This document discusses African American literature from 1940-1960, focusing on major writers of the period. It describes the styles of realism, naturalism, and modernism. Key figures covered include Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Lorraine Hansberry. Their works dealt with themes of racial injustice, the urban black experience, and the struggles of individuals and communities.
The Harlem Renaissance was the name given to the cultura.docxcherry686017
The Harlem Renaissance was the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars. Many had come from the South, fleeing its oppressive caste system in order to find a place where they could freely express their talents. Among those artists whose works achieved recognition were Langston Hughes and Claude McKay, Countee Cullen and Arna Bontemps, Zora Neale Hurston and Jean Toomer, Walter White and James Weldon Johnson. W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged talented artists to leave the South. Du Bois, then the editor of THE CRISIS magazine, the journal of the NAACP, was at the height of his fame and influence in the black community. THE CRISIS published the poems, stories, and visual works of many artists of the period. The Renaissance was more than a literary movement: It involved racial pride, fueled in part by the militancy of the "New Negro" demanding civil and political rights. The Renaissance incorporated jazz and the blues, attracting whites to Harlem speakeasies, where interracial couples danced. But the Renaissance had little impact on breaking down the rigid barriers of Jim Crow that separated the races. While it may have contributed to a certain relaxation of racial attitudes among young whites, perhaps its greatest impact was to reinforce race pride among blacks.
-- Richard Wormser
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_harlem.html
Hughes's Life and Career
Photo by Carl Van Vechten
Arnold Rampersad
Born in 1902 in Joplin, Missouri, Langston Hughes grew up mainly in Lawrence, Kansas, but also lived in Illinois, Ohio, and Mexico.
By the time Hughes enrolled at Columbia University in New York, he had already launched his literary career with his poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" in the Crisis, edited by W E. B. Du Bois. He had also committed himself both to writing and to writing mainly about African Americans.
Hughes's sense of dedication was instilled in him most of all by his maternal grandmother, Mary Langston, whose first husband had died at Harpers Ferry as a member of John Brown's band, and whose second husband (Hughes's grandfather) had also been a militant abolitionist. Another important family figure was John Mercer Langston, a brother of Hughes's grandfather who was one of the best-known black Americans of the nineteenth century. At the same time, Hughes struggled with a sense of desolation fostered by parental neglect. He himself recalled being driven early by his loneliness 'to books, and the wonderful world in books.’
Leaving Columbia in 1922, Hughes spent the next three years in a succession of menial jobs. But he also traveled abroad. He worked on a freighter down the west coast of Africa and lived for several months in Paris before returning to the United States late in 1924. By this time, he was w ...
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Realism, Modernism And Naturalism In African American Literature(3)
1. 1940 - 1960 REALISM, NATURALISM, AND MODERNISM IN AFRICAN AMERICAN LITERATURE
2. Categorically... Realism: "A faithful reproduction of reality" Naturalism: "A harsher treatment of that reality" Modernism: "A strong and intentional break with tradition"
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8. Invisible Man Ralph Waldo Ellison achieved international fame with Invisible Man, written in 1952. According to its publisher, " Invisible Man is a milestone in American literature, a book that has continued to engage readers since its appearance in 1952. A first novel by an unknown writer, it remained on the bestseller list for sixteen weeks, won the National Book Award for fiction, and established Ralph Ellison as one of the key writers of the century. The nameless narrator of the novel describes growing up in a black community in the South, attending a Negro college from which he is expelled, moving to New York and becoming the chief spokesman of the Harlem branch of "the Brotherhood," and retreating amid violence and confusion to the basement lair of the Invisible Man he imagines himself to be.
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11. "An attempt to be loved" Baldwin admitted that his writing was an escape to another world and an attempt to find love. His passage to that other world was limited by his experiences of racism and homophobia. He was known for his attacks on protest fiction which secured his place as a major American writer. He was called the "conscience of the nation" criticizing failed democracy.
