Wide area protection systems aim to address vulnerabilities in modern power systems. Conventional protection systems provide local views but no overall system view, and actions are uncoordinated. Wide area protection systems fill this gap by analyzing real-time measurements across wide areas to recommend control strategies. They can help increase transmission capacity and reliability by taking action to prevent contingencies from causing instability. This paper surveys applications of synchrophasor-based wide area protection, including existing systems, case studies of disturbances, and technologies enabling wide area protection implementations.
Redundant secure timing sources and timing distribution to digital power prot...Power System Operation
The power transmission system is increasingly dependent
on accurate time-stamping of digitally sampled values
used for protection and control. In particular, real-time
streaming of data from networked Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) for wide area ‘closed loop’ automated
control applications implies a critical dependence of
accurate, available, and reliable microsecond-level
timing.
While microsecond accuracy is easily met by GNSS
timing receivers, GNSS signals for open civilian use are
weak and also lack effective authentication mechanisms.
GNSS timing receivers are therefore vulnerable to
interference from malicious or inadvertent radio noise
(jamming) and susceptible to ‘spoofing’ with generated
GNSS-signals containing misleading timing and
navigation data.
The overall goal of the COSECTIME project funded by
Statnett is to demonstrate the applicability of state-of-
the art fiber-optic time transfer techniques for traceable,
secure and redundant synchronization of digital power
transmission protection and control applications. In full
deployment , the transmission system operator (TSO)
will generate redundant autonomous UTC-traceable
atomic timescales and distribute timing through
redundant fiber optic networks also under TSO control.
Here we present results from a pilot demonstration of
timing distribution to the Statnett R&D project pilot IEC
61850 digital substation.
The modern-day power grid aims at providing reliable and quality power, which requires careful monitoring of the power grid against catastrophic faults.
Therefore one promising way is to provide the system a wide protection and control named as “Wide Area Measurement and Control System” /PMU is required.
A Novel Back Up Wide Area Protection Technique for Power Transmission Grids U...Power System Operation
Current differential protection relays are widely applied
to the protection of electrical plant due to their simplicity,
sensitivity and stability for internal and external faults. The proposed
idea has the feature of unit protection relays to protect large
power transmission grids based on phasor measurement units. The
principle of the protection scheme depends on comparing positive
sequence voltage magnitudes at each bus during fault conditions
inside a system protection center to detect the nearest bus to
the fault. Then the absolute differences of positive sequence current
angles are compared for all lines connecting to this bus to
detect the faulted line. The new technique depends on synchronized
phasor measuring technology with high speed communication
system and time transfer GPS system. The simulation of the interconnecting
system is applied on 500 kV Egyptian network using
Matlab Simulink. The new technique can successfully distinguish
between internal and external faults for interconnected lines. The
new protection scheme works as unit protection system for long
transmission lines. The time of fault detection is estimated by 5
msec for all fault conditions and the relay is evaluated as a back
up relay based on the communication speed for data transferring.
Redundant secure timing sources and timing distribution to digital power prot...Power System Operation
The power transmission system is increasingly dependent
on accurate time-stamping of digitally sampled values
used for protection and control. In particular, real-time
streaming of data from networked Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) for wide area ‘closed loop’ automated
control applications implies a critical dependence of
accurate, available, and reliable microsecond-level
timing.
While microsecond accuracy is easily met by GNSS
timing receivers, GNSS signals for open civilian use are
weak and also lack effective authentication mechanisms.
GNSS timing receivers are therefore vulnerable to
interference from malicious or inadvertent radio noise
(jamming) and susceptible to ‘spoofing’ with generated
GNSS-signals containing misleading timing and
navigation data.
The overall goal of the COSECTIME project funded by
Statnett is to demonstrate the applicability of state-of-
the art fiber-optic time transfer techniques for traceable,
secure and redundant synchronization of digital power
transmission protection and control applications. In full
deployment , the transmission system operator (TSO)
will generate redundant autonomous UTC-traceable
atomic timescales and distribute timing through
redundant fiber optic networks also under TSO control.
Here we present results from a pilot demonstration of
timing distribution to the Statnett R&D project pilot IEC
61850 digital substation.
The modern-day power grid aims at providing reliable and quality power, which requires careful monitoring of the power grid against catastrophic faults.
Therefore one promising way is to provide the system a wide protection and control named as “Wide Area Measurement and Control System” /PMU is required.
A Novel Back Up Wide Area Protection Technique for Power Transmission Grids U...Power System Operation
Current differential protection relays are widely applied
to the protection of electrical plant due to their simplicity,
sensitivity and stability for internal and external faults. The proposed
idea has the feature of unit protection relays to protect large
power transmission grids based on phasor measurement units. The
principle of the protection scheme depends on comparing positive
sequence voltage magnitudes at each bus during fault conditions
inside a system protection center to detect the nearest bus to
the fault. Then the absolute differences of positive sequence current
angles are compared for all lines connecting to this bus to
detect the faulted line. The new technique depends on synchronized
phasor measuring technology with high speed communication
system and time transfer GPS system. The simulation of the interconnecting
system is applied on 500 kV Egyptian network using
Matlab Simulink. The new technique can successfully distinguish
between internal and external faults for interconnected lines. The
new protection scheme works as unit protection system for long
transmission lines. The time of fault detection is estimated by 5
msec for all fault conditions and the relay is evaluated as a back
up relay based on the communication speed for data transferring.
Real Time and Wireless Smart Faults Detection Device for Wind Turbineschokrio
In new energy development, wind power has boomed. It is due to the proliferation of wind parks and their operation in supplying the national electric grid with low cost and clean resources. Hence, there is an increased need to establish a proactive maintenance for wind turbine machines based on remote control and monitoring. That is necessary with a real-time wireless connection in offshore or inaccessible locations while the wired method has many flaws. The objective of this strategy is to prolong wind turbine lifetime and to increase productivity. The hardware of a remote control and monitoring system for wind turbine parks is designed. It takes advantage of GPRS or Wi-Max wireless module to collect data measurements from different wind machine sensors through IP based multi-hop communication. Computer simulations with Proteus ISIS and OPNET software tools have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the studied system. Study findings show that the designed device is suitable for application in a wind park.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
In this paper prepared a systems to that amount the units of the fitness about structural elements within Reinforced Concrete (RC), at total times, partially atop the perfect coverage concerning sensors is provided. As a result, the records about the distances within the sensor’s near nodes and its sensing areas are the only want because concerning every sensor into the recent algorithms. Furthermore, based totally completely regarding the simulations, great improvement performs stay seen along the lifespan regarding a variety concerning existing lifespan maximization algorithms, anybody is a cease end result related to the newly proposed algorithm. The promoted sensor mark hard-ware trigger the PZT sensor and collect the responses acquires beyond the structural element. It moreover send collected information to an information middle because of similarly science yet analysis within an energy efficient manner using low power wireless verbal exchange technology. The brought ingress in conformity with and the evaluation atop the accrued information operate lie remotely executed by means of using a net interface. Performance effects showcase therefore a good deal the fractures great enough within consequence including purpose structural problems be able continue to be efficiently detected together with the promoter rule
Smart Grid
Why do we need Smart Grid?
What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid conceptual model
Wide Area Monitoring systems
What is WAMs
WAMS Architecture
Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Concluding Remarks
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
New dynamics of future demand and supply
Ageing infrastructure
Complex interconnected grids
Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
Need to lower carbon emissions
New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
Phasor measurement unit and it's application pptKhurshid Parwez
The effective operation of power systems in the present and the future depends to a large extent on how well the emerging challenges are met today. Power systems continue to be stressed as they are operated in many instances at or near their full capacities. In order to keep power systems operating in secure and economic conditions, it is necessary to further improve power system protection and control system. Phasor measurement unit (PMUs), introduced into power system as a useful tool for monitoring the performance of power system, has been proved its value in the extensive applications of electric power system. In response, a research program that is specifically aimed at using PMU to improve the power system protection and control. To ensure that the proposed research program is responsive to particular industry needs in this area, and participants of the workshop identified two major research areas in which technological and institutional solutions are needed: 1) PMU implementation, 2) PMU applications. It’s recommends research, design, and development (RD&D) projects in this report. The objective of these projects is to improve the reliability of local and wide transmission grid by enabling and enhancing the system protection and control schemes by using PMU measurement data, reduce the economic burden of utilizes to implement PMUs.
Cluster Computing Environment for On - line Static Security Assessment of lar...IDES Editor
The increased size of modern power systems
demand faster and accurate means for the security assessment,
so that the decisions for reliable and secure operation planning
could be drawn in a systematic manner. Large computational
overhead is the major impediment in preventing the power
system security assessment (PSSA) from on-line use. To
mitigate this problem, this paper proposes, a cluster computing
based architecture for power system static security assessment,
utilizing the tools in the open source domain. A variant of the
master/slave pattern is used for deploying the cluster of
workstations (COW), which act as the computational engine
for the on-line PSSA. The security assessment is performed
utilizing the developed composite security index that can
accurately differentiate the secure and non-secure cases and
has been defined as a function of bus voltage and line flow
limit violations. Due to the inherent parallel structure of
security assessment algorithm and to exploit the potential of
distributed computing, domain decomposition is employed for
parallelizing the sequential algorithm. Extensive
experimentations were carried out on IEEE 57 bus and IEEE
145-bus 50 machine standard test systems for demonstrating
the validity of the proposed architecture.
There is rapidly-growing industry interest in the potential uses for streaming synchronized measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). Vendors and users continue to develop and deploy new applications and infrastructure to take advantage of the new measurement data. San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E) is among users who are deploying Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA) systems in which PMUs distributed across the grid are streaming data to control centers for situational awareness of dynamic wide-area behavior of the grid to system operators, and as a tool for engineers to perform post-event analysis of disturbances and operating events along with system model validation. These uses are just a part of a broader roadmap for many important new applications using PMU measurements. Over time, synchrophasors will serve as the new unified wide-area data-gathering platform serving system observation, operating data collection for SCADA and EMS, control, automation, market functions, asset management and maintenance support, and even high-speed wide-area fault and failure protection functions that supplement and back up local fault protection. A full-function PMU-based deployment is described as a Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, Automation, and Control (WAMPAC) system.
The paper reviews the applications of operator situational awareness, SCADA and EMS data gathering, disturbance monitoring and analysis with model tuning, system state and condition monitoring, adaptive RAS, fire and hazard risk reduction, wide-area backup fault protection and swing mitigation, wide-area voltage stability monitoring and mitigation, wide-area voltage control, and PMU system self-monitoring. It characterizes the key elements and architecture of a wide-area PMU system from the PMUs through communications networks with redundancy and timing services to centralized processing locations or clouds. The SDG&E roadmap for WASA and WAMPAC is followed by an overview of industry direction for PMU measurements as the platform for all wide-area observation, monitoring, protection, automation, and control.
Voltage Stability Assessment using Phasor Measurement Units in Power Network ...Satyendra Singh
This paper presents the assessment methodology for
voltage stability using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with
complete system observability. For full power system
observability, the PMU placement is considered with and without
conventional power flow as well as injection measurement such
that minimum number of PMU’s is used. Data obtained by
PMU’s are used for voltage stability assessment with the help of
L-Index. As the PMU gives real time voltage and current phasors
and L-index is dependent on voltage and admittance values, thus
the L-index so obtained can be used as real time voltage stability
indicator. The case study has been carried out on IEEE-14 bus
system.
Synchrophasor Applications Facilitating Interactions between Transmission and...Luigi Vanfretti
Distribution grid dynamics will become increasingly complex due to the transition from passive to active networks arising from the increase of renewable energy sources at medium and voltage level. A successful transition requires to increase the observability and awareness of the interactions between Transmission and Distribution (T&D) grids, particularly to guarantee adequate operational security.
This presentation explores how different technical means can facilitate interactions between TSOs and DSOs with the utilization of GPS-time-synchronized phasor measurements (aka Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)) with millisecond resolution. If made available in actual T&D networks, such high-sampled data across operational boundaries allows an opportunity to extract information related to different time-scales.
As part of the work carried out in the EU-funded FP7 IDE4L project (http://ide4l.eu/), a specific use case, containing PMU-based monitoring functions, has been defined to support the architecture design of future distribution grid automation systems. As a result, the architecture can accommodate for key dynamic information extraction and exchange between DSO and TSO.
This presentation presents the use case and focuses on the technical aspects related to the development and implementation of the PMU-based monitoring functionalities that can provide means to facilitate technical co-operation between transmission and distribution operations.
The Schneider Electric MetConsole® Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS) – a module of the company’s MetConsole Aviation Weather Suite – provides the reliable and timely information and alerting to the gust fronts, downbursts or microbursts induced by thunderstorms. It helps minimize disruptions, caused by these wind shear conditions, to aircraft flying below 1,000 feet while approaching and departing airports.
An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area monitoring a...journalBEEI
The complexity and dynamics of the modern power system are continuously changing due to the penetration of a large number of renewable energy sources and changing load patterns. These growing complexities have caused numerous outages around the world, primarily due to the lack of situational awareness about the grid operating states. Rectification of this problem requires advanced sensing technology to accurately capture the dynamics of the system for better monitoring and control. Measurement of synchrophasors is a potential solution to improve situational awareness in the grid. The synchrophasors technology is now widely accepted throughout the world and has the potential to replace the existing SCADA system in monitoring and control of the power system. Their installation enables efficient resolution to substantially improve transmission system planning, maintenance, operation, and energy trading. This paper reviews the state of the art potential applications that the PMU based WAMC offers to the power system. It also includes technical perspectives, challenges, and future possibilities.
Design of an Advanced Phasor Data Concentrator for Monitoring of Distributed ...Reza Pourramezan
Published in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
2017
Authors: Reza Pourramezan, Younes Seyedi, Houshang Karimi, Guchuan Zhu, and Michel Mont-Briant
DOI: 10.1109/TII.2017.2697438
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Real Time and Wireless Smart Faults Detection Device for Wind Turbineschokrio
In new energy development, wind power has boomed. It is due to the proliferation of wind parks and their operation in supplying the national electric grid with low cost and clean resources. Hence, there is an increased need to establish a proactive maintenance for wind turbine machines based on remote control and monitoring. That is necessary with a real-time wireless connection in offshore or inaccessible locations while the wired method has many flaws. The objective of this strategy is to prolong wind turbine lifetime and to increase productivity. The hardware of a remote control and monitoring system for wind turbine parks is designed. It takes advantage of GPRS or Wi-Max wireless module to collect data measurements from different wind machine sensors through IP based multi-hop communication. Computer simulations with Proteus ISIS and OPNET software tools have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the studied system. Study findings show that the designed device is suitable for application in a wind park.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
In this paper prepared a systems to that amount the units of the fitness about structural elements within Reinforced Concrete (RC), at total times, partially atop the perfect coverage concerning sensors is provided. As a result, the records about the distances within the sensor’s near nodes and its sensing areas are the only want because concerning every sensor into the recent algorithms. Furthermore, based totally completely regarding the simulations, great improvement performs stay seen along the lifespan regarding a variety concerning existing lifespan maximization algorithms, anybody is a cease end result related to the newly proposed algorithm. The promoted sensor mark hard-ware trigger the PZT sensor and collect the responses acquires beyond the structural element. It moreover send collected information to an information middle because of similarly science yet analysis within an energy efficient manner using low power wireless verbal exchange technology. The brought ingress in conformity with and the evaluation atop the accrued information operate lie remotely executed by means of using a net interface. Performance effects showcase therefore a good deal the fractures great enough within consequence including purpose structural problems be able continue to be efficiently detected together with the promoter rule
Smart Grid
Why do we need Smart Grid?
What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid conceptual model
Wide Area Monitoring systems
What is WAMs
WAMS Architecture
Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Concluding Remarks
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
New dynamics of future demand and supply
Ageing infrastructure
Complex interconnected grids
Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
Need to lower carbon emissions
New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
Phasor measurement unit and it's application pptKhurshid Parwez
The effective operation of power systems in the present and the future depends to a large extent on how well the emerging challenges are met today. Power systems continue to be stressed as they are operated in many instances at or near their full capacities. In order to keep power systems operating in secure and economic conditions, it is necessary to further improve power system protection and control system. Phasor measurement unit (PMUs), introduced into power system as a useful tool for monitoring the performance of power system, has been proved its value in the extensive applications of electric power system. In response, a research program that is specifically aimed at using PMU to improve the power system protection and control. To ensure that the proposed research program is responsive to particular industry needs in this area, and participants of the workshop identified two major research areas in which technological and institutional solutions are needed: 1) PMU implementation, 2) PMU applications. It’s recommends research, design, and development (RD&D) projects in this report. The objective of these projects is to improve the reliability of local and wide transmission grid by enabling and enhancing the system protection and control schemes by using PMU measurement data, reduce the economic burden of utilizes to implement PMUs.
Cluster Computing Environment for On - line Static Security Assessment of lar...IDES Editor
The increased size of modern power systems
demand faster and accurate means for the security assessment,
so that the decisions for reliable and secure operation planning
could be drawn in a systematic manner. Large computational
overhead is the major impediment in preventing the power
system security assessment (PSSA) from on-line use. To
mitigate this problem, this paper proposes, a cluster computing
based architecture for power system static security assessment,
utilizing the tools in the open source domain. A variant of the
master/slave pattern is used for deploying the cluster of
workstations (COW), which act as the computational engine
for the on-line PSSA. The security assessment is performed
utilizing the developed composite security index that can
accurately differentiate the secure and non-secure cases and
has been defined as a function of bus voltage and line flow
limit violations. Due to the inherent parallel structure of
security assessment algorithm and to exploit the potential of
distributed computing, domain decomposition is employed for
parallelizing the sequential algorithm. Extensive
experimentations were carried out on IEEE 57 bus and IEEE
145-bus 50 machine standard test systems for demonstrating
the validity of the proposed architecture.
There is rapidly-growing industry interest in the potential uses for streaming synchronized measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). Vendors and users continue to develop and deploy new applications and infrastructure to take advantage of the new measurement data. San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E) is among users who are deploying Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA) systems in which PMUs distributed across the grid are streaming data to control centers for situational awareness of dynamic wide-area behavior of the grid to system operators, and as a tool for engineers to perform post-event analysis of disturbances and operating events along with system model validation. These uses are just a part of a broader roadmap for many important new applications using PMU measurements. Over time, synchrophasors will serve as the new unified wide-area data-gathering platform serving system observation, operating data collection for SCADA and EMS, control, automation, market functions, asset management and maintenance support, and even high-speed wide-area fault and failure protection functions that supplement and back up local fault protection. A full-function PMU-based deployment is described as a Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, Automation, and Control (WAMPAC) system.
The paper reviews the applications of operator situational awareness, SCADA and EMS data gathering, disturbance monitoring and analysis with model tuning, system state and condition monitoring, adaptive RAS, fire and hazard risk reduction, wide-area backup fault protection and swing mitigation, wide-area voltage stability monitoring and mitigation, wide-area voltage control, and PMU system self-monitoring. It characterizes the key elements and architecture of a wide-area PMU system from the PMUs through communications networks with redundancy and timing services to centralized processing locations or clouds. The SDG&E roadmap for WASA and WAMPAC is followed by an overview of industry direction for PMU measurements as the platform for all wide-area observation, monitoring, protection, automation, and control.
Voltage Stability Assessment using Phasor Measurement Units in Power Network ...Satyendra Singh
This paper presents the assessment methodology for
voltage stability using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with
complete system observability. For full power system
observability, the PMU placement is considered with and without
conventional power flow as well as injection measurement such
that minimum number of PMU’s is used. Data obtained by
PMU’s are used for voltage stability assessment with the help of
L-Index. As the PMU gives real time voltage and current phasors
and L-index is dependent on voltage and admittance values, thus
the L-index so obtained can be used as real time voltage stability
indicator. The case study has been carried out on IEEE-14 bus
system.
Synchrophasor Applications Facilitating Interactions between Transmission and...Luigi Vanfretti
Distribution grid dynamics will become increasingly complex due to the transition from passive to active networks arising from the increase of renewable energy sources at medium and voltage level. A successful transition requires to increase the observability and awareness of the interactions between Transmission and Distribution (T&D) grids, particularly to guarantee adequate operational security.
This presentation explores how different technical means can facilitate interactions between TSOs and DSOs with the utilization of GPS-time-synchronized phasor measurements (aka Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)) with millisecond resolution. If made available in actual T&D networks, such high-sampled data across operational boundaries allows an opportunity to extract information related to different time-scales.
As part of the work carried out in the EU-funded FP7 IDE4L project (http://ide4l.eu/), a specific use case, containing PMU-based monitoring functions, has been defined to support the architecture design of future distribution grid automation systems. As a result, the architecture can accommodate for key dynamic information extraction and exchange between DSO and TSO.
This presentation presents the use case and focuses on the technical aspects related to the development and implementation of the PMU-based monitoring functionalities that can provide means to facilitate technical co-operation between transmission and distribution operations.
The Schneider Electric MetConsole® Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS) – a module of the company’s MetConsole Aviation Weather Suite – provides the reliable and timely information and alerting to the gust fronts, downbursts or microbursts induced by thunderstorms. It helps minimize disruptions, caused by these wind shear conditions, to aircraft flying below 1,000 feet while approaching and departing airports.
An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area monitoring a...journalBEEI
The complexity and dynamics of the modern power system are continuously changing due to the penetration of a large number of renewable energy sources and changing load patterns. These growing complexities have caused numerous outages around the world, primarily due to the lack of situational awareness about the grid operating states. Rectification of this problem requires advanced sensing technology to accurately capture the dynamics of the system for better monitoring and control. Measurement of synchrophasors is a potential solution to improve situational awareness in the grid. The synchrophasors technology is now widely accepted throughout the world and has the potential to replace the existing SCADA system in monitoring and control of the power system. Their installation enables efficient resolution to substantially improve transmission system planning, maintenance, operation, and energy trading. This paper reviews the state of the art potential applications that the PMU based WAMC offers to the power system. It also includes technical perspectives, challenges, and future possibilities.
Design of an Advanced Phasor Data Concentrator for Monitoring of Distributed ...Reza Pourramezan
Published in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
2017
Authors: Reza Pourramezan, Younes Seyedi, Houshang Karimi, Guchuan Zhu, and Michel Mont-Briant
DOI: 10.1109/TII.2017.2697438
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
There is rapidly-growing industry interest in the potential uses for streaming synchronized measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). Vendors and users continue to develop and deploy new applications and infrastructure to take advantage of the new measurement data. San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E) is among users who are deploying Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA) systems in which PMUs distributed across the grid are streaming data to control centers for situational awareness of dynamic wide-area behavior of the grid to system operators, and as a tool for engineers to perform post-event analysis of disturbances and operating events along with system model validation. These uses are just a part of a broader roadmap for many important new applications using PMU measurements. Over time, synchrophasors will serve as the new unified wide-area data-gathering platform serving system observation, operating data collection for SCADA and EMS, control, automation, market functions, asset management and maintenance support, and even high-speed wide-area fault and failure protection functions that supplement and back up local fault protection. A full-function PMU-based deployment is described as a Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, Automation, and Control (WAMPAC) system.
The paper reviews the applications of operator situational awareness, SCADA and EMS data gathering, disturbance monitoring and analysis with model tuning, system state and condition monitoring, adaptive RAS, fire and hazard risk reduction, wide-area backup fault protection and swing mitigation, wide-area voltage stability monitoring and mitigation, wide-area voltage control, and PMU system self-monitoring. It characterizes the key elements and architecture of a wide-area PMU system from the PMUs through communications networks with redundancy and timing services to centralized processing locations or clouds. The SDG&E roadmap for WASA and WAMPAC is followed by
FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINEJournal For Research
Transmission line among the other electrical power system component suffers from unexpected failure due to various random causes. Because transmission line is quite large as it is open in environment. A fault occurs on transmission line when two or more conductors come in contact with each other or ground. This paper presents a proposed model based on MATLAB software to detect the fault on transmission line. Fault detection has been achieved by using Fuzzy Logic based intelligent control technique. The proposed method aims in presenting a fast and accurate fault diagnosis method to classify and identify the type of fault which occurs on a power transmission system. In this paper, some of the unconventional approaches for condition monitoring of power systems comprising of relay Breaker, along with the application of soft computing technique like fuzzy logic. Results show that the proposed methodology is efficient in identifying fault in transmission system.
Enhanced Protection Modeling Approach for Power System Transient Stability St...Power System Operation
Accurate protection modelling in power system transient stability studies is required to ensure that reliable conclusions are drawn from such analyses. Typically, protection models available in transient stability programs use only positive sequence quantities such as the positive sequence voltages, currents, etc. to trigger any preventive/corrective actions such as tripping of generators, load-shedding, etc. However, with the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources, these models could prove to be inadequate in some scenarios. The work reported in this paper uses improved modelling practices for protection elements in transient stability studies using sequence/individual phase quantities. This approach does not necessarily require additional data from users and incurs only minimal incremental computational costs. In addition to using the sequence voltages/currents or individual phase voltages/currents for more accurate representation of protection systems, simply monitoring these quantities can also provide useful additional information about the system. Additionally, having access to these quantities could be useful in more accurate modelling of inverter-based resources such as the ability to model converter controls’ protective functions, controls that actively suppress the negative sequence current produced by the inverter, and other such controls that use or control the negative sequence or zero sequence current injections.
A STUDY ON HYBRID CONGESTION CONTROL MECHANISM IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSJournal For Research
Congestion in WSN is a current research area. There are so many studies to avoid, detect and control congestion in WSN. This paper discussing about current studies going in this field.
A REVIEW OF SELF HEALING SMART GRIDS USING THE MULTIAGENT SYSTEMijiert bestjournal
This paper is trying review different techniques us ed for self healing of the smart grid network. A smart grid has taken a very high importance in th e last ten years or so. Then the advancement in smart grid has taken a major importance. One of the most important aspects in the field of smart grid is a self healing of fault,and this att racted the researchers. As described in many research papers,one of the main requirements of th e electrical grid is to maintain zero gap between generation and distribution [2,3,4]. Howe ver deregulation and decentralized generation has given with the information and communication te chnology (ICT). This paper will summarize latest available techniques for self healing smart grids.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Technical paper 6_2
1. WIDE AREA PROTECTION:
BENEFITS, SCHEMES & EXAMPLES
To read the full paper, please contact
dar@dar-engineering.com
TECHNICAL PAPER
*This paper was presented at GCC CIGRE 2011, Kuwait
Modern power systems are almost typical with regards to
reduced redundancy and operating close to, or even at, their
security limits. Today the power system is more vulnerable to a
blackout more than ever before. Wide-area disturbances and
large-scale outages could occur by the system deteriorating into
a terminal state, starting from a single or multiple outages and
cascading into an avalanche of outages. Conventional protection
and control systems are the only means of counteracting such
disturbances, and/or mitigating their effects. The main
disadvantage of the present conventional method of system
monitoring and control is the inappropriate system dynamic
view, i.e. no operator has the full view picture of what’s
happening in the network. Also blackouts, wide-area
disturbances, etc., may develop in such short times, quicker than
the time the operator would take analyzing and deciding which
action to take and acting it.
The local actions are uncoordinated in nature, like that in
decentralized protection devices, or even in load shedding
schemes that might operate in conjunction with generator
rejection schemes. Hidden failures in protection relays and mal-
operations of protective schemes also play a major role in the
deterioration of situations.
The above conclusions were realized after studying any of the
previously occurred wide-area disturbances or major blackouts.
Hence the need of the introduction of smart, wide-area-
perspective schemes which rely on state-of-the-art, recently
developed communication and computer infrastructures.
While local protection relays and devices operate through short
times, these actions are certainly uncoordinated. Coordinated
actions will be taken through SCADA/EMS systems by operators,
however in prolonged times, which might make the situations
too late to rescue. Wide Area Protection (WAP) systems provide
a very promising future in the face of wide-area disturbances and
blackouts, as they fill in the gap between local, fast protection
actions and wide-area, slow control-centers actions.
Phasor measurement technologies now allow accurate
comparison of measurements over widely separated locations as
well as potential real-time measurement based control actions.
Hence WAP systems could be employed to fulfill the two main
objectives of increasing transmission capability as well as
increasing system reliability, by performing a real-time, look-
ahead analysis giving some recommendation of possible updated
control strategies and actions, especially in the events of
contingencies. The WAP system shall know what actions to take
based on the present system condition in the case that a certain
contingency occurring, or would take an action saving the
system progressing into an unstable state.
This paper presents a literature survey on the topics concerned
with the applications of synchrophasor-based Wide Area
Protection systems. Firstly, a brief preview of the current
existing conventional protection, control and SCADA/EMS
systems is presented. Through a survey, several cases of wide-
area disturbances are presented while emphasizing the potential
of implementing the new WAP systems as appropriate solutions
and preventive measures against the wide-area disturbances and
blackouts. Definitions of WAP and the current directions for
implementing the WAP systems are presented, through different
architectures, already demonstrated through previous literature,
in addition presenting the possible practical ways of
implementation in the current modern grid. A quick look at the
aiding technologies that allow the implementation of such WAP
systems will be taken, including data processing, data collection
and communications. A summary of examples of the WAP
systems, either practical, or novel-based will also be previewed
in this paper, as an effort from the authors through the surveyed
literature.
Authors: A. Y. Abdelaziz & Walid El-Khattam, The Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt &
Mohammed Yahya, DAR Engineering