This paper describes the importance of FACTS devices; it presents the outcome of the study of its reflectance on the performance of power system networks. It seeks to increase and guarantee the fact and accuracy of response systems under disturbance conditions when the phase measurement units are introduced as Real-Time Measurement (RTM) stations. This paper also describes the importance of FACTS devices. The combination of FACTS devices and PMUs is presented to increase the controllability performance of power systems. This paper demonstrates how PMUs measure voltage, current and their angles. It provides, through a communication link, a Phase Angle Data Concentrator (PDC) to make an appropriate decision to correct the power system state using the FACTS device (TCSC). We utilized the Graph-Theoretic Algorithm to optimize the number and location of PMUs. The technique proposed was tested on the Iraqi National Super Grid’s 24bus network, Diyala City’s regional 10bus network and the 14bus IEEE standard test system. The MATLAB/PSAT package was utilized for the simulation of results. It is evident that our proposed algorithm and technique achieved the purpose of this paper as confirmed by the level of accuracy of the results obtained from most of the cases tested.
A Survey On Real Time State Estimation For Optimal Placement Of Phasor Measur...IJSRD
The traditional methods of security assessment using offline data and SCADA data have become inconsistent for real time operations. The latest and propelled strategy in electric power system used for security assessment is “synchrophasor†measurement technique. The device called Phasor measurement unit (PMU) provides the time stamped data for proper monitoring, control and protection of the power system. PMU measures positive sequence voltage and current time synchronized to within a microsecond. The time synchronization of data is done with the help of timing signals from Global Positioning System (GPS). However, Phasor measurements units cannot be placed on every bus in a network mainly because of economical constraints. In this paper we provide a literature survey of determining the minimum number of Phasor measurement units to be placed in a given network so that the system becomes observable.
The phasor measurement unit (PMU) which is actually a key tool in providing situational awareness, operation and reliability of the power system network.
A Review on Optimization of Coordinated Control Plan for PSS and STATCOM Devi...ijtsrd
This thesis work introduces the control of the coordinates of PSS and STATCOM to damp the inter field oscillations of the multi machine system. In previous eras, PSS was used as a local controller in multi machine systems to dampen such oscillations between fields. Reactive FACTS devices, such as synchronous static compensators STATCOM are taken into account and evaluated for their design of a damping controller. STATCOM is a reactive power compensator based on a voltage source converter that uses electronic power devices with stop capacity as switching devices. Its main function is to support the voltage of the bus from which it is connected to the system by providing a quick response to the delivery or absorption of reactive power. In order to dampen the power oscillations, the power oscillation damping function POD must be used, in which its output is summed with the voltage reference at the input of STATCOM. Gautam Kumar | Prof. Govind Prasad Pandiya "A Review on Optimization of Coordinated Control Plan for PSS and STATCOM Devices to Improve Power System Oscillation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30922.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30922/a-review-on-optimization-of-coordinated-control-plan-for-pss-and-statcom-devices-to-improve-power-system-oscillation/gautam-kumar
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
A Review on Optimal Location and Parameter Settings of FACTS Devices in Power...IJMTST Journal
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed as an effective
solution for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltages in electrical power systems, resulting low
system losses, and improved stability. Placement of these devices in suitable location can lead to control in
line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level. The FACTS devices placement problem is commonly
solved using heuristic optimization techniques which are diverse and have been the subject of ongoing
enhancements. This paper presents a survey of the literature from the last decade that has focused on the
various techniques applied to determine optimal location of FACTS devices.
Several models and methods have been suggested for the optimal location and parameter setting of
FACTS devices. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art models and methods applied to the
power system problems, analyzing and classifying current trends in this field.
Series of blackouts encountered in recent years in power system have been occurred because either of voltage or angle instability or both together was not detected within time and progressive voltage or angle instability further degraded the system condition, because of increase in loading. This paper presents the real-time assessment methodology of voltage stability using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with observability of load buses only in power network. PMUs are placed at strategically obtained location such that minimum number of PMU’s can make all load buses observable. Data obtained by PMU’s are used for voltage stability assessment with the help of successive change in the angle of bus voltage with respect to incremental load, which is used as on-line voltage stability predictor (VSP). The real-time voltage phasors obtained by PMU’s are used as real time voltage stability indicator. The case study has been carried out on IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-30 bus systems to demonstrate the results.
A Survey On Real Time State Estimation For Optimal Placement Of Phasor Measur...IJSRD
The traditional methods of security assessment using offline data and SCADA data have become inconsistent for real time operations. The latest and propelled strategy in electric power system used for security assessment is “synchrophasor†measurement technique. The device called Phasor measurement unit (PMU) provides the time stamped data for proper monitoring, control and protection of the power system. PMU measures positive sequence voltage and current time synchronized to within a microsecond. The time synchronization of data is done with the help of timing signals from Global Positioning System (GPS). However, Phasor measurements units cannot be placed on every bus in a network mainly because of economical constraints. In this paper we provide a literature survey of determining the minimum number of Phasor measurement units to be placed in a given network so that the system becomes observable.
The phasor measurement unit (PMU) which is actually a key tool in providing situational awareness, operation and reliability of the power system network.
A Review on Optimization of Coordinated Control Plan for PSS and STATCOM Devi...ijtsrd
This thesis work introduces the control of the coordinates of PSS and STATCOM to damp the inter field oscillations of the multi machine system. In previous eras, PSS was used as a local controller in multi machine systems to dampen such oscillations between fields. Reactive FACTS devices, such as synchronous static compensators STATCOM are taken into account and evaluated for their design of a damping controller. STATCOM is a reactive power compensator based on a voltage source converter that uses electronic power devices with stop capacity as switching devices. Its main function is to support the voltage of the bus from which it is connected to the system by providing a quick response to the delivery or absorption of reactive power. In order to dampen the power oscillations, the power oscillation damping function POD must be used, in which its output is summed with the voltage reference at the input of STATCOM. Gautam Kumar | Prof. Govind Prasad Pandiya "A Review on Optimization of Coordinated Control Plan for PSS and STATCOM Devices to Improve Power System Oscillation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30922.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30922/a-review-on-optimization-of-coordinated-control-plan-for-pss-and-statcom-devices-to-improve-power-system-oscillation/gautam-kumar
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
A Review on Optimal Location and Parameter Settings of FACTS Devices in Power...IJMTST Journal
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed as an effective
solution for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltages in electrical power systems, resulting low
system losses, and improved stability. Placement of these devices in suitable location can lead to control in
line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level. The FACTS devices placement problem is commonly
solved using heuristic optimization techniques which are diverse and have been the subject of ongoing
enhancements. This paper presents a survey of the literature from the last decade that has focused on the
various techniques applied to determine optimal location of FACTS devices.
Several models and methods have been suggested for the optimal location and parameter setting of
FACTS devices. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art models and methods applied to the
power system problems, analyzing and classifying current trends in this field.
Series of blackouts encountered in recent years in power system have been occurred because either of voltage or angle instability or both together was not detected within time and progressive voltage or angle instability further degraded the system condition, because of increase in loading. This paper presents the real-time assessment methodology of voltage stability using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with observability of load buses only in power network. PMUs are placed at strategically obtained location such that minimum number of PMU’s can make all load buses observable. Data obtained by PMU’s are used for voltage stability assessment with the help of successive change in the angle of bus voltage with respect to incremental load, which is used as on-line voltage stability predictor (VSP). The real-time voltage phasors obtained by PMU’s are used as real time voltage stability indicator. The case study has been carried out on IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-30 bus systems to demonstrate the results.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Voltage Stability Assessment using Phasor Measurement Units in Power Network ...Satyendra Singh
This paper presents the assessment methodology for
voltage stability using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with
complete system observability. For full power system
observability, the PMU placement is considered with and without
conventional power flow as well as injection measurement such
that minimum number of PMU’s is used. Data obtained by
PMU’s are used for voltage stability assessment with the help of
L-Index. As the PMU gives real time voltage and current phasors
and L-index is dependent on voltage and admittance values, thus
the L-index so obtained can be used as real time voltage stability
indicator. The case study has been carried out on IEEE-14 bus
system.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
Class-20 These slides explain about the basic approach and requirements of re synchronization of micro-grid to utility grid. Other names very often used in place of re-synchronization are re-connection or transition. Later , I will explain about the implementation of one approach through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK software
Analysis and Implementation of Artificial Neural Network Techniques for Power...ijtsrd
This project shows how to use a back propagation BP control method to execute a three stage delivery static compensator DSTATCOM for its capabilities such as load balancing and zero voltage management of reactive power compensation under non linear loads. In this case, we utilize a BP based control method to determine the crucial dynamic weight. Furthermore, the BP based control method is often used to estimate the receptive power parts of the load streams required for estimating the reference source streams. The new topic of research in the field of power engineering is the regulation of power efficiency devices using neural networks. The output of the balancing instruments is defined by the extraction of the harmonic components. DSTATCOM and UPFC are used as balancing devices in this case. A DSTATCOM model is created with the help of a computerized signal processor, and its implementation is tailored to specific working circumstances. With the suggested control method, the execution of DSTATCOM is shown to be appropriate for a variety of workloads. The BP based control method is used to calculate the basic weighted value of the loads active and reactive power components. The sample trained back propagation method will identify the power quality signal problem in real time. This algorithms main characteristics include continuity, differentiability, and non decreasing momotomy. The UPFC procedure is similar to that of DSTATCOM, with the exception that the device is not turned off under adverse conditions. The simulation model is created using ANFIS, and its output is investigated under various operating circumstances. For various kinds of loads, the ANFIS output is determined to be acceptable using the suggested control method. The proposed technique must be validated using MATLAB Simulink findings. Amrendra Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Artificial Neural Network Techniques for Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45218.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45218/analysis-and-implementation-of-artificial-neural-network-techniques-for-power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom/amrendra-kumar
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Sensitivity based optimal location of tcsc for improvement of power system se...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A research on significance of kalman filter approach as applied in electrical...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recently, AC distribution systems have experienced high harmonic pollution due to the fact that electrical power system
parameters are often mixed with noise. In an ideal situation, AC power system is supposed to have a constant frequency at
specific voltage but owing to presence of connected nonlinear loads and injection into the grid from non-sinusoidal output active
sources etc., have immensely contributed to the total distortion of the both current and voltage waveforms. This has increased the
system loses and consequently affected other connected equipment in the system. Therefore there is a need to mitigate these effects
if they cannot be eliminated intoto, hence the proposition of Kalman filter. It has been very useful in the aspect of electrical power
discipline particularly in harmonic estimation. It has also find it way in the application of power system dynamics, optimal
operation and control of motor, relay operation and protection, and also for accurate prediction of short and medium term
electrical load forecasting. This paper is to highlight on the significant of Kalman filter methodological approach as adopted in
electrical power system.
Keywords: Kalman Filter; Electrical Power System; Electrical Load; Harmonic Estimation.
These slides present an introduction to load flow analysis for distribution system. Later the detail algorithm, matlab coding and application to IEEE radial distribution system will be subsequently provided.
Principle and Algorithm of Reactive Power Management for LLC Based Parlled MT...Sohan Bin Anwar Siddique
The two-terminal HVDC technology based MTDC
(multi-terminal DC transmission) system has already been
applied in pratical projects and it has great potential for large
capacity and long distance power transmission. Reactive power
management design is a necessary part of system design, and it is
very important to ensure the stability and security of MTDC
transmission system. This paper introduces the
technical characteristics of the two-terminal HVDC technology
based MTDC system at first. Then the basic principle and
algorithm of reactive power management are discussesed in detail,
considering different operation modes, restriction conditions and
primary data needed. Next, the detailed calculation procedure is
described in this paper to calculate the switching order of reactive
power compensation equipment. At last, a study case of a
four-terminal parallel LCC-MTDC system is analyzed to prove
the validity of this algorithm.
TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices represents a technological development in electrical power systems to have a tendency to generate the power with minimum price and less time that fulfill our requirement according to our need. Now a days Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices play a vital role in boost the power of system performance and power transfer capability. TCSC is an important member of family. In practical TCSC implementation, several such basic compensators may be connected in series to obtain the desired voltage rating and operating characteristics, so its placement is very important. This paper represent a meta heuristic hybrid Algorithm of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Differential Evolution (DE) for finding the best placement and parameter setting of Thyristor Controlled Series capacitor to attain optimum power flow (OPF) of grid network. The proposed technique is tested at IEEE-30 bus test System. Result shows that the selected technique is one of the best for placement of TCSC for Secured optimum Power Flow (OPF).
Keywords: Optimal placement, Severity index, stressed power system, System loadability, TCSC, Hybrid DE/ABC.
Title: TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithm
Author: Ritesh Diwan, Preeti Sahu
ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Voltage Stability Assessment using Phasor Measurement Units in Power Network ...Satyendra Singh
This paper presents the assessment methodology for
voltage stability using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with
complete system observability. For full power system
observability, the PMU placement is considered with and without
conventional power flow as well as injection measurement such
that minimum number of PMU’s is used. Data obtained by
PMU’s are used for voltage stability assessment with the help of
L-Index. As the PMU gives real time voltage and current phasors
and L-index is dependent on voltage and admittance values, thus
the L-index so obtained can be used as real time voltage stability
indicator. The case study has been carried out on IEEE-14 bus
system.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
Class-20 These slides explain about the basic approach and requirements of re synchronization of micro-grid to utility grid. Other names very often used in place of re-synchronization are re-connection or transition. Later , I will explain about the implementation of one approach through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK software
Analysis and Implementation of Artificial Neural Network Techniques for Power...ijtsrd
This project shows how to use a back propagation BP control method to execute a three stage delivery static compensator DSTATCOM for its capabilities such as load balancing and zero voltage management of reactive power compensation under non linear loads. In this case, we utilize a BP based control method to determine the crucial dynamic weight. Furthermore, the BP based control method is often used to estimate the receptive power parts of the load streams required for estimating the reference source streams. The new topic of research in the field of power engineering is the regulation of power efficiency devices using neural networks. The output of the balancing instruments is defined by the extraction of the harmonic components. DSTATCOM and UPFC are used as balancing devices in this case. A DSTATCOM model is created with the help of a computerized signal processor, and its implementation is tailored to specific working circumstances. With the suggested control method, the execution of DSTATCOM is shown to be appropriate for a variety of workloads. The BP based control method is used to calculate the basic weighted value of the loads active and reactive power components. The sample trained back propagation method will identify the power quality signal problem in real time. This algorithms main characteristics include continuity, differentiability, and non decreasing momotomy. The UPFC procedure is similar to that of DSTATCOM, with the exception that the device is not turned off under adverse conditions. The simulation model is created using ANFIS, and its output is investigated under various operating circumstances. For various kinds of loads, the ANFIS output is determined to be acceptable using the suggested control method. The proposed technique must be validated using MATLAB Simulink findings. Amrendra Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Artificial Neural Network Techniques for Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45218.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45218/analysis-and-implementation-of-artificial-neural-network-techniques-for-power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom/amrendra-kumar
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Sensitivity based optimal location of tcsc for improvement of power system se...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A research on significance of kalman filter approach as applied in electrical...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recently, AC distribution systems have experienced high harmonic pollution due to the fact that electrical power system
parameters are often mixed with noise. In an ideal situation, AC power system is supposed to have a constant frequency at
specific voltage but owing to presence of connected nonlinear loads and injection into the grid from non-sinusoidal output active
sources etc., have immensely contributed to the total distortion of the both current and voltage waveforms. This has increased the
system loses and consequently affected other connected equipment in the system. Therefore there is a need to mitigate these effects
if they cannot be eliminated intoto, hence the proposition of Kalman filter. It has been very useful in the aspect of electrical power
discipline particularly in harmonic estimation. It has also find it way in the application of power system dynamics, optimal
operation and control of motor, relay operation and protection, and also for accurate prediction of short and medium term
electrical load forecasting. This paper is to highlight on the significant of Kalman filter methodological approach as adopted in
electrical power system.
Keywords: Kalman Filter; Electrical Power System; Electrical Load; Harmonic Estimation.
These slides present an introduction to load flow analysis for distribution system. Later the detail algorithm, matlab coding and application to IEEE radial distribution system will be subsequently provided.
Principle and Algorithm of Reactive Power Management for LLC Based Parlled MT...Sohan Bin Anwar Siddique
The two-terminal HVDC technology based MTDC
(multi-terminal DC transmission) system has already been
applied in pratical projects and it has great potential for large
capacity and long distance power transmission. Reactive power
management design is a necessary part of system design, and it is
very important to ensure the stability and security of MTDC
transmission system. This paper introduces the
technical characteristics of the two-terminal HVDC technology
based MTDC system at first. Then the basic principle and
algorithm of reactive power management are discussesed in detail,
considering different operation modes, restriction conditions and
primary data needed. Next, the detailed calculation procedure is
described in this paper to calculate the switching order of reactive
power compensation equipment. At last, a study case of a
four-terminal parallel LCC-MTDC system is analyzed to prove
the validity of this algorithm.
TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices represents a technological development in electrical power systems to have a tendency to generate the power with minimum price and less time that fulfill our requirement according to our need. Now a days Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices play a vital role in boost the power of system performance and power transfer capability. TCSC is an important member of family. In practical TCSC implementation, several such basic compensators may be connected in series to obtain the desired voltage rating and operating characteristics, so its placement is very important. This paper represent a meta heuristic hybrid Algorithm of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Differential Evolution (DE) for finding the best placement and parameter setting of Thyristor Controlled Series capacitor to attain optimum power flow (OPF) of grid network. The proposed technique is tested at IEEE-30 bus test System. Result shows that the selected technique is one of the best for placement of TCSC for Secured optimum Power Flow (OPF).
Keywords: Optimal placement, Severity index, stressed power system, System loadability, TCSC, Hybrid DE/ABC.
Title: TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithm
Author: Ritesh Diwan, Preeti Sahu
ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
Joint State and Parameter Estimation by Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) techniqueIJERD Editor
In order to increase power system stability and reliability during and after disturbances, power grid
global and local controllers must be developed. SCADA system provides steady and low sampling density. To
remove these limitation PMUs are being rapidly adopted worldwide. Dynamic states of power system can be
estimated using EKF. This requires field excitation as input which may not available. As a result, the EKF with
unknown inputs proposed for identifying and estimating the states and the unknown inputs of the synchronous
machine.
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement in Power SystemIJMER
Power system is subjected to sudden changes in load levels. Stability is an important concept
which determines the stable operation of power system. For the improvement of transient stability the
general methods adopted are fast acting exciters, circuit breakers and reduction in system transfer
reactance. The modern trend is to employ FACTS devices in the existing system for effective utilization
of existing transmission resources. The critical clearing time is a measure to assess transient instability.
Using PSAT, the critical clearing time (CCT) corresponding to various faults are calculated. The most
critical faults were identified using this calculation. The CCT for the critical faults were found to change
with change in operating point. The CCT values are predicted using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to
study the training effects of ANN. TCSC is selected as the FACTS device for transient stability
enhancement. Particle Swarm Optimization method is used to find the optimal position of TCSC using
the objective function real power loss minimization. The result shows that the technique effectively
increases the transient stability of the system
Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS DeviceIJAPEJOURNAL
Making of smart grids puts mounting pressure on the nation’s aging electric power transmission system. Just planting additional towers and stringing more line won’t practice the nation’s electric power transmission infrastructure to meet up the energy challenges ahead. Smart grids stand geared up to play a much larger role in the energy equation for reduction of transmission line losses. The FACTS controllers come out with the capability of enhancing transmission system control, reliability, and operation. This paper will discuss and express how Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) has effectively been applied to power system for efficiently regulating system voltage and thus increase system load ability. This paper investigates the effects of (STATCOM) on voltage stability of a power system at different positions.The simulation analysis of this paper can be used as guideline for power industry. The study is thereby simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software and simulation results show that STATCOM is effective in midpoint voltage regulation on transmission line. In this paper comparison is also performed between STATCOM and SVC under fault condition and it is proved that STATCOM have the capacity to provide more capacitive power for the period of a fault than SVC.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping using an STATCOM Based Hybrid Shunt Compensati...IJPEDS-IAES
FACTS devices are one of the latest technologies which have been used to
improve power system dynamic and stability during recent years. However,
widespread adoption of this technology has been hampered by high cost
and reliability concerns. In this paper an economical phase imbalanced shunt
reactive compensation concept has been introduced and its ability for power
system dynamic enhancement and inter-area oscillation damping are
investigated. A hybrid phase imbalanced scheme is a shunt capacitive
compensation scheme, where two phases are compensated by fixed shunt
capacitor (C) and the third phase is compensated by a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) in shunt with a fixed capacitor (CC). The power
system dynamic stability enhancement would be achieved by adding
a conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) to the main control
loop of the single phase STATCOM. Two different control methodologies
are proposed: a non-optimized conventional damping controller
and a conventional damping controller with optomised parameters that are
added to the main control loop of the unbalanced compensator in order to
damp the inter area oscillations. The proposed arrangement would, certainly,
be economically attractive when compared with a full three-phase
STATCOM. The proposed scheme is prosperously applied in a 13-bus
six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to
demonstrate its ability in damping inter-area oscillations and power system
dynamic enhancement.
Risk assessment of power system transient instability incorporating renewabl...IJECEIAES
Transient stability affected by renewable energy sources integration due to reductions of system inertia and uncertainties associated with the expected generation. The ability to manage relation between the available big data and transient stability assessment (TSA) enables fast and accurate monitoring of TSA to prepare the required actions for secure operation. This work aims to build a predictive model using Gaussian process regression for online TSA utilizing selected features. The critical fault clearing time (CCT) is used as TSA index. The selected features map the system dynamics to reduce the burden of data collection and the computation time. The required data were collected offline from power flow calculations at different operating conditions. Therefore, CCT was calculated using electromagnetic transient simulation at each operating point by applying self-clearance three phase short circuit at prespecified locations. The features selection was implemented using the neighborhood component analysis, the Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance algorithm, and K-means clustering algorithm. The vulnerability of selected features tends to result great variation on the best features from the three methods. Hybrid collection of the best common features was used to enhance the TSA by refining the final selected features. The proposed model was investigated over 66-bus system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
In this paper, a detail design and description of a predictive current control scheme are adopted for three-phase grid-connected two-level inverter and its application in wind energy conversion systems. Despite its advantages, the predictive current controller is very sensitive to parameter variations which could eventually affected on system stability. To solve this problem, an estimation technique proposed to identify the value of harmonic filter parameter based on Model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Lyapunov stability theory is selected to guarantee a robust adaptation and stable response over large system parameter variation. The simulation results shows the efficiency of the proposed techniques to improve the current tracking performance.
To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTA...ijtsrd
This project illustrates the execution of a three stage delivery static compensator DSTATCOM by using a back propagation BP control algorithm for its capacities, such as load balancing and zero voltage management of reactive power compensation under non linear loads. We use BP based control algorithm to obtain the critical dynamic weight estimate here. And the BP based control algorithm is often used for estimating the receptive power portions of the load streams necessary for estimating the reference source streams. Regulation of power efficiency devices through neural networks is the new area of study in the field of power engineering. The extraction of the harmonic components defines the output of the balancing instruments. Here we use DSTATCOM and UPFC as balancing instruments. A DSTATCOM model is developed using a computerized signal processor and its implementation is focused on various working conditions. The execution of DSTATCOM is found to be suitable for various kinds of burdens with the proposed control algorithm. The BP based control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components of the load present. Back propagation algorithm trained by the sample will detect the power quality signal issue in real time. Continuity, differentiability, non decreasing momotomy are the key features of this algorithm. The process of UPFC is close to that of DSTATCOM, although the only difference is that it does not have the device shut down in worse circumstances. The simulation model is developed with ANFIS and its output is studied under different operating conditions. The output of ANFIS is found to be satisfactory with the proposed control algorithm for different types of loads. The suggested method shall be checked by the results of MATLAB Simulink. Rohit Mishra | Ashish Bhargava "To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTATCOM with ANN (Back Propagation Algorithm)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47521.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47521/to-study-analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-with-ann-back-propagation-algorithm/rohit-mishra
Similar to Phase Measurement Units based FACT’s Devices for the Improvement of Power Systems Networks Controllability (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Phase Measurement Units based FACT’s Devices for the Improvement of …. (Husham Idan Hussein)
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Greek Symbols
: Controlled thyristors angle (α) ranging between 90° and 180°.
: Phase angle value.
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper highlights Iraq’s transmission system which comprises of a 400KV and a132KV
systems. The whole framework consists of about 24 substations of 400KV capacity and 233 substations of
132KV capacity. The failure of the 132KV systems to handle the expansion in burden request in the 1970s
necessitated the acquisition of the 400KV lattice transmission system; a reliable system that transmits power
from the south and north of Iraq to the focal districts. The country’s ever-changing power needs have, in
recent years, necessitated the development of new generation plants, substations and transmission lines [1].
However, all the effort put into developing the power sector was geared towards energy generation to cope
with the ordinate dictation of loads, but not to improve the performance of the system. The very complex
Iraqi transmission network has an immense capacity.
The National Control Centre is responsible for monitoring and managing the whole system. It is
made up of three regional control systems located in the north, center and south of the country. These
regional control centers receive information from substations in their operational areas [2].
A close check of the working conditions of the framework is required to ensure that force power
systems are secure and that there are no disruptions in their operations. This task is undertaken by a State
Estimator in the control focus PC accessing data from reliable estimations sourced from various substations.
It is from remote terminal units of substations that these estimations are sourced. The estimations include:
force infusions, dynamic/receptive force streams, transport voltages and branch ebbs and flow extent;
electrical switch state (turn on/off) and tap changer positions of transformers. It is difficult to ascertain the
unwavering quality of the framework using ordinary (SCADA) estimations because of low estimating rates
and the usually low precision of estimations [3].
For the determination of the points where qualification contrivances should be installed to maximize
the monitoring area, the optimum monitor allocation is utilized [4]. Observability analysis, which determines
the tenacity of bus numbers and the location of monitors, can be carried out with documented procedures
based on topological or numerical methods. This method has the advantage of solving the observability
quandary with low data input requirement. The survival matrix is the only input data it needs. The matrix
provides all the data it requires to solve the quandary. The observability constraint, obtained from
Kirchhoff’s laws, ensures that all the state variables are quantified by at least one monitor. A PMU placed at
a given bus can provide the phasor currents of several, or all, lines incident to that bus and the voltage
phasor [5-8].
Another component of smart grids, the Wide Territory Estimation Control (WAMC), focuses on
giving time synchronized by Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) close continuous estimation of the force
network. The WAMC framework must be tested so as to ensure sufficient execution and dependability after
it has been set up. The WAMC framework requires estimation, control activities, information handling and
correspondence. The framework might produce undesirable results if any of the components malfunction or
suffers an interruption. To improve the WACM framework requires an examination of the force framework
execution, steadiness and execution of controllers and corresponding systems and the physical security of the
framework [9].
To stabilize voltage and enhance power systems transient, the TCSC, a type of FACTS device used
with a TL, damps power system oscillation and resonance and reduces asymmetrical components. Figure 1(a)
shows a compensator TCSC, a type of series FACTS compensator. The compensator is comprised of a
capacitance connected in parallel with an inductance which is controlled by a device placed in anti-parallel
with conventional thyristors, controlled by an angle of extinction (α) ranging from 90° to 180°. The
compensator TCSC injected a variable capacitive reactance (XTCSC) in the transmission line as depicted in
Figure 1(b). As shown in Figure 1, XTCSC is directly related to the controlled thyristors’ angle (α), varied
between 90° - 180° [10], [11].
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Figure 1. TCSC model connected to Transmission line (a) mounting and (b) apparent reactance [10]
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) technology is used to detect system estimation problems,
iteration of numbers and to reduce processing time. The measurement of phasor values of voltage signals and
current estimates is done with a PMU analyzer’s MATLAB/PSAT package [12]. The power system state
estimation has become a critical tool for the power system operator in the actual context of power markets
and the increased concerns for the power grid system. The purpose of state estimation in power system
operation is shown in Figure 2 [13].
Figure 2. General diagram for state estimation in powersystem operation [13]
A given numerical model of power lines, transformers and other transmission gadgets combine to
determine the handling state estimation. The application of FACTS innovation to improve framework
controllability and increase power exchange limits by presenting power electronic gadgets at the correct spots
of the AC current framework is, however, not substantial with conventional SE strategy. There is a method of
calculating the state estimation of systems that are implanted with FACTS gadgets. Keeping in mind the end
goal, the state estimation plan is adjusted to consolidate the point-by-point model of the Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC). This needs the use of fairness and disparity imperatives that records the points of
confinement linked to the gadget’s operations appraisals. The proposed calculation is used for state
estimation. It can also be used to decide the controller settings of FACTS gadgets for a desirable working
condition as introduced by [14].
The Thyristor Switched Series Capacitors (TCSC) are chosen, in this paper, as the FACT’s devices
to, with PMUs, build new techniques or schemes. PMUs measure voltage, current and their angles. They
provide, through a communication link, the phase angle differences in a phase data Concentrator PDC to
make decisions and correct the power system state using FACTS devices (TCSC). All the results are obtained
from using MATA/PSAT packages [15]. This suggests a validation of the proposed technique and algorithm.
2. PHASE MEASUREMENT UNITS MODEL
Power system networks with Phase Measurement Units (PMUs) are stimulated by Mat lab/PSAT
packages. The magnitude and phase angle of currents and voltages must be calculated, as shown in (1)-(12),
to mathematically model PMU [16].
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)(wt+θcosv(t)=
,f2=w
,B
f
tA
w
2
1
1
,
1
y(t)-y(A)g(t)= (1)
For real part, Frequency (f) in (Hz) = 50Hz.
,tsinwtsinwtcostvB(t) dtsinv(t)y(t)= 100100 (2)
100 (A) dtsinv(A)y(t)=
AsinAwsinwAcosAwcosB 100100- (3)
For imaginary part
u(t)dty(t)=
and
(t)cosv(t)u(t)=100 (4)
y(A)k(t)=y(t)- tcoswtsinwtcostvB 100 (5)
AcosAwsinwAvB(A)dtsinv(A)y(A)= 100100100 (6)
22
(Re +(y(t) )g(t))|=| (7)
g(t)
y(t)
tan 1-
= (8)
Where
|Re| and : is the magnitude value and phase angle respectively.
3. FACT’S DEVICES THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR (TCSC)
FACT’s devices can be utilized to control power systems and, taking care of its ability to access
transmission foundations closer to its warm evaluation, improve power by controlling interrelated parameters
overseeing its operations. The interconnected parameters consist of current, stage point, voltage, damping of
under-recurrence motions and, shunt and arrangement of impedances. Fast thyristors are used as FACTS
gadgets to switch out and switch in transmission line compensators, like capacitors and reactors, and to stage
movement of transformers for operations [17]. Figure 2 depicts how this is communicated by taking after
condition.
xx
xx
x
x
x
αLc
αLc
αL
c
αTCSC
(9)
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2αsin-2α-π
π
.xx maxLαL
(10)
Where
L.wx maxL
(11)
jwc
1
x
C
(12)
XL, XC : Is inductance reactance and capacitance reactance.
XTCSC : FACTs reactance and L is Inductance.
α : Controlled thyristors angle (α) ranging between 90° and 180°.
4. GRAPH THEORETIC PROCEDURE ALGORITHM
A flowchart of the Graph Theoretic Procedure Algorithm is depicted in Figure 3. Taking into
account pure transit nodes, the first PMU is placed on the bus with the highest number of connected
branches. One current pseudo measurement is assigned to each branch where it can be indirectly calculated
by application of the Kirchhoff current law. This rule is applicable when the current balance at one node is
known and if the node has no power injections [18].
Figure 3. Flowchart of the Graph Theoretic procedure algorithm [18]
5. PROPOSED METHOD OR CONTROL SCHEME
The values of V, I, and phase angles taken from the sending and receiving ends of the TL of PMUs
are sent to a PDC via a communication link. Thereafter, the values are compared with their respective
communication satellite time. The aim is to try to control the power flow. There are some pre-defined
algorithms in the control room, values obtained from PMUs that are thereafter compared with those
algorithms. The power that flows is changed if there is a difference in the values of voltage, current and
phase angle. To overcome that, therefore, a signal is generated and sent to the local area control room. To
find the optimal locations of PMUs, a Graph Theoretic Procedure algorithm is used [18]. A variable
capacitive reactance is then injected into the TC by a compensator TCSC. As mentioned in Equation (9) to
Equation (12), the expression XTCSC is injected to the controlled thyristors angle (α) ranging between 90° and
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Phase Measurement Units based FACT’s Devices for the Improvement of …. (Husham Idan Hussein)
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180°. Data is then passed from the PMUs to the PDC through a communication link. Using a FACTs device
controller (TCSC), the PDC makes the right decision and corrects the power system status [19].
The technique proposed was tested (as a first time) (on the Iraqi National Super Grid’s 24bus
network, and the Diyala City regional 10bus network in central Iraq) and then tested on the 14bus IEEE
standard test systems. The networks mentioned in this paper all utilized TCSC FACTs devices whose
locations on the bus gave them voltages that were under the rated value. The form of a TCSC control with a
PMU application on PS network is shown in Figure 4. The basic scheme for a PMU with a FACTS control
(the proposed method), is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 4. TCSC control with PMU Application on PS. Network
Figure 5. Basic scheme for PMU with FACT’s control (Proposed method)
6. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The phasor measurement units under consideration in this paper were applied in three cases, once in
two local networks like (Case 1) the Diyala City 10buses network and (Case 2) the Iraqi National Super Grid.
The third is the IEEE 14bus international network (Case 3). These were designed by a PSAT package, a
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powerful tool box used with MATLAB software. All results are done as comparison with the true values for
bus voltage (VB) and angle bus voltage (δ) befor adding devices for power system network ,and after
installation TCSC only,and the third part after installation both (TCSC&PMU) all of that discussed with
details. The placement of the FACTs devices (TCSC) was chosen randomly to study the effects on power
system control with PMUs.
In case 1, two TCSC devices were connected on Line (BQBW-BQBE) between (B2 B3) and on Line
(KALS-DAL3) between (B4 B7).
In case 2, four TCSC devices were connected on the Line between (B5 B6) and the Line between (B10 B3)
and Line between (B23 B19) and the Line between (B13 B14).
In case 3, there are three TCSC devices connected on Line between (B9 B10), on Line between (B4 B2) and
on Line between (B9 B10).
Table 2, Table 4, and Table 6 show the PMU’s locations for each of the cases enumerated above.
The true voltage magnitude, bus voltages after TCSC installation, and bus voltage after both installation
TCSC &PMU (combination (TCSC & PMUS)) for each case is depicted on Table 1, Table 3, and Table 5.
The PMU location and angle values for true bus voltages, with only TCSC, and then after both installation
TCSC &PMU (combination (TCSC & PMUS)) for each case are shown on Table 2, Table 4, and Table 6.
As showed on Table 7, the proposed technique is a valid method of improving the performance of
power systems control. It promptly detects failure problems and reduces total loss (in comparison to the total
loss for each network).
Table 1. True Voltages Magnitudes, bus voltages after only TCSC installation, and bus voltage after both
installation (TCSC &PMU)For Diyala city 10buses (Iraq)
Bus
NO.
True Voltage
(p.u)
Bus Voltage (p.u)
with TCSC
Estimated Bus Voltage (p.u)
for both (TCSC &PMU)
after installation
1 0.95151 1.0431 0.99023
2 0.95337 1.0141 0.98498
3 0.98455 0.98321 0.98539
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 0.98105 0.9962 0.98583
7 0.994 1.0011 0.99025
8 0.96273 0.9626 0.98255
9 0.9602 0.96013 0.97535
10 1 1 1.0023
Table 2. PMU location and angles values for bus voltages for true, with only TCSC and after both installation
(TCSC &PMU) (combination with (TCSC & PMUS)) for Diyala city 10buses (Iraq)
Bus
NO.
True Angle in
(rad)
Angle (rad)
with TCSC
Estimated Angle
(rad) For both
(TCSC &PMU)
after installation
PMU
Location
1 -0.04734 0.06822 -0.03835 --
2 -0.02092 0.02047 -0.01816 --
3 -0.00864 -0.00998 0.02543
4 -0.02692 0.02347 0.04439 PMU1
5 0.01922 0.03148 0.01155
6 0.01026 0.03348 0.01167 PMU3
7 -0.00529 0.00141 0.04262
8 0.0156 0.03032 0.072 PMU2
9 -0.00607 0.00728 -0.02615
10 0.09655 0.11471 -0.08183
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Table 3. True Voltages Magnitudes, bus voltages after only TCSC installation, and bus voltage after both
installation (TCSC &PMU) for 24bus Iraqi National Super Grid
BUS
NO.
True Voltage
(p.u)
Voltage (p.u) with
TCSC
Estimated Bus Voltage
(p.u) for both (TCSC
&PMU) after installation
1 0.91082 0.96148 0.959
2 0.90552 0.90691 0.92036
3 1 1 1.0038
4 0.8696 0.96778 0.966
5 0.90097 1.0548 1
6 0.92049 0.99462 1.001
7 0.89891 0.95348 0.98223
8 1 1 1
9 0.92687 0.94242 1.01
10 0.93711 1.05409 1.035
11 1 1 1
12 1 1 1
13 1 1 1
14 0.93553 0.97101 0.9912
15 1 1 1
16 1 1 1
17 0.91822 0.9017 0.9145
18 1 1 1.0254
19 1 1.0301 1.025
20 1 1 1
21 0.90401 0.93912 0.9453
22 1 1 1.003
23 0.92317 0.92317 0.9445
24 1 1 1
Table 4. PMU location and angles values for bus voltages for true, with only TCSC, and after both
installation (TCSC &PMU) (combination with (TCSC & PMUS)) for 24bus Iraqi National Super Grid
Bus
NO.
True
Angle in
(rad)
Angle (rad)
with TCSC
Estimated Angle
(rad) For both
(TCSC &PMU)
after installation
PMU
Location
1 -1.9343 -1.8577 -1.3579 ---
2 -2.132 -2.0524 -1.4431 ---
3 -1.0804 -1.0468 -1.4514 ---
4 -2.0217 -1.9429 -1.3853 PMU4
5 -1.8611 -1.785 -1.3803 ---
6 -1.9769 -1.8961 -1.3354 PMU5
7 -1.8979 -1.8238 -1.3536 PMU1
8 -0.8941 -0.86584 -1.4011 PMU2
9 -1.21 -1.1722 -1.4813 ---
10 -1.629 -1.5628 -1.4347 ---
11 -0.8953 -0.8669 -1.397 ---
12 -2.1085 -2.0271 -1.4214 PMU3
13 -1.7779 -1.7682 -1.3536 ---
14 -2.0048 -1.9255 -1.3936 ---
15 -1.3442 -1.3054 -1.3797 PMU7
16 -2.093 -2.011 -1.4248 ---
17 -2.0658 -1.9895 -1.4238 ---
18 -2.093 -2.017 -1.3894 PMU6
19 -0.4470 -0.43293 -1.4862 ---
20 -1.9984 -1.9201 -1.4014 ---
21 -1.9986 -1.9213 -1.4149 ---
22 -2.0619 -1.9787 -1.4136 ---
23 -0.9755 -0.94715 -1.3526 PMU8
24 -1.9854 -1.9039 -1.3687
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Table 5. True Voltages Magnitudes, bus voltages after only TCSC installation, and bus voltage after both
installations (TCSC &PMU) for IEEE14bus
Bus
NO.
True Voltage
(p.u)
Voltage(p.u)
with TCSC
Estimated Bus Voltage (p.u) for
both (TCSC &PMU)after
installation
1 1.06 1.06 1.0545
2 1.045 1.045 1.043
3 1.01 1.01 1.0376
4 1.013 1.022 1.0377
5 1.0167 1.0225 1.0362
6 1.055 1.07 1.0307
7 1.0525 1.0561 1.0567
8 1.09 1.09 1.0482
9 1.039 1.0419 1.045
10 1.0369 1.0409 1.0428
11 1.0497 1.0517 1.0332
12 1.0558 1.0628 1.0329
13 1.0514 1.0533 1.0257
14 1.04 1.04 1.0431
Table 6 PMU location and angles values for bus voltages for true, with only TCSC, and after both installation
(TCSC &PMU) (combination with (TCSC & PMUS)) for IEEE14bus
Bus
NO.
True Angle
in (rad)
Angle (rad)
with TCSC
Estimated Angle
(rad) For both (TCSC
&PMU) after installation
PMU
Location
1 -0.12873 -0.1233 -0.13745 PMU5
2 -0.08705 -0.0873 -0.23078 --
3 -0.22255 -0.21682 -0.1757 --
4 -0.17873 -0.1713 -0.19351 PMU1
5 -0.15273 -0.14727 -0.22522 --
6 -0.25047 -0.24321 -0.17211 PMU2
7 -0.2314 -0.22384 -0.22094 --
8 -0.2314 -0.22384 -0.25252 --
9 -0.25902 -0.25156 -0.24381 --
10 -0.26244 -0.25475 -0.23641 PMU4
11 -0.25857 -0.25114 -0.22089 --
12 -0.26581 -0.25911 -0.19041 --
13 -0.26787 -0.25994 -0.19892 --
14 -0.28664 -0.27778 -0.20717 PMU3
Table 7. Comparison between Total Losses for each Network
Test Total
Losses
Total losses
With TCSC
Total losses
After installation both
(Combination
(TCSC & PMUS))
MW
[p.u.]
MVAR
[p.u.]
MW
[p.u.]
MVAR
[p.u.]
MW
[p.u.]
MVAR
[p.u.]
10bus 0.05503 -0.13529 0.03716 -0.22734 0.03113 -0.239
24bus 0.18506 1.8497 0.112 1.1192 0.01173 0.1163
14bus 0.13475 0.26993 0.11111 0.29009 0.04552 0.0519
7. COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS APPROACH
As comparison and to make the network are observable at all buses provide the power system
network with less number of PMUs [20], in this paper another method used To reduce number of PMUs
based optimization approach is introduced by using Integer Linear Programming in [21], its work to PMUs
placement and give the number of PMUs when the operation condition is normal. As shown in Table 8. The
location and number of PMUs are shown for each method and each network.
As shown in Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8 the buses voltages and angles are comparison by two
methods after PMUs placements and change the number of PMUs by mean by used Graph Theoretic
Procedure algorithm and Integer Linear Programming. From the results of the differences between the two
methods are very small to behalf the proposed technique. FACTs devices (TCSC) locations are chosen
randomly as mention above.
10. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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Table 8. PMUs locations comparison
Networks Location of PMUs
proposed work
Location
of PMUs [21]
10 bus Diyala 4,6,8 1, 4, 8
24 bus Iraq 4,6,7,8,12, 15, 18, 23 4,6,7,12, 17, 18, 23
IEEE 14 bus 1,4,6,10,14 1,3,6,8,10,14
(a) (b)
Figure 6. 10 buses Diyala city network, (a) Voltage bus (p.u) comparisons (b) Voltage bus angles (rad)
comparison
(a) (b)
Figure 7. 24 bus Iraq network, (a) Voltage bus (p.u) comparisons for 24 bus Iraq network, (b) Voltage bus
Angles (rad) comparisons.
(a) (b)
Figure 8. IEEE14 bus network, (a) Voltage bus (p.u) comparisons, (b) Voltage bus Angles (rad) comparisons
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8. CONCLUSIONS
It has been demonstrated in this paper that FACT’s control devices respond fast to critical problems
in power systems. The PMU were mathematically modeled and their utility's performance demonstrated. It
has also been shown that the proposed method is fast and efficient for Real Time Operations (RTO). Also,
the Graph-Theoretic Procedure Algorithm was utilized for the optimal placement of PMUs. The results
obtained from the simulation of the Iraqi National Super Grid’s 24bus network, the Diyala City’s 10bus
network and the 14bus IEEE standard test system validates the technique proposed in this paper. A
comparison is then made with and without the TCSC and PMU and a blend of PMUs and TCSC FACTs
devices in a system. The technique we propose can, as confirmed by simulation results, be used to improve
the grid controllability performance of power systems which were achieved by use of a MATLAB/PSAT
package. From the results of the PMU gives a more precision measurement of voltages and angles of bus
voltages in the power systems. Many of researchers are interested and worked with this proposal work but
with the local networks such as (Iraqi National Super Grid’s 24bus network, and Diyala City’s 10bus
network) that are the first time that applied this technique on it. As a future work and recommendation it can
use the intelligent methods and computational techniques to placement of FACTs devicesand PMUs devices.
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12. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Phase Measurement Units based FACT’s Devices for the Improvement of …. (Husham Idan Hussein)
899
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Husham I. Hussein was born in Baghdad, Iraq, in 1978, received his B.Sc. from University
Technology / Iraq in 2002, M.Sc. from University Technology of Malaysia (UTM) in 2012. He is
currently senior lecturer in the Department of Electrical Power Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Diyala Iraq. Professional Strength and Skills: His current research interests are
optimization power system, power quality, power electronics, State estimation, and Renewable
Energy. He has good experience in practice of Electrical engineering in different fields such as
installation of industrial plants and other electrical design and executing works. He is teaching
several basic subjects of the Electrical Engineering, University of Diyala Iraq. He is a member of
IAENG
Ghassan Abdullah Salman was born in Diyala -Iraq 1983. He completed his B.Sc. Electrical power
and machines department Diyala University College of Engineering, Iraq in 2005, M. Sc. (Power
Systems) from university of technology-Baghdad in 2011. He has three years of Industrial
experience and electrical companies and has teaching experience. He has working as assistant
lecturer in Electrical power and machines department, College of Engineering, Diyala University.
His research interests are optimal power system, FACTS & Power Quality.
Mohammed S Hasan was born in Diyala, Iraq, in 1965, received his B.Sc. from Rajlovac Eng.
Academy Sarajevo Bosnia and M.Sc. from Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia, in 1986 and 1988
respectively, and the Ph.D. from the University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK, in 2014. He is
currently a lecturer in the faculty of Engineering of Diyala, Iraq. His main interests are in the areas of
electrical machines and power systems.