Oral Communication: Nature and Elements of Communication -Definition of Communication -Elements of Communication -Models of Communication -Dimensions of Communication -Nonverbal Communication -Effective Communication and Barriers in Communication

1. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Lance Campano
Prepared by
Course Subject Description: The
development of listening and speaking
skills and strategies for effective
communication in various situations.

2. MOTIVATION
Form a group of three
to four students.
Brainstorm your
group’s very own
definition for the word
“communication”.

3. COMMUNICATION
Etymology: communis (Latin) translated as
“to share”, “to impart” or “to convey”
It is the process of sending message from
a speaker or a sender to a listener or receiver
through verbal, nonverbal, oral, written,
formal, informal, intentional, and unintentional
cues.

4. COMMUNICATION
INTERVIEW MEETING SPEECH
SOCIAL MEDIA CONVERSATION DATE

5. ACTIVITY

6. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Lance Campano
Prepared by
Course Subject Description: The
development of listening and speaking
skills and strategies for effective
communication in various situations.

7. INTRODUCTION
Communication is a
continuous and
dynamic interaction,
both affecting and
being affected by
many variables.

8. SPEAKER
Someone who delivers the
message in the process of
communication
The sender sends and encodes
the message. That’s why he/she
can also be called the or
.

9. MESSAGE
This refers to facts,
opinions, advices, ideas,
and etc. sent by the speaker
and perceived by the
listener.

10. LISTENER
Someone who receives the
message
The listener decodes and
interprets the message. He/she is
also called the or
.

11. MEDIUM
The means by which the
message sent (e.g. verbal
media, nonverbal media, and
written media).
It is also known as

12. RESPONSE
This refers to the
receiver’s answer, reply,
or reaction towards the
message.

13. FEEDBACK
This refers to the
result of monitoring by
the speaker to the
listener’s response.

14. NOISE
The barrier or interference in
the communication process
May be language, physical,
psychological, physiological,
systematic, or attitudinal

15. CONTEXT
The settings where
communication took
place
May refer to physical or
conditional settings

16. Speaker Listener
Feedback
Context
Message Response

17. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Lance Campano
Prepared by
Course Subject Description: The
development of listening and speaking
skills and strategies for effective
communication in various situations.

18. ARISTORTLE’S MODEL
First proposed model of
communication during 300 BCE
Aristotle, an ancient
Greek philosopher and
scientist, interpreted
communication in five
organized elements.

19. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
Speaker Speech Occasion Audience Effect
The speaker refers to the sender of the message.
The speech is the message delivered by the speaker to his audience.
The occasion is the context of the communication. It is the highlight of
the Aristotelian model.
The audience is the receiver of the message.
The effect is the feedback from the receiver.

20. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
Claude Shannon, an engineer at Bell
Telephone Laboratories, worked with
Warren Weaver on the classic book
‘The mathematical theory of
communication’.
Their goal was to discover how
communication messages could be
converted into electronic signals
most efficiently, and how those
signals could be transmitted with a
minimum of error.

21. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
“Mother of All Models”
“Telephone Model”

22. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
Sender (Information source) – Sender is the
person who makes the message, chooses
the channel, and sends the message.
Encoder (Transmitter) – Encoder is the
sender who uses machine, which converts
message into signals or binary data. It
might also directly refer to the machine.
Channel – Channel is the medium used to
send message.

23. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the machine
used to convert signals or binary data into
message or the receiver who translates the
message from signals.
Receiver (Destination) – Receiver is the person
who gets the message or the place where the
message must reach. The receiver provides
feedback according to the message.
Noise – Noise is the physical disturbances like
environment, people, etc. which does not let the
message get to the receiver as what is sent.

24. SCHRAMM’S MODEL
Wilbur Schramm is a
scholar played an
important role in
communication studies.
He is also known as an
“Authority in Mass
Communication.

25. SCHRAMM’S MODEL
Discussed in Wilbur’s Schramm’s “The Process and
Effects of Communication”
Communication is a “two way” process

26. FIELD OF EXPERIENCESchramm’s model puts an emphasis on the
Field of Experience which refers to everything a
person has learned, watched, seen, heard, read,
studied, or perceived. In short, it is someone’s
collective experiences.
In communication, this makes the speaker
and the listener unique and at the same time,
share commonalities.

27. OSGOOD-SCHRAMM’S MODEL

28. WHITE’S MODEL
Eugene White sees communication
as a circular and continuous process.
Thus, he made a cyclical model.
In his model, he explained the eight
stages in oral communication.

29. WHITE’S MODEL

30. WHITE’S MODEL
Thinking- the sender’s desire to
communicate
Symbolizing- knowing or studying
how to represent the message
Expressing- the use of vocal cords
to deliver the message

31. WHITE’S MODEL
Transmitting- the message flows
through the channel in form of sound
waves
Receiving- sound waves are heard by
the ears
Decoding- interpreting the message

32. WHITE’S MODEL
Feedback- the receiver manifest
behavior as response. White’s Model
emphasizes feedback.
Monitoring- checking the receiver’s
understanding of the message.

33. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Lance Campano
Prepared by
Course Subject Description: The
development of listening and speaking
skills and strategies for effective
communication in various situations.

34. VERBAL vs NONVERBAL
Verbal Communication—
expressing the message with
words
Nonverbal Communication–
the communication where the
message is represented by
gestures, posture, grooming,
arts, space, time and etc.

35. ORAL vs WRITTEN
Oral Communication—spoken
communication; the message is
expressed through speaking
Written Communication–
transcription of the message;
the message is expressed
through letters, symbols,
numbers, and etc.

36. FORMAL vs INFORMAL
Formal Communication—
meticulous observation of
appropriateness in dress,
language, and setting.
Informal Communication–
disregards formality and uses
a more casual approach.

37. INTENTIONAL vs UNINTENTIONAL
Intentional Communication—
deliberate communication; the
speaker has intention to
communicate
Unintentional Communication
– The speaker is unaware that
he/she is sending the message.

38. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Lance Campano
Prepared by
Course Subject Description: The
development of listening and speaking
skills and strategies for effective
communication in various situations.

39. INTRODUCTION
Communication is
affected by socio-
cultural dimensions:
culture, gender, age,
social status, and
religion.

40. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Lance Campano
Prepared by
Course Subject Description: The
development of listening and speaking
skills and strategies for effective
communication in various situations.

41. MOTIVATION
Interpret and share
your thoughts about
the saying, “Actions
speak louder than
words.”

42. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
It is the wordless aspect of
communication wherein the
message is represented by
gestures, posture, grooming,
arts, space, time, and etc.

43. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Paralanguage
Language of
Flowers
Language of Colors
Language of Time
Language of Space
Language of Touch
Gestures
Facial Expressions
and Eye Contact
Posture and Personal
Appearance

44. PARALANGUAGE
refers to the way how the
words are said.
Intonation, pitch, stress, speed,
and tone affect how the listener
perceives the message.

45. EXAMPLES:
Saying “I love you!” in an angry
tone is contradictory
Accommodation to visitors
A military officer reporting to
his superiors
Verbal Ironies

46. OTHER EXAMPLE:
You’re a very
generous
friend that
you didn’t
even spend a
penny to
treat me
foods.
Okay, I’ll treat
you next time.
But, can you buy
that cake for
me? After all,
we’re friends.
You’ll buy me
one, right?

47. LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS
Expresses certain
messages and
feelings depending on
the genus and color
of the flower or even
the number of
flowers.

48. FLORIOGRAPHY
Red rose is an expression of
love and it also symbolizes
passion.
Russians give flowers for
many occasions, but only odd
numbers for happy occasions.

49. FLORIOGRAPHY
In graduations, graduating
students receive a bouquet of
flowers as a token of
congratulations.
In China, a lotus stem with
one leaf and bud indicates a
perfect union or a shared heart.

50. LANGUAGE OF COLORS
This nonverbal
cue represents
feelings, moods,
or concepts.

51. LANGUAGE OF COLORS
In a traffic light, a green means
go, means go with caution,
and a red means stop.
Raising a white flag is a sign of
surrendering.

52. MEANING OF COLORS
Black- death or sorrow
Blue- peacefulness, calmness,
serenity, sadness and truth
- wealth
Green- life and nature
- cleanliness and purity

53. MEANING OF COLORS
Red- anger and hostility
- love and beauty
- wisdom, joy and
happiness
Violet- royalty and ambition

54. CHRONEMICS
The language of time
represents formality,
punctuality, and
sometimes, attitude.

55. EXAMPLES
Duration: the length of
time
Punctuality: aware of the
exact time agreed upon
Filipino Time: setting a
meeting time but attends late
for about an hour

56. PROXEMICS
The language of
space that indicates
closeness, relationship,
bond, and sometimes,
social status

57. EXAMPLES:
The distance between a
teacher and his/her
learners
The seats apart between
close friends, friends and
acquaintances

58. HAPTICS
The language of
touch that can comfort,
aggravate, encourage,
or dissuade the receiver
Usually an expression
of feelings

59. EXAMPLES
A friend patting his pal
A parent hitting
his/her child
Someone poking
another person

60. GESTURES
Hand or head
movement that indicates
emphasis, regulation, or
illustration
Meanings of a gesture
may differ from one
country to another.

61. EXAMPLES
Emphasizing Gestures- punctuate
what the speaker wants to highlight.
Regulating Gestures- used to control
the flow of communication.
Illustrating Gestures- to represent
quantities like size, height, weight, and
distance.

62. EXAMPLES
Sign Language is the
best example.
Telling a story or reciting
a poem with hand gestures
Salutes and Greetings
Nodding and shaking
one’s head

63. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND EYE CONTACT
The face expresses the
listener’s emotions,
feelings, and reaction.
Eye contact develops
connection between the
speaker and the listener.
Eye contact may indicate
sincerity and seriousness.

64. EXAMPLES
A superior commanding
his/her subordinate with
his/her eyes
A happy person who
smiles
Being happy with an
angry face is contradictory.

65. POSTURE AND PERSONAL APPEARANCE
Posture is how one
stands or sits.
It indicates confidence.
Personal appearance
may indicate readiness.
It suggests formality or
informality.

66. EXAMPLES
A person half-naked
entering a place of worship
A uniform suggests
occupation or belongingness
to a group
Standing straight while
singing the national anthem

67. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Lance Campano
Prepared by
Course Subject Description: The
development of listening and speaking
skills and strategies for effective
communication in various situations.

68. MOTIVATION
The goal of
communication is to
send the message
effectively. Effective
communication is
manifested when the
receiver responds in the
sender’s desired
behavior.

69. MISCOMMUNICATION
It may occur if the message is
interpreted wrong.
It is also referred to as
“communication breakdown”.
Several barriers of
communication lead to
communication breakdown.

70. COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
Language Barriers
Psychological Barriers
Physical Barriers
Physiological Barriers
Systematic Barriers
Attitudinal Barriers

71. LANGUAGE BARRIERS
Vocabulary, pronunciation,
and dialects
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
Stress, unwillingness, and
exhaust

72. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
Environment-related problems like
noisy surroundings and poor Internet
connection
PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS
Body-related troubles in
communication like weak hearing
or disabilities

73. SYSTEMATIC BARRIERS
Unable to recognize one’s role in
communication like lack of
knowledge
ATTITUDINAL BARRIERS
Personality conflicts, poor anger
management, resistance to change, and
lack of motivation

74. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Become an engaged listener
Pay attention to nonverbal signals
Be aware of individual differences
Look at nonverbal signals as a group
Keep stress in check
Assert yourself