This document provides a summary of key concepts related to reading techniques and selecting/organizing information. It begins with an introduction to reading motivation and the reading process. Various brainstorming techniques are then described such as listing, clustering/mapping, cubing, freewriting, and researching. Graphic organizers that can be used to organize information like sequence charts, story maps, and Venn diagrams are also outlined. The document concludes with a discussion of properties of well-written texts, including organization, coherence, cohesion, and language use.

1. LESSON 1:
THE PROCESS
OF READING
Reading and Writing
Prepared by Lance Andrei S. Campano

2. Read the poem “Jabberwocky”
by Lewis Caroll. Then, answer
Vocabulary Check and Discussion
Questions.
MOTIVATION

3. refers to the cognitive
process of decoding
letters and symbols
to derive meaning
from a text.

4. Reading is an interaction
between the text and the reader.
The reader’s interpretation is
shaped by his/her prior
knowledge, experiences, and
attitude.
READING

5. Reading is an activity that
challenges our beliefs,
inspires our imagination,
and expands our
understanding of the world.
Reading is an
indispensable skill that can
be improved through
continuous practice.

6. Previewing means looking at the
readily visible parts of the text like
titles, subtitles, visuals, graphs,
pictures, and charts. It allows the
readers to make predictions about
the text and its content.

7. Skimming the text means quickly
reading the text to get its general
idea.
Scanning the text means quickly
reading the text to look for
specific information.

8. Activating one’s prior knowledge
is the strategy of making sense
of the text and seeing how it fits
to what one already knew,
perceived, read, or watched
(schema).

9. While reading, it is hard to avoid
encountering unfamiliar words.
Context clues are words, phrases,
and sentences surrounding an
unfamiliar word that help you recognize
its meaning.

10. are words
with the exact
or nearly same
meaning.
When one interprets an
image, one actively
questions and examines
what the image
connotes and suggests.

11. The okir of the Moros features a
highly detailed rectilinear and
curvilinear plant-based designs and
folk motifs. These painstaking
designs show the Moro people’s
picturesque and colorful culture.

12. It is a hasty generalization to
claim that the affluent or the
rich have bad personalities
and attitudes.

13. are words
with opposite
meaning.
Back then, classical
music was only for the
aristocrats. Commoners
could not afford a ticket to
a concert or an opera.

14. Rather than discrete units,
speech sounds are produced as
a continuous sound signal.
When I do bad, reproach me
but when I do good, praise me.

15. are specific
details that
clarify the
meaning of a
word
There are many eccentric
creatures under the sea,
such as vampire squid
and giant spider crab.

16. Primary sources such as public
speeches, government publications,
interviews, photographs, documents,
and diaries are the most direct
sources of information out there.

17. Crustaceans are aquatic
animals such as crabs, shrimps
and lobsters that are covered by
chitin of exoskeleton.

18. explicitly provides
the meaning of the
word
Often signaled by
“because”, “that is”,
“means”, “refers to”
and “is defined as”
The ancient Greeks had
certainly seen themselves
as a homogenous society–
they had the same religion,
language and culture.

19. A group is different from an
aggregate, where people are
temporarily together in a space,
maybe even doing the same things,
but do not identify themselves as
belonging together.

20. In a highly commercialized setting
such as the United States, it is not
surprising that many landscapes are
seen as commodities. In other words,
they are valued by their market
potential.

21. The word is
understood by
the context and
the situation.
One of the religious practices
of Shang dynasty of China
was the veneration of dead
ancestors; They made
sacrifices and asked
questions to their ancestors.

22. Feeling nervous, the team
became elated after being
proclaimed as the champion of
the science fair.

23. Today, the sun will be at
its zenith at 3:20 pm and
at its nadir at 7:20 pm.

24. Words may
have multiple
meanings but
how, when and
where it is used
will help you
understand
them.
The bell rings at 12:00 pm to
signify lunch.
versus
The couple went to the mall
to look for wedding rings.

25. He is a kind lad.
This kind of people are
people whom we must not
trust.

26. It was a good racing
match.
She lit the candle with a
match.

27. Answer Exercise A (Context
Clues) on your book. Identify the
type of context clues used for
each of the following sentences.
EXERCISE

29. He is a good father to his
child.
The heart pumps out
oxygen-rich blood from the
body and receives oxygen-
poor blood from the body.

31. Adam Smith is the
Father of Economics.
Moby Dick sometimes
rises from the heart of
the sea.

33. Negative Neutral Positive
Nosy Questioning Interested
Exploit Use Employ
Decrepit Old Vintage
Picky Selective Meticulous
Peculiar Different Unique
Conceited Confident Courageous

34. Answer Exercise B (Denotation
and Connotation) on your book.
Write a sentence for each word
in the series, making sure that
the details reinforce each word’s
connotation.
EXERCISE

35. QUIZ NO. 1:
THE PROCESS
OF READING
Reading and Writing

36. LESSON 2:
TECHNIQUES IN
SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION
Reading and Writing
Prepared by Lance Andrei S. Campano

37. Is selecting and
organizing information
in one’s text important?
MOTIVATION

38. is an individual or group
activity of generating topics to
write about, or points to make
about your topic.
Ideas are gathered and listed
from the input of every
member or a secretary.

39. Listing
Clustering/Mapping
Cubing
Freewriting
Researching
METHODS OF BRAINSTORMING

40. refers to enumerating possible topics
or ideas about a particular topic.
When listing ideas about a particular
topic, it simply requires to write the
main topic and then write down all
related concepts below it.

41. Topic: Civic Engagement
1. Voting
2. Volunteering
3. Community Research
4. Advocacy and
Education
5. Capacity Building
6. Nongovernmental
Organizations
Topic: Atoms
1. Atomic Theory
2. Models of Atoms
3. Subatomic Particles
4. Ions
5. Nuclear Properties
6. Atomic Mass
7. Radioactive Decay
8. Bonding Behavior

42. pertains to a visual representation of ideas
and their connections with one another.
Start by writing a word at the center and
encircle it. Then, think of words or phrases
related to the main topic, write them down,
encircle them, and draw lines connecting
them to the main topic.

44. Cubing is a brainstorming strategy
wherein an idea is examined from
distinct viewpoints: describing the
topic, comparing and contrasting
ideas, associating the topic, analyzing
the topic, applying the topic, and
arguing for or against it.

45. Use the cubing method with the
entire class to brainstorm about
the topic:
“Reading in e-books and in
online platforms”.
CUBING

46. Freewriting refers to an
individual method of
brainstorming of drawing a
stream of connected ideas out of
the writer’s mind by turning off
the editor in oneself and allowing
the writer to free from one’s rein.

47. Speed is the key. Constant momentum
in writing and constant flow of
thoughts characterize freewriting.
The writer writes without minding the
quality, style, and grammar of his/her
writing.

48. Freewriting is writing what one
wants in the way that one is
comfortable with. In this
activity, you are to freewrite
within 15 minutes.
FREEWRITING

49. Researching entails
going to the library or
checking out websites
on the Internet and
making a list or a map
of new ideas.

50. is the integration of
text and visuals to
organize information
and ideas in a way that
is easy to comprehend
and internalize.

51. Persuasion Map
Sequence Chart
Story Map
Fishbone Diagram
Problem Organizer Chart
Venn Diagram
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

53. assists in outlining and preparing
arguments for their essays, speeches,
debates, etc.
Step 1: Choose a topic of interest for
your essay/debate. Do proper research
around it to collect enough
information.

54. Step 2: Define the claim that you
want to make with your essay. Start
your persuasion map by writing this
down first.
Step 3: Next to it, write down the
reasons for making that claim.

55. Step 4: Then write down facts,
examples, and information to back
up your reasoning.
Step 5: End your persuasion map
with the conclusion of your essay.

57. is a graphic organizer for steps of a process
or a timeline of events, etc. It can also be
used for note-taking, and essay writing.
Step 1: Identify the steps in the process or
event.
Step 2: Using a sequence chart, arrange
these steps in sequential order.

58. can be used to
identify the different
elements such as
characters, plots,
themes, techniques,
etc. in a book or a
narrative.

59. Step 1: Read the book and understand it
well.
Step 2: Discuss the different significant
elements that were involved in the story.
These could be the characters, setting,
problem and solution, etc. You can fill the
story map during the discussion.

61. Using a cause and effect graphic
organizer, identify the causes and effects
related to the problem you are studying
or writing about.
One can use a fishbone diagram if there
are several causes leading to one effect.

62. helps identify and
evaluate solutions
to a problem.

63. Step 1: Identify the problem and
write it in the problem box
Step 2: Write down why it is a
problem in the first place

64. Step 3: Brainstorm all the possible
solutions along with the pros and cons
relates to them.
Step 4: Select the best possible solution,
and list down all its possible
consequences

66. is a graphic organizer that illustrates
comparison and contrast.
It has sections that enumerate
distinct characteristics.
The intersection contains the
similarities.

67. pertains to a list that
summarizes the essential
features of a text.
It is mainly classified
into two: a topic outline
and a sentence outline.

68. refers to arranging ideas
hierarchically to showing the main
points and sub-points.
It identifies the little “mini-topics”
that the paper will comprise, and
shows how they relate.

69. refers to hierarchically arranging ideas in
sentences.
Instead of simply identifying a mini-topic, is
like a mini-thesis statement about that mini-
topic. It expresses the specific and
complete idea that the section of the paper
cover as part of proving the overall thesis.

70. 3. Conciseness
4. Correctness
a. grammar
b. mechanics
I. The Nature of Business
Report Writing
A. Definition of BRW
B. Importance of BRW
C. Characteristics of BRW
1. Completeness
2. Concreteness

71. 1.3.3. Conciseness
1.3.4. Correctness
1.3.4.1 grammar
1.3.4.2 mechanics
1. The Nature of Business
Report Writing
1.1. Definition of BRW
1.2. Importance of BRW
1.3. Characteristics of BRW
1.3.1. Completeness
1.3.2. Concreteness

72. LESSON 3:
PROPERTIES OF
A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
Reading and Writing
Prepared by Lance Andrei S. Campano

73. Write a text about any topic
in 20 minutes. After writing,
exchange your works with
your seatmate and engage in
a peer evaluation.
MOTIVATION

74. refers to the arrangement of
ideas in a text.
Information in the text may
be selected and organized to
achieve a particular purpose.

75. Chronological order- ideas are
ordered based on the sequence of
events.
Spatial order- ideas are ordered
based on geographical location.
Emphatic order- ideas are ordered
to emphasize certain points.
ORGANIZATION

76. Topical Order – begins with a main
idea and then discusses sub-ideas.
Cause and Effect Order- discusses a
phenomenon, its causes, and its effects.
Problem-Solution Order- discusses a
problem and presents possible
solutions.
ORGANIZATION

77. If your topic sentence is
something like “The
everyday life of a highschool
freshman can be
exhausting,” you might use
a chronological approach to
provide an account of a
student’s routine.

78. If your topic sentence is
something like “The highschool
classroom has many differences
from the grade school
classroom that can be
surprising to a freshman”, you
might utilize a spatial approach
to detail arrangement.

79. Coherence is characterized by the
text when it is arranged in a logical and
consistent manner and can be easily
understood by the reader.
Cohesion refers to the connection of
your ideas both at the sentence level
and at the paragraph level.

80. Transition Devices/Logical Connectors
Synonymy/Elegant Variation
Antonymy
Pro-forms (e.g. pronouns and pro-
verbs)
Enumeration
Parallelism
Improving Coherence and Cohesion

81. Link or signal sentences while at
the same time, showing their
logical relationships
They are also called logical
connectors.

85. Using another word particularly a
synonymous one to mention
someone or something that was
stated in or before the sentence
It is also called elegant variation.

86. Draft: Finding a job at 55 is much
harder than finding a job in your
40s.
Revised: Finding a job at 55 is
much harder than landing one in
your 40s.

87. Draft: New Jersey’s cops stopped doing
consent searches, in which a cop asks a
driver for permission to search the driver’s
vehicle.
Revised: New Jersey’s cops stopped doing
consent searches, in which a police officer
asks a driver for permission to look around
in the motorist’s vehicle.

88. Using a word with an opposite
meaning to mention someone
or something that was stated
in or before the sentence

89. Although I have learned a lot of
information through textbooks, it is
life experience that has given
me knowledge. It has cured my
ignorance.

90. My sister’s pet cat had always been
aggressive to me that it would avoid
my pats and caress. But today, it
acted tame and kind as I touched its
head.

91. refers to a word that replaces or
substitutes a previously mentioned
word
Pronouns replace nouns. Antecedents
are nouns being replaced by pronouns.
Pro-verbs omit verbs or replace them to
avoid repetition.

92. The late photographer Jim Marshall is
regarded as one of the most celebrated
photographers of the 20th century. He
holds the position for being the first
and only photographer to be presented
in the Grammy Trustees Award.

93. My brother cannot make it to the
party but I can.
Jace’s mother told him to buy
some stuffs in the mall today but
he forgot.

94. as a way to improve coherence
and cohesion, entails mentioning
all the classification, kinds, or
types under a certain category
before explaining and elaborating
them.

95. There are two types of managers in
business organizations: functional
managers and project managers.
Both types of managers have
different roles and qualities.

96. We do not usually notice but
electromagnetic waves have been very
helpful to humans. These waves
include the following: radio waves,
microwaves, infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet rays, x-ray, and gamma ray.

97. Is when the phrases in the
sentences have similar or the
same grammatical structure.
One of the most overlooked
technique in writing.

98. Same tenses of the verb in a
sentence
Words belonging to the same part
of speech
Verbals of the same kind

99. Not Parallel: Before sleeping, mom
gave me a drink, pulled up my blanket,
and have kissed my forehead.
Parallel: Before sleeping, mom gave
me a drink, pulled up my blanket, and
kissed my forehead.

100. Not Parallel: The company is looking for a
candidate who
is friendly, organized, meticulous, and is
going to arrive to work on time.
Parallel: The company is looking for a
candidate who is friendly, organized,
meticulous, and punctual.

101. Not Parallel: Her main duties
were answering phone calls, filing
records, and to conduct visitor surveys.
Parallel: Her main duties were answering
phone calls, filing records,
and conducting visitor surveys.

102. enables the writer to
communicate ideas without
confusing the readers.
An effective language is specific,
concise, familiar, correct, and
appropriate.

103. Diction is the careful selection
of words to communicate a
message or establish a
particular voice or writing
style.
LANGUAGE USE

104. refers to the use of sophisticated
language that adheres to
grammatical rules, uses
complicated syntax, and does not
use slangs and colloquialisms.
Often found in professional
texts, documents, and legal
papers

105. “The information in this report was gathered by
members of the human resources department
over three months. The five-member team
analyzed administration records and working
conditions, as well as interviewed staff. In this
report, recommendations are made to minimize
the high turnover rate among the staff working at
GHS Corporation.”

106. “…The precedents in these cases have
generally held for the plaintiff; however,
sufficient question with regard to the
outcome and the likelihood of the case
facing several appeals make it clear that
Doe’s success is not guaranteed.”

107. is more conversational
and more used in narrative
literature
Most short stories and
novels use this diction to
depict reality.

108. “My name is Sebastian Rudd, and though I
am a well-known street lawyer, you will not
see my name on billboards, on bus
benches, or screaming at you from the
yellow pages. I don’t pay to be seen on
television, though I am often there.”

109. “Now, when the income was shrunk to $20, the
letters of "Dillingham" looked blurred, as though
they were thinking seriously of contracting to a
modest and unassuming D. But whenever Mr.
James Dillingham Young came home and
reached his flat above he was called "Jim" and
greatly hugged by Mrs. James Dillingham Young,
already introduced to you as Della…”

110. The use of highly
detailed or academic
language
Words are chosen to
convey only one
meaning.

111. “For the isolation of Escherichia coli, one g
of gastrointestinal tract content was pre-
enriched in 10 ml of Buffered Peptone Water
(BPW) and incubated at 37oC for 18-24 h.
After which, the aliquots were plated on
Levine EosinMethylene Blue Agar and
incubated again at 37oC for 24 h.”

112. “Suppose we know that Paula suffers from a
severe phobia. If we reason that Paula is afraid
either of snakes or spiders, and then establish that
she is not afraid of snakes, we will conclude that
Paula is afraid of spiders. However, our conclusion
is reasonable only if Paula’s fear really does
concern either snakes or spiders. If we know only
that Paula has a phobia, then the fact that she’s
not afraid of snakes is entirely inconsistent…”

113. Uses colloquial expressions which
are informal in nature and generally
represent a certain region.
An example is the text that uses
“ain’t” and “y’all”.
It adds color and realism to writing.

114. Uses slangs or very informal words
that are typically used by a particular
context or group of people
“bucks” is a slang for money,
“wheels” is a slang for car, “Howdy?”
is the slang for “How do you do?”

115. Is when the writer uses words
to express something intangible
or an emotion.
It often lacks physical detail
and specificity because they
cannot be perceived by the five
senses.

116. “The type of love I’m describing is the one that
gives you butterflies when a certain person
comes to mind. Just seeing that particular
person can be enough to make one smile and
make your day and all the worries go away. Right
now that person comes to mind. It’s neither a
crush nor infatuation and many are willing to do
anything for this thing that is called love.”

117. is the use of words for their
literal meanings and often refer to
things that appeal the five senses.
The meaning is not open to
interpretation because the writer
is specific and detailed in
phrasing.

118. “It was a rimy morning, and very damp. I had seen
the damp lying on the outside of my little window.
Now, I saw the damp lying on the bare hedges and
spare grass. On every rail and gate, wet lay
clammy; and the marsh-mist was so thick, that the
wooden finger on the post directing people to our
village — a direction which they never accepted,
for they never came there — was invisible to me
until I was quite close under it.”

119. is driven by lyrical words that
relate to a specific theme reflected
in a poem, and create a
euphonious, or harmonious, sound.
usually involves the use of
descriptive language, sometimes
set to a beat or rhyme.

120. “Whose woods these are
I think I know.
His house is in the village
though;
He will not see me
stopping here
To watch his woods fill
up with snow.
My little horse must
think it queer
To stop without a
farmhouse near
Between the woods
and frozen lake
The darkest evening
of the year. ”

121. Use clear and concise
sentences, usually 18 words
long.

122. Draft: Image is a very important factor in
politics because once the reputation
of a person is smeared by accusations, the
people’s perception of the person is
forever tainted and it may cause him to lose
credibility and trust even when the truth
behind allegations is not yet verified.

123. Revised: Image is an important factor in
politics. Once the reputation of a person is
smeared by accusations, the people’s
perception of the person is forever tainted.
The person may lose his credibility and
trust, even when the allegations are not yet
verified.

124. Avoid redundancies,
cliches wordiness, and
highfalutin.

125. Draft: Although offsprings are told not
to obtain free gifts from strangers, at
present many still do.
Revised: Although children are taught
not to take gift from strangers, many
still do.

126. Although may be used,
avoid overusing “there” and
“it”, drop it.

127. Draft: There is a man who spends
most of his wage in supporting his
brother.
Revised: A man spends most of his
wage to support his brother.

128. Draft: It was the CEO who makes
major corporate decisions and
manages overall operations.
Revised: The CEO makes major
corporate decisions and manages
overall operations.

129. Use precise vocabulary.
Be accurate. Condensed.

130. Draft: Text A has a hazy
description of the subject.
Revised: Text A has a vague
description of the subject.

131. Draft: Shafts that control the brake
during emergency situations are built
inside MRT trains to keep the
passengers free from harm.
Revised: Emergency levers are installed
in MRT trains for the safety of
passengers.

132. Avoid sexist language.
Use “chairperson” instead of “chairman”,
“firefighter” instead of “fireman”,
“individual” instead of “man”, “artificial”
instead of “man-made”, and etc.
Use “one” instead of “he” or “he/she”
when pertaining to a common noun.

133. Refrain from being too
informal, too unsophisticated,
and too vague.

134. Draft: A lot of studies reveal that…
Revised: Many studies reveal that…
Draft: You cab clearly see the results.
Revised: One can clearly see the results.
Draft: 2STO, a technology company in America,
Revised: 2STO, a technology company in the
United States,

135. Draft: A bad result
Revised: Poor result
Draft: A big sample
Revised: A large sample
Draft: This chapter gives an overview.
Revised: This chapter (presents/provides) an
overview

136. Draft: People are concerned about their
stuffs.
Revised: People are concerned about their
(belongings/possessions/valuables).
Draft: This report presents many things.
Revised: This report presents many
(details/findings/recommendations).

137. is the set of convention on
spelling, abbreviation, punctuation,
and capitalization
refers to technicality of structure.

138. Mention the full name before
abbreviations.
Avoid contraction and question
mark unless a part of a quotation.
Number one to ten are spelled out
and 11 and greater numbers are
written in figures.
MECHANICS

139. Period (.) is used at the end of a
declarative or imperative sentence,
in abbreviations and acronyms, and
in decimal numbers.
Question mark (?) is used to
indicate an interrogative sentence or
a question.
PUNCTUATIONS

140. Exclamation Point (!) is used at the
end of an exclamatory sentence, a
sentence of emphatic or strong
emotions.
Comma (,) is used to separate
elements and before coordinating
conjunctions (for, and, nor, and etc.)
PUNCTUATIONS

141. A semicolon (;) is used to separate
independent and dependent clauses,
to substitute a missing conjunction,
or to separate elements in a list.
Colon (:) is used to introduce
elements or indicate numerals, ratio,
time, titles, or subtitles.
PUNCTUATIONS

142. An apostrophe (‘) is used to
indicate possession, to contract
words, or to pluralize letters and
numbers.
A quotation mark (“”) is used to
express direct quotation and titles.
PUNCTUATIONS

143. A hyphen (-) joins or separates
words.
Parentheses () are used to set off
non-essential details or
explanations; to enclose letters,
numbers, or symbols; and to
introduce the acronym of a name.
PUNCTUATIONS

144. QUIZ NO. 2:
PROPERTIES OF
A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
Reading and Writing