Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Bionic eye is a device that can provide sight-detection of light.
Researches working for the Boston Retinal Implant Project have been developing Bionic eye implant that could restore the eye sight of people who suffer from age related blindness.
It is based on a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina, at the back of the eye ball.
Ultra thin wires strengthens the damaged optic nerve.
The user should wear special eye glasses battery powered camera and a transmitter.
Homework IX - Biomaterials Science.
Many pathologies arise from deficiencies in diffracting the light due to abnormal morphologies of cornea; lens opacity (due to aging, most of the times) ...
Two practical cases are now studied deeply in a patient and biocompatibility scope.
IST - 4th Year - 2nd Semester - Biomedical Engineering.
IT IS THE NEW SIDE OF LIFE SCIENCE WHICH CAN IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONALITY OF DAMAGE PART OF THE EYE , IN THIS PPT VARIOUS TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED ON BIONIC EYE.
Cost of cataract eye surgery at The Eye Foundation is affordable and deliver great results. Pave way to clear vision with Cataract eye surgery at The Eye Foundation.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
3. Optometry... The Beginning
l 2000 years back China was the first to use glasses over eyes called
spectacle.
l In 1263 Roger Bacon first prescribe lenses for those weak of sight.
l By the 18th century Benjamin Franklin had invented the Bifocals in 1784.
l Cylindrical lenses began in 1865.
l Contact lenses were introduced around 1888.
4. Recent advancement..
l Antimicrobial Coatings for contact lens.
l Advancement in diabetic related eye diseases.
l Stem cells therapy for eye disorders.
l Optiwave refractive analysis.
l Optos retinal scanning.
l Visual prosthesis.
l Ocular drug delivery systems.
l Orthokeratology.
4
5. Antimicrobial Coatings for contact
lenses.
l Contact lens can act as a vector for microorganismsto the ocular surface.
l Improper Lens handling greatly increases the lens contamination.
l Coagulase-negative Staphylococci are most commonly cultured from worn
lenses.
l Extended wear lenses are risk factors for developing microbial keratitis.
l Contaminated lens solution.
So, these are the difficulties before this advancement.
6. About Antimicrobial Coatings.
l To protect the lens surface itself from bacteria without the use of
disinfectant solutions.
l The university of New South Wales is developing a coating for contact
lenses made of a material called Melimine.
l It is a peptide that remains effective when applied to contact lenses and
worn in your eyes.
l It is safe and remain stable when exposed to heat and liquid.
l Melimine is non toxic to mammals.
7. Cont...
Antimicrobial peptides are a class of antimicrobial agents that
are active against a wide spectrum of microorganisms.
Melimine is a synthetic peptide consisting of 29 amino acid
residues derived from melittin and protamine.
Melimine has high activity, which exceeds that of a mixture of
two parents.
Earlier studies have shown that Melimine coated contact lenses
can reduce P. aeruginosa adhesion to contact lenses.
Studies also showed the reduction of incidence and severity of
noninfectious keratities in a Guinea pig model.
8. Cont...
Melimine is not cytotoxic to a mammalian cells in vitro, or
animals eyes and can be worn safely by humans.
Reference: Dart Jk, Stapleton F, Minassian D. Contact lenses
and orther risk factors in microbial keratities. Lancet.
1991;338:650-653. [cross ref] [pubmed]
9.
10.
11. Advancement in diabetic related
eye diseases..
What were the difficulties before this advancement?
1. The first xenon-arcphotocoagulatorin 1956. This was effective but it was
difficult to focus beam to a small spot, treatment required long exposure and
were often painful.
2. Ruby laser successfully applied therapeutically but intense chorioretinal
destruction and frequent hemorrhaging soon showed to be an issue.
3. Also there was problem with the delivery systems like monocular direct
ophthalmoscope.
12. About scatter laser...
l Scatter laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy is an advancement that has
been proven effective.
12
13. Cont...
Treatment is decided based on the type and severity of the
disease, and patients response to prior treatment.
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy may not require
immediate treatment. Maintenance and control of blood sugar
levels can prevent progression to more serious stages of
retinopathy.
However, severe cases may require surgery. The procedure
include:
1. Focal laser treatment: A laser is used to burn abnormal
vessels to stop or slow down leakage.
14. Cont...
2. Scatter laser treatment: A laser is used to burn, shrink and scar
abnormal vessels. It requires 1200-1800 individual laser spots,
usually spread over two or three sessions. It is used to treat
proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
3. Vitrectomy: Scar tissues pulling the retina and blood leakage are
removed and replaced with a salt solution to maintain the shape of
the eye.
15. Benefits of scatter laser:
Argon laser can use the blue and green light emission absorbed by both
haemoglobin and melanin.
It produces less adverse effects.
Also beneficial for age related macular degeneration and retinal vein
occlusion.
Its delivery systems includes silt lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope which
gives wide view.
Still many more inventionsare coming up
16. Cont...
Researchers have found the new drug called ruboxistaurin (RBX), reduces
the occurrence of moderate vision loss due to diabetes.
RBX treating diabetic kidney disease and possibly heart disease.
This drug evolved from a discovery: Joslin scientists uncovered a major
signalling pathway at the molecular level by which high amounts of glucose
damage blood vessels. RBX blocks a form of an enzyme that the Joslin
team found is activated in blood vessels in eyes, kidney and the heart.
This article originally appeared in the Special Diabetes Insert in the
November13, 2006 issue of TIME Magazine.
17. Stem cell therapy..
l Researchers are working on stem cell therapy as a treatment for retinal
and optic nerve problems.
l Stem cell treatments enable to body to regenerate healthy cells that have
been destroyed by certain conditions and restore function.
l Helpful in age related macular degeneration and glaucoma.
l At present FDA has not approved
this stem cell therapy.
17
18.
19.
20. Optiwave refractive analysis..
l Prior to the ORA system, surgeons were unable to assess the
quality of vision during the procedure, and would often have
to wait until weeks after surgery to determine the accuracy of
the surgical results.
This is only problem which was faced before this advancement.
21. About Optiwave refractive
analysis..
l New technology called optiwave refractive analysis allows surgeonsto
analyze the eyes during the procedure using laser.
l Earlier cataract surgeon would need to wait several weeks in order to
assess the effectiveness of the IOL and to know weather the best type
of IOL was selected.
l ORA reduces the uncertainty and gives our eye surgeon the ability to
verify proper selection of IOL during the cataract surgery procedure.
l With ORA's intraoperative aberrometer our cataract surgeon can get a
precise assessment of the IOL and how much vision improvement can be
obtained from it.
l ORA can also be performed on patients like post LASIK and PRK.
21
22.
23. Optos retinal scanning..
Below are the difficulties before Optos retinal scanning introduced:
1. Older retinal imaging technique provide only 15% of retina at a time.
2. Dilating drops were necessary, which feels like irritants for some patients.
3. It provide mainly the view of posteriorpole which includes macula and
optic disc only.
4. Using this older technique one can missed out serious peripheral retinal
view like retinal holes, retinal detachment, lattice etc.
24. About Optos retinal scanning..
l The new advancementdiagnostic tools, the optos retinal scanning system
eliminates the use of irritants dilating drops.
l The examinerscans your eyes in a few seconds and can view a digital
image of your retina and the parts of eye.
24
25. Cont...
This new technology called Optos retinal scanning brings benefits like :
Used in non-mydriatic, high resolution ultra wide - field imaging ( up to 200
degrees)through many cataracts, and small pupils as 2mm. According to
optos other features include:
1. Ultra wide field indocyanine green angiography, in addition to the
previously available composite color, red free, autofluorescence and
fluorescein angiographymodes.
2. The device allows parallel capture of fluorescein angiography and ICG
images without manually switching between modalities.
26. Cont...
3. Proviewsoftware which displays wide field scans in a consistent
geometry that accurately represent anatomical features in the retina.
4. New proprietary optical hardware that optimize resolution through out
retinal scans, resulting in mire clarity in the periphery.
5. Automatic image registration for longitudinal tracking and inter modality
image comparison.
6. Images taken in different modalitiesor on different dates can be
overlaid for comparison.
Reference: sagong M, van Hemert J, Olmos de Koo LC, Barnett C, Sadda
SR. Assessment of accuracy and precision of qualification of ultra wide field
images. Ophthalmology 2015;122:4:864-6.
29. Visual prosthesis.
l It is achieved by stimulation of nerve fibers. All retinal prosthesis under
developmentare intended to deliver electrical pulses on to the retina.
l The retinal prosthesiswill capture visual images using micro electronic
prosthesis and turn light energy into electrical pulses and pass electrical
pulses to the retina thus enabling the blind to have vision.
l Often referred as a Bionic Eye.
29
30. Cont...
Patients with the vision loss due to degeneration of photoreceptor like
retinitis pigmentosa, choroideremia, macular degeneration are the best
candidate for treatment.
This visual prosthetics manufactured by second sight medical products and
Argus II co developed at the university of southern California eye institute.
These are on going projects:
1. Argus retinal prosthesis.
2. Microsystem based visual prosthesis.
3. Implantable miniature telescope.
4. Harvard/ MIT retinal implant.
5. Artificial silicone retina.
6. Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis.
7. Intracortical visual prosthesis.
31.
32. Advances in ocular drug delivery.
l Factors which limits the absorption of topical ocular drugs:
1. Inflow and outflow of lacrimal fluids.
2. Efficient naso lacrimal drainage.
3. Interaction of drug with proteins of lacrimal fluid.
4. Dilution with tears.
5. Corneal barriers.
6. Active ion transport at cornea.
33. About ocular drug delivery.
l Biopolymers are preferred for the composite material that enhances the
precorneal retention time, drug delivery control and induces the corneal
absorption of drugs.
33
34. Cont...
Administration of drugs to the ocular region with conventional
delivery systems leads to short contact time of the formulations
on the epithelium and fast elimination of drugs.
This transient residence time involves poor availability of drugs
which can be explained by the tear production, non productive
absorption and impermeability of corneal epithelium.
Recently on ocular dosage forms, chemical delivery systems
such as prodrugs, the use of cyclodextrins to increase solubility
of various drugs.
For details: refer to Article. Literature review (PDF available)
in drug development and industrial pharmacy.
35. Cont...
Ideal characteristics of ocular drugs delivery systems:
1. Sterility.
2. Isotonicity like 1.9% boric acid, 0.9% NaCl.
3. Buffer/pHadjustment.
4. Less drainage tendency.
5. Minimum protein binding.
37. Orthokeratology.
Difficulties before orthokeratology lenses:
1. Myopia progression leads to frequent change in spectacle power.
2. Need of wearing glasses & contact lenses regularly.
3. CL wearers developed dry eyes because of discomfort or sensitivity to their
lenses.
4. Broken lenses or frame for school age children.
5. Surgery cost.
38. About Orthokeratology.
l Shortened asOrtho K and called corneal reshaping (CR) or corneal
refractive therapy.
l It refres to usage of gas permeable contact lenses that reshape the cornea
and reduce refractive errors such as Myopia, Hypermetropia and
Astigmatism.
l New Ortho K lens designs are available for farsightedness and
presbyopia.
l Researchers also stated that Orthokeratology lens designsslower the
progression of Myopia.
38
40. Advantages of Ortho-K
Free from CL and specs for all waking hours.
Ideal for sports persons.
It slows progression ofmyopia by 50% (published in late 2004 in
international journal).
Procedure is reversible.
No post operative pain.
Does not leave hazy vision.
No loss of Bowman's membrane.
Cheaper.
No age limit.
41. Reference..
l History of Optometry by matty byloss.
l https:/www.lasikmd.com/blog/evolution-optometry-quick-look-history.
l Pointgreyeyecare.com
l Drrosaoptometry.com
l Google for images.
41