Nylon Fibers
Most nylon manufactured today is nylon 6.6, a chemical composition that was developed by DuPont in 1935. A thermoplastic material, the fiber is produced by combining equal parts diamine and dicarboxylic acid, which react and create nylon salt. This compound is high in carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The salt is heated and dehydrated to form the polymer, which is melted and spun to create the nylon fiber.
Rayon Fibers
One of the major differences between nylon and rayon is their chemical makeup. Rayon is made from organic matter. A cellulose fiber, meaning it's derived from wood, rayon is made from a high-grade wood pulp called "dissolving cellulose." The pulp is refined with a caustic soda or lye solution before it's streamed through a spinneret, a device that resembles a shower head. The fibers solidify in an alkali-based bath to produce fine silken fibers
The presentation is about the rayon fiber for school going students. In it, I have covered its making process, chemical composition, things that can be made out of it and how good or bad it is for our environment.
The presentation is about the rayon fiber for school going students. In it, I have covered its making process, chemical composition, things that can be made out of it and how good or bad it is for our environment.
I am the student of Textile Institute of Pakistan in the discipline of Textile Science [B.Sc( Hons)] & this presentation is about Viscose Rayon fiber, its manufacturing, its chemical composition, its types, its modification, its identification and its uses.
The textile industry has one of the largest environmental impacts in the world. Owing to ecological concerns, it is necessary to find ways to reduce these environmental impacts. This is true of denim because it is made of cotton, which in most cases is a polluting crop dyed with indigo, a dye with a damaging degree of fixation which initiates huge ecological problems. Life-cycle assessments provide data from every stage of a product's life, from the cradle to the grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling). These data can be considered one of the first ways to reduce environmental impacts. Therefore, it is important to know the life-cycle assessment of denim and how it affects the ecosystem. This chapter provides some ideas about the life-cycle assessment and its importance, the life cycle of denim, the life-cycle assessment tool, phases of the life-cycle assessment and a life-cycle assessment of denim with actual data.Dr. Denim is your family. Your friend. Your every day companion. Someone you can turn to in every situation. Just like a perfect pair of jeans. Dr. Denim creates affordable staples to live your lifein, whether heading for a casual lunch, a wedding, the meeting or even to bed. Denim is always there with you. Extend yourself with a fashionably functional wardrobe that never lets you down, that breaks borders and makes room for life. Every day is a denim day
Denim is a sturdy cotton warp-faced textile in which the weft passes under two or more warp threads. This twill weaving produces a diagonal ribbing that distinguishes it from cotton duck. While a denim predecessor known as dungaree has been produced in India for hundreds of years, denim itself was first produced in the French city of Nîmes under the name “serge de Nîmes”.[2]
The most common denim is indigo denim, in which the warp thread is dyed, while the weft thread is left white. As a result of the warp-faced twill weaving, one side of the textile is dominated by the blue warp threads and the other side is dominated by the white weft threads. This causes blue jeans to be white on the inside. The indigo dyeing process, in which the core of the warp threads remains white, creates denim's signature fading characteristics.
A lab dip is a swatch of fabric test dyed to hit a color standard. It is a process by which buyer's supplied swatch is matched with the varying dyes percentage in the laboratory with or without help of spectrophotometer.
Trimmings and Accessories Used in Apparel Industry:
In garments manufacturing, fabrics is not the only material to make a garments. Several equipments are used here for both decorative and functional purposes. Where some are called trimmings and others are called accessories. But there’s so many who don’t know actually what is the difference between trimmings and accessories. As its importance, now I will present a table, by which you can easily differentiate between trimmings and accessories.
Sewing is an important department in garments manufacturing industry. All the parts of a garment are joined here by making stitch with the help of needle and thread. Where, sewing process flow chart helps to make a complete garment easily. By maintaining sewing process flow chart, an order can be completed in timely.
Fashion marketing and management involve the core functions of selling products and managing supply. Those on the marketing and management end of the fashion industry are tasked with the unique challenge of merging their creative aptitude and business acumen in order to generate brand awareness, which in turn generates sales. Both fashion marketers and managers create and execute well-planned marketing strategies aimed at keeping their retailers relevant by positioning them as stylish and better than their competitors.
opening your boutique entails a combination of hard work, patience, passion and lots of creativity. It would be a dream come true for any fashion designer to see his or her masterpiece featured in a fashion show or sold out in the market.
It sounds fabulous to create a boutique filled with items that you made. Moreover, through your designs, you can connect and create a bond between you and your customers. However, the road towards a successful clothing line or brand you want isn’t always smooth and easy.
Fashion designers do not lack artistic talent when creating pieces of clothing, but not all have what it takes to turn their passion into a profitable business. There will be a lot of challenges and difficulties along the way, but it will all be worth it in the end.
Though there are so many fashion lines or brands in the market today, but you can still distinguish those brands that give the sense of a total package with high-rated quality, superiority, and excellence in their products.
There are so many things to take note before opening your boutique, establishing your clothing line or brand, and being successful in the clothing industry. Nevertheless, the following tips are some of the things you need to take note of while going through that path towards success.
Prospects and future of fashion designingTUSHAR IQBAL
Fashion designers create original clothing, accessories, and footwear. ... about future trends using trend reports published by fashion industry trade groups. .... excellent portfolios, and industry experience will have the best job prospects
This Introduction to Fashion Marketing course from London College of Fashion is ideal if you've no previous marketing experience or some experience in a non-fashion sector and want to learn how marketing principles work in the context of fashion.
Model in a modern gown reflecting the current fashion trend at a Haute couture fashion show, Paris, 2011
Fashion is a popular style, especially in clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle and body.Fashion is a distinctive and often constant trend in the style in which people present themselves. A fashion can become the prevailing style in behaviour or manifest the newest creations of designers, technologists, engineers, and design managers
The Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ রপ্তানি প্রক্রিয়াকরণ অঞ্চল কর্তৃপক্ষ) is an agency of the Government of Bangladesh and is administered out of the Prime Minister's Office. Its objective is to manage the various export processing zones in Bangladesh. BEPZA currently oversees the operations of eight export processing zones (EPZ). A ninth zone is scheduled to open in the future. Recently government has announced that in 15 years 100 new EPZ and SEZ will be established.
Traditional bundle vs singlepcs systemTUSHAR IQBAL
THE HIGHEST HAPPINESS THAT ACCOMPANIES THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF ANY TUSK WOULD BE INCOMPLETE WITH OUT THE EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE TO ALL THOSE PEOPLE WHO HAVE HELPED ME THOROUGH OUT THIS PROJECT AS SUCCESS IS THE ABSTRACT OF HARD WORK
THE HIGHEST HAPPINESS THAT ACCOMPANIES THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF ANY TUSK WOULD BE INCOMPLETE WITH OUT THE EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE TO ALL THOSE PEOPLE WHO HAVE HELPED ME THOROUGH OUT THIS PROJECT AS SUCCESS IS THE ABSTRACT OF HARD WORK
THE HIGHEST HAPPINESS THAT ACCOMPANIES THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF ANY TUSK WOULD BE INCOMPLETE WITH OUT THE EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE TO ALL THOSE PEOPLE WHO HAVE HELPED ME THOROUGH OUT THIS PROJECT AS SUCCESS IS THE ABSTRACT OF HARD WORK
THE HIGHEST HAPPINESS THAT ACCOMPANIES THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF ANY TUSK WOULD BE INCOMPLETE WITH OUT THE EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE TO ALL THOSE PEOPLE WHO HAVE HELPED ME THOROUGH OUT THIS PROJECT AS SUCCESS IS THE ABSTRACT OF HARD WORK
THE HIGHEST HAPPINESS THAT ACCOMPANIES THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF ANY TUSK WOULD BE INCOMPLETE WITH OUT THE EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE TO ALL THOSE PEOPLE WHO HAVE HELPED ME THOROUGH OUT THIS PROJECT AS SUCCESS IS THE ABSTRACT OF HARD WORK.
its help to present your presentation on (AATCC ASTM AND SGS) .it has all the history and every details ,and also every test and every machine they use and used also it has .
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• THE HIGHEST HAPPINESS THAT
ACCOMPANIES THE SUCCESSFUL
COMPLETION OF ANY TUSK WOULD BE
INCOMPLETE WITH OUT THE EXPRESSION OF
GRATITUDE TO ALL THOSE PEOPLE WHO
HAVE HELPED ME THOROUGH OUT THIS
PROJECT AS SUCCESS IS THE ABSTRACT OF
HARD WORK.
• I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY HEARTFELT
GRATITUDE TO OUR HONORABLE TEACHER
( ENG.SADIQUR RAHAMAN ) PERMITTING ME
TO DO THE PROJECT (PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT )AND ALSO FOR HIS
INSPIRING GUIDANCE, SUPPORT ,VALUABLE
INPUTS AND CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM TO
DEVELOP AND COMPLETE THIS
ASSIGNMENT…
8. NYLON
NO TOPIC
01 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT NYLON
02 DISCUS ABOUT MONOMER
03 DESCRIBE POLYMERIZATION
04 DESCRIBE MANUFACTURING PROSSES
05 COMPOSITION IN TERMS OF PROPERTIES
06 NYLON USES
9. INTRODUCTION ABOUT NYLONE
• First created by William Carother, a
Lecturer from Harvard University, in
1934 at DuPont Company research lab
• DuPont scientist created Nylon 6.6
• German scientist created Nylon 6
• Second most used fiber in the U.S.A
• First used in a nylon toothbrush
Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic
polymers, based on aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamides.
Nylon is a thermoplastic silky material[1] that can be melt-
processed into fibers, filmsor shapes.
12. NYLONE 6.6
This polymer is called nylon 6.6 because each of these
components chemical compounds (hexamethylene
diamine and adipic acid) contain 6 carbon atoms per
molecule
19. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Effect of acid:
• Easily destroyed by cold concentrated acid
• Effect of alkali:
• High resistant to alkali
• Effect of bleaches:
• Strong bleaches destroy nylon 6.6
• Effect of organic solvent: little or no effect
• Dye affinity: Good
• Nylon is hydrophobic
20. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
• Strength: 4.5-8.5 gm/den
• Absorbency: not so good
• Moisture regain: 4%
• Elongation at break: 26-40%
• Color: cream to white
• Specific gravity: 1.14
• Melting point:
approximately 250ᵒC
24. VISCOSE RAYON
NO TOPIC
01 General information about viscose rayon
02 Discus about monomer
03 Describe polymerization
04 Describe manufacturing prosses
05 Composition in terms of properties
06 viscose rayon uses
25. VISCOS
• Viscose is a semi-synthetic fiber. "Viscose" can mean:
• A viscous solution of cellulose, which can be made into
rayon or cellophane
• A synonym for rayon
• A specific term for viscose rayon—rayon made using
the viscose (cellulose xanthate) process
• The viscose process dissolves pulpwith aqueous sodium
hydroxide in the presence of carbon disulfide. This
viscous solution bears the name viscose. The cellulose
solution is used to spin the viscose rayon fiber, which
may also be called viscose. Viscose rayon fiber is a soft
fiber commonly used in dresses, linings, shirts, shorts,
coats, jackets, and other outerwear. It is also used in
industrial yarns (tyre cord), upholstery and carpets, and
in the casting of cellophane.
26. MONOMER
• Viscose rayon is a fiber of regenerated cellulose; it is
structurally similar to cotton but may be produced from a
variety of plants such as soy, bamboo, and sugar cane.
Cellulose is a linear polymer of β-D-glucose units with the
empirical formula (C6H10O5)n.[2] To prepare viscose, dissolving
pulp is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide (typically 16-
19% w/w) to form "alkali cellulose," which has the
approximate formula [C6H9O4-ONa]n. The alkali cellulose is
then treated with carbon disulfide to form sodium
cellulose xanthate.[3]
• [C6H9O4-ONa]n + nCS2 → [C6H9O4-OCS2Na]n
27. • Rayon fiber is produced from the ripened solutions by
treatment with a mineral acid, such as sulfuric acid. In this
step, the xanthate groups are hydrolyzed to regenerate
cellulose and release dithiocarbonic acid that later
decomposes to carbon disulfide and water:[5]
• [C6H9O4-OCS2Na]2n + nH2SO4 → [C6H9O4-OH]2n +2nCS2 +
nNa2SO4
• H2COS2 → H2O + CS2
32. When a solution of cellulose in
cuprammonium hydroxide comes into
contact with sulfuric acid, the cellulose
begins to precipitate from the solution.
The sulfuric acid reacts with a complex
compound of copper and dissolves it.
Thin blue fibers of rayon are formed. After
some time, sulfuric acid reacts with the
complex compound and washes out the
copper salts from the fibers. The fibers
become colorless.
34. • Rayon or artificial silk is a manufactured regenerated cellulose
fiber.
• It is made from purified cellulose, primarily from wood pulp, which
is chemically converted into a soluble compound. It is then
dissolved and forced through a spinneret to produce filaments
which are chemically solidified, resulting in synthetic fibers of
nearly pure cellulose.[1]
• Workers can be seriously harmed by the carbon disulfide used to
make most rayon.[2][3]
• Because rayon is manufactured from naturally occurring polymers,
it is considered a semi-synthetic fiber.[4] Specific types of rayon
include viscose, modal and lyocell, each of which differs in
manufacturing process and properties of the finished product.
36. • The durability and appearance retention of regular viscose
rayon are low, especially when wet; also, rayon has the
lowest elastic recovery of any fiber. However, HWM rayon
(high-wet-modulus rayon) is much stronger and exhibits
higher durability and appearance retention. Recommended
care for regular viscose rayon is dry-cleaning only. HWM
rayon can be machine washed.[10]
• Rayon industrial yarns outperform polyester and are
produced for belts in high performance tires (e.g. Cordenka,
Germany).
39. • Rayon is a versatile fiber and is widely claimed to
have the same comfort properties as natural fibers,
although the drape and slipperiness of rayon
textiles are often more like nylon. It can imitate the
feel and texture of silk, wool, cotton and linen. The
fibers are easily dyed in a wide range of colors.
Rayon fabrics are soft, smooth, cool, comfortable,
and highly absorbent, but they do not insulate body
heat, making them ideal for use in hot and humid
climates, although also making their "hand" (feel)
cool and sometimes almost slimy to the touch
