The document summarizes African American literature during the Reconstruction era (1865-1877) after the Civil War and abolition of slavery. Key writers during this period included Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, and Paul Laurence Dunbar. African American writers used literature to shape the social, political, and spiritual hopes of African Americans and push back against perceptions that they were intellectually or creatively incapable. Literature from this era included slave narratives, autobiographies, biographies, and works that documented the black experience.
The word ‘Subaltern’ stands for ‘of inferior rank’ or status. Subordinate, hence, of rank, power, authority and action. In other words, it refers to the subordination of class, caste, gender, race, language and culture. It also indicates to those groups in society who are subject to the domination of the ruling classes.In general, subaltern classes include peasants, workers and other groups who have been denied access to ‘hegemonic’ power.
Antonio Gramsci: Italian Marxist, best known for his elaboration of the concept of 'hegemony'. A founder of the Italian communist party (in 1921), he was imprisoned by the Fascists in 1926, and spent the remainder of his life under arrest. While in prison, and despite poor health, he continued to study and write. The Prison Notebooks (1929—1935), published only after the fall of Fascism, represent the core of his considerable contribution to Marxist theory. (Edgar, Sedgwick, 2002) ...........
Edward Said's 'Crisis in Orientalism' is a critical text known for its challenges upon the concept of Orientalism. This is a presentation done at St.Joseph's College, Trichy, by a student of II M.A English.
The word ‘Subaltern’ stands for ‘of inferior rank’ or status. Subordinate, hence, of rank, power, authority and action. In other words, it refers to the subordination of class, caste, gender, race, language and culture. It also indicates to those groups in society who are subject to the domination of the ruling classes.In general, subaltern classes include peasants, workers and other groups who have been denied access to ‘hegemonic’ power.
Antonio Gramsci: Italian Marxist, best known for his elaboration of the concept of 'hegemony'. A founder of the Italian communist party (in 1921), he was imprisoned by the Fascists in 1926, and spent the remainder of his life under arrest. While in prison, and despite poor health, he continued to study and write. The Prison Notebooks (1929—1935), published only after the fall of Fascism, represent the core of his considerable contribution to Marxist theory. (Edgar, Sedgwick, 2002) ...........
Edward Said's 'Crisis in Orientalism' is a critical text known for its challenges upon the concept of Orientalism. This is a presentation done at St.Joseph's College, Trichy, by a student of II M.A English.
CommentaryMotivated by politics, a group of African-American au.docxpickersgillkayne
Commentary:
Motivated by politics, a group of African-American authors became known as the
Black Arts Movement
. Preeminent in this movement was the poet Imamu Amiri Baraka. The movement stemmed from the strife following the assassination of Malcom X in 1965, and then the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968. Those involved in the changes spreading across America, known as Black Nationalism or the
Black Power Movement
, broke into two primary branches--Revolutionary Nationalists, which included such groups as the Black Panther Party, and Cultural Nationalists, which includes the Black Arts Movement.
The expression of the Black Power Movement was evident in several ways: changes in clothing styles (dashikis, for example) adopted among several black groups, more vocal involvement in politics, and more outspoken tones in and topics of writing, speeches, and the plastic arts (sculpture and painting).
Though the Black Arts Movement began in Harlem, it quickly spread to many cities around the country. Numerous African-American magazines, publishing houses, and journals flourished during this time, such as
Negro Digest, Black World
, Third World Press,
The Black Scholar
, and Lotus Press, among others. Poetry was the predominant form of writing within this movement, but not exclusively--short stories, drama, essay, plays, and music were also key to the content of this era.
The Black Arts Movement was not without controversy. The content of its works is often cited as homophobic, exclusive, misogynistic, and anti-Semitic in favor of black identity.
The Black Arts Movement’s influence began to fade as the result of an unlikely source--success. As members such as James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, and Nikki Giovanni, among others, became popular and even wealthy as the result of the works they also became mainstream, which was an unforeseen consequence counter to the basis of the movement itself.
Recovering the History of African Americans
Attempts to recover and recognize the history of African Americans was part of the Black Power Movement. This is seen in African Americans who changed their birth names to African names. Born as Leroi Jones, Amiri Baraka, for example, changed his name in 1964. Stokely Carmichael became Kwame Ture. In Alice Walker's short story "Everyday Use," Dee returns home with the name Wangero.
Attitudes and actions that before the 1960s might have been kept private became more overt, which is evident in the essays defining the Black Arts Movement. Richard Wright's comments about African-American writers in his 1937 essay "Blueprint for Negro Writing" were no longer true. In that essay, Wright discussed black writers who "dressed in the knee-pants of servility" as they went "abegging to white America" for approval. He notes, "Negro writing was something external to the lives of educated Negroes themselves."
Instead, the arts in the 1960s were more aligned with what Du Bois wrote in 1926, when he call.
CommentaryMotivated by politics, a group of African-American au.docxpickersgillkayne
Commentary:
Motivated by politics, a group of African-American authors became known as the
Black Arts Movement
. Preeminent in this movement was the poet Imamu Amiri Baraka. The movement stemmed from the strife following the assassination of Malcom X in 1965, and then the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968. Those involved in the changes spreading across America, known as Black Nationalism or the
Black Power Movement
, broke into two primary branches--Revolutionary Nationalists, which included such groups as the Black Panther Party, and Cultural Nationalists, which includes the Black Arts Movement.
The expression of the Black Power Movement was evident in several ways: changes in clothing styles (dashikis, for example) adopted among several black groups, more vocal involvement in politics, and more outspoken tones in and topics of writing, speeches, and the plastic arts (sculpture and painting).
Though the Black Arts Movement began in Harlem, it quickly spread to many cities around the country. Numerous African-American magazines, publishing houses, and journals flourished during this time, such as
Negro Digest, Black World
, Third World Press,
The Black Scholar
, and Lotus Press, among others. Poetry was the predominant form of writing within this movement, but not exclusively--short stories, drama, essay, plays, and music were also key to the content of this era.
The Black Arts Movement was not without controversy. The content of its works is often cited as homophobic, exclusive, misogynistic, and anti-Semitic in favor of black identity.
The Black Arts Movement’s influence began to fade as the result of an unlikely source--success. As members such as James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, and Nikki Giovanni, among others, became popular and even wealthy as the result of the works they also became mainstream, which was an unforeseen consequence counter to the basis of the movement itself.
Recovering the History of African Americans
Attempts to recover and recognize the history of African Americans was part of the Black Power Movement. This is seen in African Americans who changed their birth names to African names. Born as Leroi Jones, Amiri Baraka, for example, changed his name in 1964. Stokely Carmichael became Kwame Ture. In Alice Walker's short story "Everyday Use," Dee returns home with the name Wangero.
Attitudes and actions that before the 1960s might have been kept private became more overt, which is evident in the essays defining the Black Arts Movement. Richard Wright's comments about African-American writers in his 1937 essay "Blueprint for Negro Writing" were no longer true. In that essay, Wright discussed black writers who "dressed in the knee-pants of servility" as they went "abegging to white America" for approval. He notes, "Negro writing was something external to the lives of educated Negroes themselves."
Instead, the arts in the 1960s were more aligned with what Du Bois wrote in 1926, when he call.
The South may have lost the Civil War, but they won the culture war. The South was able to convince many of the Lost Cause myth, that somehow the Southern causes was a noble cause, that the Civil War was not fought over the issue of slavery, that the Civil War was fought over state’s rights, and that Southerners were benevolent masters whose slaves accepted their lot in life happily. Furthermore, the history of Reconstruction where blacks gained civil liberties and voting rights equal to whites was seen as a dark time in American history, that blacks showed themselves to be totally incapable of citizenship, utterly incapable to hold public office, manipulated by corrupt Yankee carpetbaggers and traitorous Southern scalawags.
One of the first historians to challenge this view was WEB Dubois. His history, Black Reconstruction, argued that blacks were able to make great strides during Reconstruction, and that Reconstruction was a bright, promising era for democracy. Although Reconstruction faced daunting problems, great strides were made in race relations, education, public health, and in establishing fair and just governments across the South, in spite of the rising racial violence caused by the KKK and similar groups, often aided by Southern sheriffs. These gains were reversed by the Redemptionists after the end of Reconstruction, robbing the blacks of their voting rights, allowing the South to build the Jim Crow system of racial violence and discrimination and subjugation that would last until the Civil Rights era.
Please view our blog on WEB Dubois:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/refuting-the-lost-cause-black-reconstruction-by-web-dubois/
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A presentation about the black experience from Civil War through Reconstruction for the Florida Humanities Council's Teacher's Workshop on Zora Neale Hurston.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
19. Ida B. Wells-Barnett 1862 - 1931 Best known as an investigative journalist who reported on lynching in a factual, courageous, and consciousness- raising style. She was a literary activist who wrote stirring essays to inform and persuade people to demand equal rights. She wanted to write for people who had little or no school training to describe their problems in a simple, helpful way.
20. W.E.B. Du Bois 1868-1963 "Renaissance Man" Most multifaceted and influential writer that black America ever produced. Published sociology and history of African American people Believed that ideas not slogans were the way to get rid of bigotry. Believed in the "ideal of human brotherhood" Established the Niagara movement which became the NAACP.
21. James Weldon Johnson 1871 -1938 Dedicated to helping black people he became known as an author, politician, critic, journalist, poet, educator, lawyer, songwriter, and early civil rights activist. Johnson is remembered best for his writing, which includes novels, poems, and collections of folklore. In 1900, he wrote the "Negro National Anthem" - "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing" with his brother.
22.
Editor's Notes
Booker T. Washington was born in West Virgina in 1856, in what he describes as the most miserable, desolate and discouraging surroundings. He did not know his father, raised by his mother who was a cook until emancipation came at the end of the Civil War. He worked in a coal mine and was determined to make his life better by getting an education and got admitted to an industrial school for blacks. He then served on the faculty of that school, and the founded a school for blacks teachers in Alabama "Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute." He worked there until his death in 1915. His philosophy of progress was: industrial education, accomodation of southern white supremacy, emphasis on racial pride, solidarity and self-help. He was a great publicist and got the attention of businessmen, and politicians to get attention on a national front. He was a dynamic speaker and made himself famous with his autobiography Up From Slavery. This was written in a simple, folksy style and became very popular with whites as well as blacks. Won praise from literary magazines for its style and tone.
She was born to slave parents just before Emancipation and then attended as one of first students of school in her town of Mississippi. Her parents died of yellow fever in 1878, and she dropped out of school.She later became a teacher and supported her entire family. She moved to Memphis and later became a journalist. She was an activist who often found herself in the midst of controversy. She was outspoken about lynchings and finally had to leave town, moving to New York to continue her writing and activism. She is remembered as an outspoken and articulate advocate of equal protection under the law and civil rights for black people. She put herself at constant risk to do so.
Born in Great Barrington, MA, and cherished books and intellecualism. His father deserted the family when he was an infant, but his mother was a prominent family and she protected and nurtured his love of learning. She sent him to predominantly white schools and churches and he graduated with honors with no thought of discrimination. It wasn't until he went to college in Tennessee that he experienced the racism of the south and the life of African Americans. Graduated and went to Harvard then wrote extensively on the African slave trade. He became a college professor and laid the foundation for African American sociology. In 1903 he wrote The Souls of Black Folk in which he describes the distinctive artistic traditions, culture and communal values of African American which he calls the "soul" of black folk. He was known as a radical Democrat who was not afraid to talk about socialism and communism. He was committed to spiritual ideals. "to the striving in the souls of black folk," to become co-workers in the kingdom of culture. He felt that all races of people had inherent power and genius. He was an educated scholar and his manner of writing was scholarly but he most often turned to traditional literary forms such as poetry, fiction, and prose that expressed his deep emotions. He wanted to raise his race. Because of his left wing politics he was indicted by the government for promoting the banning of atomic weapons, in 1951, accused of being a subversive power.He was ostracized by many African American leaders and civil rights leaders and in 1961 he moved to Ghana , and renounced his American citizenship.
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