warm-up serves to produce an atmosphere of
creative possibility. This first phase weaves a basket of
safety in which the individual can begin to trust the
director, the group and the method. When the room has
its arms around you it is possible to be that which
you thought you couldn't, to express that which
seemed impossible to express.
There are many ways to warm up a group. Moreno
did it by 'encountering' everyone and getting people to
talk easily to each other. A person who had a theme was
accepted by the group as their protagonist. Another
way is for the director to select a protagonist; one
whom s/he thinks is ready to work. Another alternative
is through creative group exercise from which the
subject of the session emerges. This is called a
protagonist-centered warm-up. In a self-nomination
warm up, people can put themselves forward to be the
subject. These suggestions are ways of protagonist
selection which come from the warm-up whilst the
warm-up itself makes it possible for people to feel freer
to trust the group, feel the cohesion and safety in the
group and to present their problems in an atmosphere
of love, caring and creativity.
Enactment
In this part of the drama, the director and protagonist
move the work forward from the periphery of the prob-
lem to the core. Psychodrama means literally action of
the mind, and it brings out the internal drama, so that
the drama within becomes the drama outside oneself.
The director uses the group members to play auxiliary
egos who are significant people represented in the
drama. The original psychodrama stage was three tiered,
concentric circles. The first level was for the audience,
the second for soliloquy and represented the space out-
side the heat of the drama, and the top level was for the
drama to be enacted. The design was for the work to go
from the periphery to the core of a problem. Enactment
in most psychodramatic sessions takes place in a desig-
nated stage area. During the drama other group mem-
bers do not sit in that space unless they are playing a
role. The stage feels like a ritualized-space once the
drama begins. That is to say, the event that is meant to
take place in that space takes place only there.
Psychodrama which is attempted within the group space
with no designated stage area often falls flat because
there arc no boundaries spatially or methodologically,
Sharing
As described in the Director section, sharing is a
time for group catharsis and integration. It was meant
as a “love-back” rather than a feedback, discouraging
analysis of the event and encouraging identifications.
Points of most involvement by individual group
members are identified, and each member finds out
how he or she is like the protagonist. Often, as in Greek
drama, the audience member is purged by watching the
enactment of another's life story. The sharing is meant
to capture this learning process and allow the group
members to purge themselves of emotions or insights
gained. It is also aimed at normalizing the
protagonist's experience by hearing how others arc
similarly involved at different levels of the same
process. Sometimes the effectiveness of the overall
session can be measured by the depth of the sharing
session. A further function of the sharing is a cool-
down, a way of re-entering our individual realities after
the group enactment.
Psychodrama brings out the internal drama so
that the drama within becomes the drama
outside oneself.
For directors in training, an added part of the
session is called processing. This is where clear
rationale, theoretical assumptions and contract are
discussed as part of the directing. The technical aspects
are reviewed by the director, trainer and group
members. How the director got from scene to scene,
how aspects could be maximized, what worked and
why, and what could have been done differently, are
generally discussed. Feedback for the trainee, director
and self and peer assessment are invaluable.
Power and cautions
There are many cautions regarding the use of
psychodrama and many of the individual techniques.
First and foremost, it is important to have a purpose
for using a specific technique, for using a technique
without purpose and forethought, can be dangerous for
the protagonist.
Some techniques may be too powerful for a particular
individual, some may be too esoteric and some too
frightening.
It is important to be aware of the ease with which an
individual may be opened up using these techniques, as
well as the difficulty and necessity in achieving
closure and the psycho dramatist must be careful not
to provide
a fantasy happy ending for a session when the reality
base is not present.
There are scenes that require extreme sensitivity in
their enactment. We are faced daily with issues like
abortion, rape, incest and sexual molestation. In
order to accomplish what is necessary for the
protagonist and still keep him/her intact, we must use
care and discretion (Goldman and Morrison, 1984).
Training
4. Psychodrama training is a postgraduate training
for mental health professions. It usually takes a
minimum of two to three years after initial
professional training. Psychodramatists have their
own therapy and supervision as well as a primary
trainer who follows their clinical and theoretical
progress. Because psychodrama is a powerful
therapeutic tool only those trained in its use should be
using it.
Effectiveness
A large body of literature has been published on
therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy (Bloch
and Crouch, 1985). In 1955; Corsini and
Rosenburg reviewed over 300 articles on group
psychotherapy and made three broad categories to
discuss the results emotional, cognitive and actional.
Yalom ( 1 9 7 5 ) found that interpersonal learning
together with catharsis, cohesiveness and insight were
the factors most valued by subjects.
Peter Felix Kellermann (1992) found in two
studies that insight, catharsis and interpersonal
relations are therapeutic factors central to
psychodramatic group psychotherapy.
Grete Leutz, a German psychodramatist, suggests that
making a conflict tangible, concrete and visible also
makes it dispensable and thus the person can change
(Leutz, 1985). This making a process that is uncon-
scious conscious helps the person gain control of their
own behavior.
Kellermann (1992) offers the following model illus-
trating the aspects of psychodrama which facilitate ther-
apeutic progress.
A Mode of the Therapeutic Aspects in Psychodrama
T
H
E S
EMOTIONAL
COGNITIVE
catharsis
action insight
R
E
S c
l
R
A
P
K
I
L
NTERPERSONA
L MAGINARY
tele (8)
as-lf (9)
I
S
T
A
o
s
u
I
S
T
L
BEHAVIOURAL
NON-SPECIFIC
acting out
magic
A
N
C
E
r
e
The outcome of psychodrama
Some professionals who have never experienced
psychodrama for any substantial length of time, arc
afraid of it as a therapeutic method. Many tend to
overdramatise its process and emphasize its presumed
dangers. Others exaggerate its virtues in a naive,
superficial manner which violates the most elementary
precepts of social psychology. Both groups are unaware
of the relatively recent attempts that have been made to
investigate, scientifically, psychodrama's therapeutic
potential.
Such controlled studies have shown that,
employed by trained professionals with awareness of its
limits, psychodrama can make a contribution either on
its own or as an adjunct to many branches of
psychotherapy, whether these be behaviorist,
psychoanalytic or existential-humanistic (Kellermann.
1992).
Who can use it?
Psychodrama may be helpful to a wide variety of
people, cutting across categories, individual and social
problem areas and a spectrum of behavior disorders.
“Psychodrama can help the normal client solve actual
conflicts, the neurotic client to uncover infantile con-
flicts, the psychotic to regain reality by means of con-
crete action and the narcissistic or borderline person in
the process of separation and individuation” (Leutz,
1985). Leutz, Karp and others have used psychodrama
successfully with some people who had psychosomatic
disorders.
Psychodrama can be helpful only to those who are
able and motivated. The ability to participate in the
imaginative process of role-playing without losing
touch with outer reality seems to be a minimal
requirement for participation. Furthermore,
participants must be able to:
-experience surges of feelings without loss of
impulse control
-have some capacity to establish relationships
-have minimal tolerance for anxiety and
frustration (ego strength)
-some psychological mindedness
-a capacity for adaptive regression
(Kellermann; 1992)
I have used psychodrama effectively in one to one
work and in couple therapy. A single session usually has
limited goals and is focused on a specific concrete
issue. Psychodrama may therefore be characterized as
a brief method of psychotherapy, sharing many of the
circumstantial characteristics of crisis-orientated and
focused therapy.
Marcia Karp is Co-director of training at the Holwell
Centre for Psychodrama and Sociodrama.
Correspondence address: Holwell International
Centre for Psychodrama and Sociodrama, East Down,
Barnstaple, N. Devon, EX31 4NZ, (01271 850267)
References
Bloch, S. and Crouch E. (1985) Therapeutic
Factors; in Group Psychotherapy, Oxford: OUP.
Corsini, R. and Rosenburg, B. (1955)
‘Mechanisms of Group Psychotherapy
5. Processes and Dynamics’,
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.
Goldman, E. and Morrison, D. (1984)
Psychodrama: Experience and Process, Kendall
Hunt.
Karp, M., Holmes, P. and Watson, M. (1994)
Psychodrama Since Moreno, Routledge.
Karp, M. and Holmes, P. (1992) Psychodrama:
Inspiration and Technique, Routledge.
Kellermann P. F. (1992) Focus on Psychodrama,
London: Jessica Kingsley.
Leutz, G. (1985) ‘What is Effective in Psychodrama?’
Mettre sa vie en Scene, Paris.
Leveton, E. (1979) Psychodrama for the Timid Clinicians
New York: Springer.
Moreno, J.L. (1953) Who shall survive? New York:
Beacon House.
6. Processes and Dynamics’,
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.
Goldman, E. and Morrison, D. (1984)
Psychodrama: Experience and Process, Kendall
Hunt.
Karp, M., Holmes, P. and Watson, M. (1994)
Psychodrama Since Moreno, Routledge.
Karp, M. and Holmes, P. (1992) Psychodrama:
Inspiration and Technique, Routledge.
Kellermann P. F. (1992) Focus on Psychodrama,
London: Jessica Kingsley.
Leutz, G. (1985) ‘What is Effective in Psychodrama?’
Mettre sa vie en Scene, Paris.
Leveton, E. (1979) Psychodrama for the Timid Clinicians
New York: Springer.
Moreno, J.L. (1953) Who shall survive? New York:
Beacon House.