The document discusses various input devices for computers. It describes keyboards as the most common input device for entering text into computers. Mice are described as the most popular pointing device, used to control cursor position and click on screen elements. Other input devices covered include joysticks for cursor positioning, light pens for screen selection, scanners for digitizing documents, microphones for sound input, bar code readers for scanning codes, and webcams for digital image capture.
Commonly a fixed area of the system memory is reserved for the frame buffer,
Video controller can direct access to the frame-buffer
Frame-buffer locations, and the corresponding screen positions, are referenced in Cartesian coordinates.
Some system employ lower-left corner as origin
But most common system employ upper-left corner as origin.
Scan lines are labeled from ymax, at the top of the screen to 0 at the bottom.
Along each scan line, screen pixel positions are labeled from 0 to xmax
This Ppt is based on the Raster animation . It explains u ablout a brief idea bout the Raster Graphics its Working with Real time Animation Examples that are used in our day to day life.
The following points are covered in this ppt
1. Introduction
2. Working of Raster Animation
3. Types of Raster Animations Modern and Traditional
4. Examples
5.Applications
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
Commonly a fixed area of the system memory is reserved for the frame buffer,
Video controller can direct access to the frame-buffer
Frame-buffer locations, and the corresponding screen positions, are referenced in Cartesian coordinates.
Some system employ lower-left corner as origin
But most common system employ upper-left corner as origin.
Scan lines are labeled from ymax, at the top of the screen to 0 at the bottom.
Along each scan line, screen pixel positions are labeled from 0 to xmax
This Ppt is based on the Raster animation . It explains u ablout a brief idea bout the Raster Graphics its Working with Real time Animation Examples that are used in our day to day life.
The following points are covered in this ppt
1. Introduction
2. Working of Raster Animation
3. Types of Raster Animations Modern and Traditional
4. Examples
5.Applications
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
Comprehensive coverage of fundamentals of computer graphics.
3D Transformations
Reflections
3D Display methods
3D Object Representation
Polygon surfaces
Quadratic Surfaces
Identify those parts of a scene that are visible from a chosen viewing position.
Visible-surface detection algorithms are broadly classified according to whether
they deal with object definitions directly or with their projected images.
These two approaches are called object-space methods and image-space methods, respectively
An object-space method compares
objects and parts of objects to each other within the scene definition to determine which surfaces, as a whole, we should label as visible.
In an image-space algorithm, visibility is decided point by point at each pixel position on the projection plane.
Comprehensive coverage of fundamentals of computer graphics.
3D Transformations
Reflections
3D Display methods
3D Object Representation
Polygon surfaces
Quadratic Surfaces
Identify those parts of a scene that are visible from a chosen viewing position.
Visible-surface detection algorithms are broadly classified according to whether
they deal with object definitions directly or with their projected images.
These two approaches are called object-space methods and image-space methods, respectively
An object-space method compares
objects and parts of objects to each other within the scene definition to determine which surfaces, as a whole, we should label as visible.
In an image-space algorithm, visibility is decided point by point at each pixel position on the projection plane.
Importance of I/O devices,Types of input devices,keyboard
Pointing devices,Speech recognition,Digital camera
Webcam,Scanners,OCR,OMR,MICR,Bar-code reader
peripheral device, also known as peripheral, computer peripheral, input-output device, or input/output device, any of various devices (including sensors) used to enter information and instructions into a computer for storage or processing and to deliver the processed data to a human operator or, in some cases, a machine controlled by the computer. Such devices make up the peripheral equipment of modern digital computer systems.
Peripherals are commonly divided into three kinds: input devices, output devices, and storage devices (which partake of the characteristics of the first two). An input device converts incoming data and instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are comprehensible to a digital computer. An output device reverses the process, translating the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user. At one time punched-card and paper-tape readers were extensively used for inputting, but these have now been supplanted by more efficient devices.
Input Devices-Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Scanner and Types, Barcode Reader, Voice Recognition, Web Camera, Optical character recognition, Optical Mark recognition, Monitor, Printer and Types, Plotter
These Notes from the class of BS EDUCATION 1st Semester (Spring) Session 2023-2027 Teacher :Ch Naveed Afzal
semester started in march 2023 and end in july 2023
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Raster and random scan display types of input devices
1.
2. The electron beam is swept across
the screen, one row at a time from
top to bottom. As the electron
beam moves across each row, the
beam intensity is turned on and
off to create a pattern of
illuminated spots.
Picture definition is stored in
memory area called the Refresh
Buffer or Frame Buffer. This
memory area holds the set of
intensity values for all the screen
points. Stored intensity values are
then retrieved from the refresh
buffer and “painted” on the
screen one row (scan line) at a
time as shown in the following
illustration.
Each screen point is referred to as
a pixel (picture element).
3. The electron beam is directed only
to the part of the screen where the
picture is to be drawn.
It is also called vector display,
stroke-writing
display, or calligraphic display.
Picture definition is stored as a set of
line-drawing commands in an area
of memory referred to as the refresh
display file. To display a specified
picture, the system cycles through
the set of commands in the display
file, drawing each component line in
turn. After all the line-drawing
commands are processed, the
system cycles back to the first line
command in the list.
Random-scan displays are designed
to draw all the component lines of a
picture 30 to 60 times each second.
5. Keyboard is the most common
and very popular input device
which helps to input data to the
computer.
The layout of the keyboard is
like that of traditional
typewriter, although there are
some additional keys provided
for performing additional
functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84
keys or 101/102 keys, but now
keyboards with 104 keys or 108
keys are also available for
Windows and Internet.
Types of keys are: Typing
,Numeric,Function,control,speci
al purpose.
6. Mouse is the most popular pointing
device. It is a very famous cursor-
control device having a small palm
size box with a round ball at its
base, which senses the movement of
the mouse and sends corresponding
signals to the CPU when the mouse
buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called
the left and the right button and a
wheel is present between the
buttons. A mouse can be used to
control the position of the cursor on
the screen, but it cannot be used to
enter text into the computer.
Advantages are: Easy to use, Not
very expensive, Moves the cursor
faster than the arrow keys of the
keyboard.
7. Joystick is also a pointing
device, which is used to
move the cursor position on
a monitor screen. It is a stick
having a spherical ball at its
both lower and upper ends.
The lower spherical ball
moves in a socket. The
joystick can be moved in all
four directions.
The function of the joystick is
similar to that of a mouse. It
is mainly used in Computer
Aided Designing (CAD) and
playing computer games.
8. Light pen is a pointing
device similar to a pen. It is
used to select a displayed
menu item or draw pictures
on the monitor screen. It
consists of a photocell and an
optical system placed in a
small tube.
When the tip of a light pen is
moved over the monitor
screen and the pen button is
pressed, its photocell sensing
element detects the screen
location and sends the
corresponding signal to the
CPU.
9. Scanner is an input device,
which works more like a
photocopy machine. It is
used when some
information is available on
paper and it is to be
transferred to the hard
disk of the computer for
further manipulation.
Scanner captures images
from the source which are
then converted into a
digital form that can be
stored on the disk. These
images can be edited
before they are printed.
10. Microphone is an input
device to input sound that is
then stored in a digital form.
The microphone is used for
various applications such as
adding sound to a
multimedia presentation or
for mixing music.
11. Bar Code Reader is a device
used for reading bar coded
data (data in the form of
light and dark lines). Bar
coded data is generally used
in labelling goods,
numbering the books, etc. It
may be a handheld scanner
or may be embedded in a
stationary scanner.
Bar Code Reader scans a bar
code image, converts it into
an alphanumeric value,
which is then fed to the
computer that the bar code
reader is connected to.
12. It is an input device that
captures digital
images.These are then
transferred to the computer
which moves them to the
server.
It has low cost as well as low
resolution compared to other
models of camera.
They are mostly used in
video-conferencing, security
purposes.