The document discusses key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients that are important for pediatric anesthesia. It notes that the airway is narrower and more easily obstructed in children. Other key differences include higher heart rates, immature organ systems, temperature regulation challenges, and fluid and blood volume proportions. Proper preparation includes consideration of these factors in areas like fluid management, drug dosing, temperature control, and techniques to minimize airway trauma during induction and emergence from anesthesia.
This document provides an overview of pediatric anesthesiology. It discusses how children's anatomy and physiology differ from adults in ways that are important for anesthesia care. Key points include the large head size and airway structures in young children, differences in breathing, circulation, thermoregulation and pharmacokinetics compared to adults. Special considerations for prematurity, congenital conditions like Down syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot are also reviewed. The document concludes with a discussion of pediatric anesthesia on-call cases such as omphalocele and gastroschisis.
Anesthesia Consideration in Pediatric and ObstetricsRifhan Kamaruddin
Pediatric patients have important physiological differences compared to adults that impact anesthesia care. Their respiratory systems have higher minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, and risk of airway closure. Blood volume is higher in neonates compared to older children and adults. The liver and kidneys are immature, increasing risk of hypoglycemia and difficulty excreting drugs. Thermoregulation is less developed, requiring measures to prevent hypothermia. Pre-operative assessment includes medical history, physical exam, and investigations to evaluate risk. Post-operative care focuses on preventing nausea, vomiting and adequately managing pain.
This document provides an overview of pediatric anesthesia considerations. It discusses key differences in pediatric physiology compared to adults, including higher oxygen consumption and metabolic rate in infants, differences in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and immature hepatic and renal function in young children. It also reviews airway anatomy variations, appropriate tube and LMA sizes, and pharmacokinetic considerations for commonly used anesthetic drugs in pediatrics. The principles of maintaining temperature, adequate oxygenation and IV fluids are emphasized for safe pediatric anesthesia.
Regional anesthesia can be safely used in pediatric cases. While initially there was concern over its use in children, several large studies proved its efficacy and safety. Proper technique must account for anatomical differences in children, such as higher spinal levels and more flexible vertebrae. With the correct dose and placement of local anesthetic, regional anesthesia provides effective pain relief for pediatric surgeries and procedures.
This document discusses different oxygen therapy techniques including conventional oxygen therapy and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy. It provides details on:
- How HFNC works by using an air/oxygen blender to deliver high flows of humidified oxygen at variable concentrations.
- The physiologic effects of HFNC including improved oxygen delivery to the alveoli and prevention of adverse effects from lack of humidification.
- Techniques called THRIVE and STRIVE-Hi that use HFNC to provide apneic oxygenation and tubeless anesthesia, extending the time available to secure an airway without risk of hypoxemia.
The majority of pediatric airway emergencies occur in children under 1 year old and are primarily caused by upper airway obstruction from infectious diseases like viral croup. The pediatric airway has unique anatomical features like a higher larynx and narrower subglottic airway that make it more prone to obstruction. Initial management focuses on airway stabilization through suction, positioning, oxygen therapy, and supportive care. Further treatment depends on the specific condition but may include nebulization, intubation, tracheostomy, or endoscopic evaluation and intervention. Outcomes are generally good with resolution of acute issues and management of any underlying structural abnormalities.
Applied anatomy and physiology of paediatric anaesthesiaKhairunnisa Azman
This document discusses the key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients that are important for anesthesia. It notes that infants have proportionally larger tongues, narrower airways that are more prone to obstruction, and an anterior larynx. Infant respiratory systems are also more compliant, with lower functional residual capacity. Their cardiovascular systems have higher heart rates and are more sensitive to bradycardias. Infant renal, hepatic and glucose metabolism are also immature. The document provides guidance on pre-operative evaluation, fluid management, and considerations for intubation and induction for pediatric anesthesia. It emphasizes being aware of potential unexpected responses due to the anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients.
The document discusses key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients that are important for pediatric anesthesia. It notes that the airway is narrower and more easily obstructed in children. Other key differences include higher heart rates, immature organ systems, temperature regulation challenges, and fluid and blood volume proportions. Proper preparation includes consideration of these factors in areas like fluid management, drug dosing, temperature control, and techniques to minimize airway trauma during induction and emergence from anesthesia.
This document provides an overview of pediatric anesthesiology. It discusses how children's anatomy and physiology differ from adults in ways that are important for anesthesia care. Key points include the large head size and airway structures in young children, differences in breathing, circulation, thermoregulation and pharmacokinetics compared to adults. Special considerations for prematurity, congenital conditions like Down syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot are also reviewed. The document concludes with a discussion of pediatric anesthesia on-call cases such as omphalocele and gastroschisis.
Anesthesia Consideration in Pediatric and ObstetricsRifhan Kamaruddin
Pediatric patients have important physiological differences compared to adults that impact anesthesia care. Their respiratory systems have higher minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, and risk of airway closure. Blood volume is higher in neonates compared to older children and adults. The liver and kidneys are immature, increasing risk of hypoglycemia and difficulty excreting drugs. Thermoregulation is less developed, requiring measures to prevent hypothermia. Pre-operative assessment includes medical history, physical exam, and investigations to evaluate risk. Post-operative care focuses on preventing nausea, vomiting and adequately managing pain.
This document provides an overview of pediatric anesthesia considerations. It discusses key differences in pediatric physiology compared to adults, including higher oxygen consumption and metabolic rate in infants, differences in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and immature hepatic and renal function in young children. It also reviews airway anatomy variations, appropriate tube and LMA sizes, and pharmacokinetic considerations for commonly used anesthetic drugs in pediatrics. The principles of maintaining temperature, adequate oxygenation and IV fluids are emphasized for safe pediatric anesthesia.
Regional anesthesia can be safely used in pediatric cases. While initially there was concern over its use in children, several large studies proved its efficacy and safety. Proper technique must account for anatomical differences in children, such as higher spinal levels and more flexible vertebrae. With the correct dose and placement of local anesthetic, regional anesthesia provides effective pain relief for pediatric surgeries and procedures.
This document discusses different oxygen therapy techniques including conventional oxygen therapy and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy. It provides details on:
- How HFNC works by using an air/oxygen blender to deliver high flows of humidified oxygen at variable concentrations.
- The physiologic effects of HFNC including improved oxygen delivery to the alveoli and prevention of adverse effects from lack of humidification.
- Techniques called THRIVE and STRIVE-Hi that use HFNC to provide apneic oxygenation and tubeless anesthesia, extending the time available to secure an airway without risk of hypoxemia.
The majority of pediatric airway emergencies occur in children under 1 year old and are primarily caused by upper airway obstruction from infectious diseases like viral croup. The pediatric airway has unique anatomical features like a higher larynx and narrower subglottic airway that make it more prone to obstruction. Initial management focuses on airway stabilization through suction, positioning, oxygen therapy, and supportive care. Further treatment depends on the specific condition but may include nebulization, intubation, tracheostomy, or endoscopic evaluation and intervention. Outcomes are generally good with resolution of acute issues and management of any underlying structural abnormalities.
Applied anatomy and physiology of paediatric anaesthesiaKhairunnisa Azman
This document discusses the key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients that are important for anesthesia. It notes that infants have proportionally larger tongues, narrower airways that are more prone to obstruction, and an anterior larynx. Infant respiratory systems are also more compliant, with lower functional residual capacity. Their cardiovascular systems have higher heart rates and are more sensitive to bradycardias. Infant renal, hepatic and glucose metabolism are also immature. The document provides guidance on pre-operative evaluation, fluid management, and considerations for intubation and induction for pediatric anesthesia. It emphasizes being aware of potential unexpected responses due to the anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients.
anaesthetic management of Meningomyelocele and its Surgical excision ZIKRULLAH MALLICK
This document discusses the anaesthetic management of patients with meningomyelocele. Key points include:
- Meningomyelocele is a complex birth defect involving protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through the vertebrae.
- Patients often have other associated anomalies and hydrocephalus.
- Anaesthetic challenges include airway management, physiological immaturity of organ systems, fluid management due to third spacing and blood loss.
- Careful pre-operative evaluation, positioning to protect the meningocele, and meticulous intraoperative fluid management are important to optimize outcomes.
Meningomyelocele is a neural tube defect affecting 1 in 1000 births where the meninges and neural components protrude through the spine. It most commonly occurs in the lumbar or sacral region. Associated conditions include orthopedic problems, urological issues, and Arnold Chiari malformation. Prenatal diagnosis is possible using ultrasound and biochemical tests. Surgical closure is typically performed within 24 hours to reduce neurological deficits, along with shunt placement if hydrocephalus develops. Perioperative care focuses on infection prevention and hemodynamic stability, with postoperative monitoring for complications like respiratory distress, apnea, or hydrocephalus symptoms.
Differences between Paediatric and Adult airway gourav_singh
These slides contain a brief discussion about what all common differences between pediatric and adult airway can be found if you are in an ENT OPD or during Anesthesia.
Just a brief discussion.
Pregnancy induced hypertension includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder caused by abnormal placentation leading to placental hypoxia and endothelial damage. Management involves maternal and fetal monitoring, antihypertensive treatment for severe hypertension, magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis, and delivery once the fetus is mature. Anesthetic management is crucial and involves careful consideration of neuraxial versus general anesthesia depending on the severity of the preeclampsia and other maternal factors.
This document discusses airway local blocks and awake intubation. It describes the indications for awake intubation including comorbidities, risk of aspiration, difficult airway assessment, and emergencies. It provides details on the pharmacological agents, equipment, personnel, and techniques used for airway local blocks and awake intubation. Specifically, it outlines common methods for anesthetizing different areas of the airway using lidocaine, including dosage calculations and risks of lidocaine toxicity. The goal is to safely anesthetize the airway to allow for awake intubation.
Spinal anesthesia (Anatomy and Pharmacology) Saeid Safari
This document discusses spinal anesthesia anatomy, pharmacology, and techniques. It covers spinal cord and epidural space anatomy, spinal artery and vein anatomy, and anatomical variations. It discusses the classification, properties, doses, and durations of various local anesthetics used for spinal anesthesia including short, intermediate, and long-acting agents. It also covers spinal anesthetic additives like opioids, and vasoconstrictors and their effects.
This document discusses low flow anaesthesia. It defines low flow as 500-1000 ml/min of fresh gas flow. The document outlines the technical requirements for safely conducting low flow anaesthesia, including monitors for inspired oxygen, end tidal CO2 and anaesthetic concentrations. It describes the initiation, maintenance and emergence phases of low flow anaesthesia, emphasizing achieving and maintaining an appropriate anaesthetic depth. The document discusses advantages like reduced cost and pollution compared to higher fresh gas flows.
One-lung ventilation (OLV) is used for thoracic surgeries to isolate one lung from the other. It requires skill to place lung isolation equipment like double-lumen endotracheal tubes (DLT) and prevent hypoxemia. DLTs have two lumens allowing independent ventilation of each lung. Placement is checked by auscultation and bronchoscopy to ensure proper position before surgery. Complications can include airway damage if the tube is malpositioned or overinflated. Careful technique and monitoring are needed for safe OLV.
The document provides information on the management of intra-operative bronchospasm, including risk factors, triggers, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment approaches. Bronchospasm can be caused by airway irritation or anaphylaxis and presents with signs of wheezing, increased airway pressures, and falling oxygen saturation. Differential diagnoses must be ruled out. Management involves deepening anesthesia, administering bronchodilators, optimizing ventilation, and considering anaphylaxis or postponing surgery. A case example demonstrates treatment of bronchospasm potentially caused by succinylcholine-induced anaphylaxis.
Capt Shoaib Bin kashem shares his experience with paediatric anaesthesia at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, the largest children's hospital in Bangladesh. Key points:
- Children have different anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and psychology compared to adults which impacts anaesthesia. Their airways are smaller and more susceptible to obstruction.
- Monitoring and equipment must be appropriately sized for paediatric patients. Uncuffed endotracheal tubes are generally preferred for children under 8 years old.
- Drug dosing is weight-based and many medications are more potent in paediatric patients due to differences in metabolism and distribution. Regional anaesthesia is commonly used.
- Perioperative fluid management and
This document discusses the scalp block technique. It begins by describing scalp block as local anesthesia of the scalp nerves. It then discusses the history and development of scalp block, including the original description in 1986 and studies in the 1980s that demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing hemodynamic changes during craniotomy. The document outlines the specific nerves blocked in scalp block and techniques for each, and notes bupivacaine is often used. Advantages include decreased blood pressure and intracranial pressure changes during surgery. Potential complications are also reviewed. Finally, it briefly discusses recent updates to the Glasgow Coma Scale including the addition of a pupil reactivity score in 2018.
Paediatric anatomy and physiology for AnaesthesiaKundan Ghimire
The document summarizes key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients. Pediatric patients have higher heart rates and cardiac outputs, lower blood pressures, faster respiratory rates, and less lung and chest wall compliance compared to adults. They also have differences in airway anatomy like a larger tongue, narrower nasal passages, and more anterior larynx. Pharmacokinetic profiles are impacted by immature organ systems like the liver and kidneys in pediatric patients. These differences were presented to understand variations important for anesthetic implications.
18 basics of pediatric airway anatomy, physiology and managementDang Thanh Tuan
The document provides an overview of pediatric airway anatomy, physiology, and management. It discusses the differences between pediatric and adult airways, including a more rostral larynx, relatively larger tongue, angled vocal cords, differently shaped epiglottis, and funneled larynx in children. It also reviews normal airway management techniques like bag-mask ventilation and various airway devices, as well as complications from intubation. The goal is to protect, adequately ventilate, and oxygenate the pediatric airway.
Spinal anesthesia can be used as a primary anesthetic technique in children, especially for former preterm infants to reduce postoperative apnea risk compared to general anesthesia. Key differences in pediatric spinal anatomy and physiology require lower needle insertion points and higher local anesthetic doses in children. Spinal anesthesia provides effective pain control and fewer cardiovascular and respiratory complications than general anesthesia for many pediatric surgeries under 90 minutes. Complications are generally minor when performed carefully according to age-specific anatomical considerations and monitoring.
Obesity presents unique challenges for anaesthesia. Obese patients have decreased lung volumes which increases the risk of hypoxemia during induction and intubation. Preoxygenation in a slightly head-up position can help reduce this risk. Intubation may be difficult due to obesity related anatomical changes. Regional anaesthesia can also be challenging due to obscured landmarks and extensive adipose tissue. Postoperatively, obese patients are at higher risk of respiratory failure, DVT, and wound infections requiring close monitoring. Careful consideration of dosing, positioning, and postoperative monitoring is needed to safely manage anaesthesia for obese patients.
This document discusses strategies for optimizing preoxygenation prior to endotracheal intubation. It notes that conventional preoxygenation techniques provide safe intubation for most ED patients but that a subset may still desaturate. To safely intubate this higher risk group, the document recommends optimizing preoxygenation through techniques like non-invasive ventilation, apneic oxygenation through nasal cannula, positioning patients in a head-up position, and breaking the sequence of rapid sequence intubation administration. The goal is to prevent deoxygenation and extend the safe apneic period for patients undergoing endotracheal intubation.
Anaesthesia management of patient posted for scoliosis correctionNaveen Kumar Ch
This document discusses the anesthetic considerations for scoliosis surgery. It begins with definitions and classifications of scoliosis. It then discusses epidemiology, measurement of severity, pre-anesthetic assessment, anesthesia techniques used, and conclusions. Key points include the need for careful preoperative pulmonary and cardiac evaluation given the risks of respiratory impairment. Intraoperatively, neuromuscular monitoring is important to detect any spinal cord issues, and total intravenous anesthesia is typically used. Postoperatively, close monitoring and respiratory care are essential to address issues like pain management and pulmonary complications.
Pre-oxygenation is: safe, simple, cheap, effective, well-tolerated. This article provides a compelling argument in favour of pre-oxygenation prior to all general anaesthesia.
Anaesthetic considerations for laser surgeryAnamika yadav
This document discusses anaesthetic considerations for laser surgery. It begins by outlining the objectives which are to discuss the types of lasers used, preoperative assessment and preparation, airway management and ventilation options, laser hazards and prevention, and crisis management for airway fires. It then provides details on the types of lasers used clinically, biological effects of lasers, and clinical applications of lasers. The role of anesthesiologists is to maintain oxygenation, remove carbon dioxide, keep the patient anesthetized, and reduce risks. Various airway management techniques and their advantages/disadvantages are discussed such as intubation, spontaneous ventilation, insufflation, and jet ventilation. Laser hazards like atmospheric contamination, perforation
This document discusses the application of physics principles in anaesthesia. It covers concepts like gas laws, partial pressures, solubility, diffusion, and measurements using different forms of energy. Accurate measurements and understanding relationships like between pressure, volume and temperature are important for safe anaesthesia. Physics principles govern gas flow and exchange in the lungs and tissues, as well as delivery of anaesthetic agents.
The document discusses the anatomical and physiological differences between paediatric and adult patients that are important for anaesthesiologists to consider, noting differences in the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal and other systems, as well as how these differences impact drug dosing and fluid management during anaesthesia for children. It provides guidance on preoperative assessment, induction, maintenance of anaesthesia, monitoring, fluid requirements and recovery care tailored for paediatric patients from neonates to adolescents.
This document provides an overview of key differences in pediatric anesthesia compared to adult anesthesia. It discusses how pediatric patients have different anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and psychology compared to adults. Some key points summarized are:
1. Pediatric patients have proportionally larger head size, smaller lung volumes, higher heart rates, and different responses to drugs due to immature organ systems.
2. Anesthesia risks for children include higher risks of respiratory issues, hypothermia, hypotension, and emergence delirium compared to adults.
3. Proper fluid management is important due to differences in kidney function and risk of dehydration in pediatric patients.
anaesthetic management of Meningomyelocele and its Surgical excision ZIKRULLAH MALLICK
This document discusses the anaesthetic management of patients with meningomyelocele. Key points include:
- Meningomyelocele is a complex birth defect involving protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through the vertebrae.
- Patients often have other associated anomalies and hydrocephalus.
- Anaesthetic challenges include airway management, physiological immaturity of organ systems, fluid management due to third spacing and blood loss.
- Careful pre-operative evaluation, positioning to protect the meningocele, and meticulous intraoperative fluid management are important to optimize outcomes.
Meningomyelocele is a neural tube defect affecting 1 in 1000 births where the meninges and neural components protrude through the spine. It most commonly occurs in the lumbar or sacral region. Associated conditions include orthopedic problems, urological issues, and Arnold Chiari malformation. Prenatal diagnosis is possible using ultrasound and biochemical tests. Surgical closure is typically performed within 24 hours to reduce neurological deficits, along with shunt placement if hydrocephalus develops. Perioperative care focuses on infection prevention and hemodynamic stability, with postoperative monitoring for complications like respiratory distress, apnea, or hydrocephalus symptoms.
Differences between Paediatric and Adult airway gourav_singh
These slides contain a brief discussion about what all common differences between pediatric and adult airway can be found if you are in an ENT OPD or during Anesthesia.
Just a brief discussion.
Pregnancy induced hypertension includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder caused by abnormal placentation leading to placental hypoxia and endothelial damage. Management involves maternal and fetal monitoring, antihypertensive treatment for severe hypertension, magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis, and delivery once the fetus is mature. Anesthetic management is crucial and involves careful consideration of neuraxial versus general anesthesia depending on the severity of the preeclampsia and other maternal factors.
This document discusses airway local blocks and awake intubation. It describes the indications for awake intubation including comorbidities, risk of aspiration, difficult airway assessment, and emergencies. It provides details on the pharmacological agents, equipment, personnel, and techniques used for airway local blocks and awake intubation. Specifically, it outlines common methods for anesthetizing different areas of the airway using lidocaine, including dosage calculations and risks of lidocaine toxicity. The goal is to safely anesthetize the airway to allow for awake intubation.
Spinal anesthesia (Anatomy and Pharmacology) Saeid Safari
This document discusses spinal anesthesia anatomy, pharmacology, and techniques. It covers spinal cord and epidural space anatomy, spinal artery and vein anatomy, and anatomical variations. It discusses the classification, properties, doses, and durations of various local anesthetics used for spinal anesthesia including short, intermediate, and long-acting agents. It also covers spinal anesthetic additives like opioids, and vasoconstrictors and their effects.
This document discusses low flow anaesthesia. It defines low flow as 500-1000 ml/min of fresh gas flow. The document outlines the technical requirements for safely conducting low flow anaesthesia, including monitors for inspired oxygen, end tidal CO2 and anaesthetic concentrations. It describes the initiation, maintenance and emergence phases of low flow anaesthesia, emphasizing achieving and maintaining an appropriate anaesthetic depth. The document discusses advantages like reduced cost and pollution compared to higher fresh gas flows.
One-lung ventilation (OLV) is used for thoracic surgeries to isolate one lung from the other. It requires skill to place lung isolation equipment like double-lumen endotracheal tubes (DLT) and prevent hypoxemia. DLTs have two lumens allowing independent ventilation of each lung. Placement is checked by auscultation and bronchoscopy to ensure proper position before surgery. Complications can include airway damage if the tube is malpositioned or overinflated. Careful technique and monitoring are needed for safe OLV.
The document provides information on the management of intra-operative bronchospasm, including risk factors, triggers, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment approaches. Bronchospasm can be caused by airway irritation or anaphylaxis and presents with signs of wheezing, increased airway pressures, and falling oxygen saturation. Differential diagnoses must be ruled out. Management involves deepening anesthesia, administering bronchodilators, optimizing ventilation, and considering anaphylaxis or postponing surgery. A case example demonstrates treatment of bronchospasm potentially caused by succinylcholine-induced anaphylaxis.
Capt Shoaib Bin kashem shares his experience with paediatric anaesthesia at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, the largest children's hospital in Bangladesh. Key points:
- Children have different anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and psychology compared to adults which impacts anaesthesia. Their airways are smaller and more susceptible to obstruction.
- Monitoring and equipment must be appropriately sized for paediatric patients. Uncuffed endotracheal tubes are generally preferred for children under 8 years old.
- Drug dosing is weight-based and many medications are more potent in paediatric patients due to differences in metabolism and distribution. Regional anaesthesia is commonly used.
- Perioperative fluid management and
This document discusses the scalp block technique. It begins by describing scalp block as local anesthesia of the scalp nerves. It then discusses the history and development of scalp block, including the original description in 1986 and studies in the 1980s that demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing hemodynamic changes during craniotomy. The document outlines the specific nerves blocked in scalp block and techniques for each, and notes bupivacaine is often used. Advantages include decreased blood pressure and intracranial pressure changes during surgery. Potential complications are also reviewed. Finally, it briefly discusses recent updates to the Glasgow Coma Scale including the addition of a pupil reactivity score in 2018.
Paediatric anatomy and physiology for AnaesthesiaKundan Ghimire
The document summarizes key anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients. Pediatric patients have higher heart rates and cardiac outputs, lower blood pressures, faster respiratory rates, and less lung and chest wall compliance compared to adults. They also have differences in airway anatomy like a larger tongue, narrower nasal passages, and more anterior larynx. Pharmacokinetic profiles are impacted by immature organ systems like the liver and kidneys in pediatric patients. These differences were presented to understand variations important for anesthetic implications.
18 basics of pediatric airway anatomy, physiology and managementDang Thanh Tuan
The document provides an overview of pediatric airway anatomy, physiology, and management. It discusses the differences between pediatric and adult airways, including a more rostral larynx, relatively larger tongue, angled vocal cords, differently shaped epiglottis, and funneled larynx in children. It also reviews normal airway management techniques like bag-mask ventilation and various airway devices, as well as complications from intubation. The goal is to protect, adequately ventilate, and oxygenate the pediatric airway.
Spinal anesthesia can be used as a primary anesthetic technique in children, especially for former preterm infants to reduce postoperative apnea risk compared to general anesthesia. Key differences in pediatric spinal anatomy and physiology require lower needle insertion points and higher local anesthetic doses in children. Spinal anesthesia provides effective pain control and fewer cardiovascular and respiratory complications than general anesthesia for many pediatric surgeries under 90 minutes. Complications are generally minor when performed carefully according to age-specific anatomical considerations and monitoring.
Obesity presents unique challenges for anaesthesia. Obese patients have decreased lung volumes which increases the risk of hypoxemia during induction and intubation. Preoxygenation in a slightly head-up position can help reduce this risk. Intubation may be difficult due to obesity related anatomical changes. Regional anaesthesia can also be challenging due to obscured landmarks and extensive adipose tissue. Postoperatively, obese patients are at higher risk of respiratory failure, DVT, and wound infections requiring close monitoring. Careful consideration of dosing, positioning, and postoperative monitoring is needed to safely manage anaesthesia for obese patients.
This document discusses strategies for optimizing preoxygenation prior to endotracheal intubation. It notes that conventional preoxygenation techniques provide safe intubation for most ED patients but that a subset may still desaturate. To safely intubate this higher risk group, the document recommends optimizing preoxygenation through techniques like non-invasive ventilation, apneic oxygenation through nasal cannula, positioning patients in a head-up position, and breaking the sequence of rapid sequence intubation administration. The goal is to prevent deoxygenation and extend the safe apneic period for patients undergoing endotracheal intubation.
Anaesthesia management of patient posted for scoliosis correctionNaveen Kumar Ch
This document discusses the anesthetic considerations for scoliosis surgery. It begins with definitions and classifications of scoliosis. It then discusses epidemiology, measurement of severity, pre-anesthetic assessment, anesthesia techniques used, and conclusions. Key points include the need for careful preoperative pulmonary and cardiac evaluation given the risks of respiratory impairment. Intraoperatively, neuromuscular monitoring is important to detect any spinal cord issues, and total intravenous anesthesia is typically used. Postoperatively, close monitoring and respiratory care are essential to address issues like pain management and pulmonary complications.
Pre-oxygenation is: safe, simple, cheap, effective, well-tolerated. This article provides a compelling argument in favour of pre-oxygenation prior to all general anaesthesia.
Anaesthetic considerations for laser surgeryAnamika yadav
This document discusses anaesthetic considerations for laser surgery. It begins by outlining the objectives which are to discuss the types of lasers used, preoperative assessment and preparation, airway management and ventilation options, laser hazards and prevention, and crisis management for airway fires. It then provides details on the types of lasers used clinically, biological effects of lasers, and clinical applications of lasers. The role of anesthesiologists is to maintain oxygenation, remove carbon dioxide, keep the patient anesthetized, and reduce risks. Various airway management techniques and their advantages/disadvantages are discussed such as intubation, spontaneous ventilation, insufflation, and jet ventilation. Laser hazards like atmospheric contamination, perforation
This document discusses the application of physics principles in anaesthesia. It covers concepts like gas laws, partial pressures, solubility, diffusion, and measurements using different forms of energy. Accurate measurements and understanding relationships like between pressure, volume and temperature are important for safe anaesthesia. Physics principles govern gas flow and exchange in the lungs and tissues, as well as delivery of anaesthetic agents.
The document discusses the anatomical and physiological differences between paediatric and adult patients that are important for anaesthesiologists to consider, noting differences in the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal and other systems, as well as how these differences impact drug dosing and fluid management during anaesthesia for children. It provides guidance on preoperative assessment, induction, maintenance of anaesthesia, monitoring, fluid requirements and recovery care tailored for paediatric patients from neonates to adolescents.
This document provides an overview of key differences in pediatric anesthesia compared to adult anesthesia. It discusses how pediatric patients have different anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and psychology compared to adults. Some key points summarized are:
1. Pediatric patients have proportionally larger head size, smaller lung volumes, higher heart rates, and different responses to drugs due to immature organ systems.
2. Anesthesia risks for children include higher risks of respiratory issues, hypothermia, hypotension, and emergence delirium compared to adults.
3. Proper fluid management is important due to differences in kidney function and risk of dehydration in pediatric patients.
Neonates and young infants have significant anatomical and physiological differences compared to older children and adults. Their airways are smaller and more easily obstructed. Lung compliance is reduced due to fewer, smaller alveoli. Cardiac output is higher to compensate for the increased metabolic rate, relying more on heart rate than stroke volume. Renal function is immature, with reduced creatinine clearance. Thermoregulation is less effective due to a larger surface area to weight ratio. Pharmacokinetics are altered by differences in size, organ maturation, and water content, requiring different drug dosing compared to adults.
Failure to thrive in neonates and infants + pediatric case.pptxclaviclebrown44
Hello, I’m Dr. Mariam Abayomi, an Intern doctor in Jamaica, passionate about promoting health and wellbeing. I invite you to explore my latest presentation on Failure to Thrive (FTT), a condition that can significantly impact a child’s growth and development.
In this presentation, you'll learn about:
- Understanding FTT: What is Failure to Thrive? We’ll break down the medical definition, common causes, and symptoms to watch for.
- Case Study Insight: Meet [Child’s Name], a [age]-month-old who struggled with FTT. Through their story, we’ll explore the real-life application of diagnosing and managing this condition.
- Diagnostic Approaches: From growth charts to lab tests, discover the essential tools and methods used to identify FTT.
- Management and Treatment: Learn about the multidisciplinary strategies employed to help children with FTT thrive, including nutritional support, medical treatments, and family education.
- Key Takeaways: Highlighting the importance of early detection, comprehensive care, and ongoing monitoring to ensure the best outcomes for children.
By following me on social media @HealthInspire, you’ll get updates, tips, and insights into health and wellbeing. Whether you’re a healthcare professional, a student, or a parent, my goal is to provide you with reliable information, support, and a bit of humor to navigate the world of health and wellness.
Join me in making a difference – one informed decision at a time. Let's inspire better health together!
Neonatal and Pediatric Critical Care - Mostafa QalavandWang Lang
Neonatal and pediatric critical care is markedly different from adult critical care because of the physiologic and hemodynamic dissimilarities between immature and adult animals. Clinicians are often wary of treating these patients because of their small size and the presumptive limitations in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Nevertheless, we have the ability to treat these young animals aggressively. In doing so, however, we must be cognizant of the unique distinctions among pediatric patients with regard to normal physiologic variables that affect physical examination findings and diagnostic test results.
This document discusses the case of a preterm baby born at 28 weeks and 2 days gestation who experienced respiratory distress syndrome, apnea of prematurity, sepsis, and grade 1 germinal matrix hemorrhage but was eventually discharged home on oxygen and follow up care. The baby was treated with CPAP, caffeine, antibiotics, phototherapy, and other supportive care measures over 38 days in the NICU.
PAEDIATRIC PHYSIOLOGY & ITS IMPLICATION IN ANEASTHESIA - Muthu.pptxMubshiraTC1
This document discusses paediatric physiology and its implications for anaesthesia. Some key points:
- Children are not small adults and have significant physiological differences, especially neonates.
- Neonates have increased surface area, heat and fluid requirements compared to adults. Their cardiovascular and respiratory systems are also less developed.
- Fetal circulation changes at birth as lungs aerate and ductus arteriosus/foramen ovale close. Transitional circulation can occur if these remain patent.
- The paediatric airway has anatomical differences like a higher larynx that make intubation more challenging.
- Respiratory rate and oxygen needs are higher in children due to lower functional residual capacity and higher metabolic demands.
- Hyp
Osa in children by DR shashidhar tatavarthySHASHIDHAR T B
Management of OSA in children. evaluation tools, contraversies , surgeries and challenges in OSA made by Dr Shashidhar Tatavarthy. head of ENT at artemis hospitals
The document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation. It recommends:
1. Freely downloading, editing, and modifying the slides and adding your name.
2. Not worrying about the number of slides, as half are blank except for the title.
3. First showing blank slides to ask students what they know, then showing slides with content.
4. Rerunning the show at the end to reinforce learning.
5. This process creates an active learning session that can be repeated and revised.
This document discusses respiratory disorders in newborns. It begins by defining respiratory distress and noting that it affects 4-7% of neonates and is responsible for 30-40% of NICU admissions, with higher rates in preterm infants. The main causes of respiratory distress are discussed as transient tachypnea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Diagnosis involves assessing respiratory rate, retractions, oxygen saturation and chest x-rays. Management involves supportive care, surfactant replacement therapy and managing complications.
Anaesthetic implication in neonatal anaesthesia.pptxLubeenaJabir
1. The document discusses the anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients that are important for anesthesia. Key differences include pediatric patients having proportionally larger heads and tongues, more compliant chest walls, underdeveloped organs and higher fluid needs.
2. Maintaining normothermia is important as pediatric patients are more susceptible to hypothermia due to their large surface area to weight ratio. Their airways are also more prone to collapse and edema.
3. Due to the developmental immaturity of pediatric organ systems like the liver and kidneys, drugs may have prolonged effects from slower metabolism and elimination. Careful drug dosing based on weight and monitoring is needed.
This document discusses respiratory physiology in infants and children compared to adults. Some key points:
1) Infants have higher lung compliance and lower chest wall compliance than adults, making them more susceptible to reductions in functional residual capacity under anesthesia. Positive end-expiratory pressure is important to prevent atelectasis.
2) Ventilatory responses to hypoxemia and hypercapnia are blunted in infants compared to adults. General anesthesia can further depress these responses.
3) Infants rely more on active expiration mechanisms like laryngeal braking and diaphragmatic activity to maintain functional residual capacity versus passive mechanisms in adults.
4) Airway resistance is higher in infants due to smaller airway diameter
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1. 4U Didactics
September 23, 2020
Aalap Shah, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology
University of California, Irvine
aalaps@hs.uci.edu
Anesthesia for the Young
Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care
2. Resources
- Miller’s Anesthesia
- Chapters 82, 83, 84
- A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants & Children –
Charles Cote
- UPMC Presentation – Dr. James Cain
- Stanford (pedsanesthesia.Stanford.edu)
- Essentials of Pediatric Anesthesia – Alan David
Kearne
- Big Blue – Dr. Neils Jensen
- The World Wide Web
- OpenAnesthesia Keywords
3. Open Anesthesia Keywords
Airway: Pediatric vs Adult Infant preop fasting: Breast milk Peds circuit, work of breathing
Beta-thalassemia: Newborn Intubation in Pierre Robin syndrome Peds sleep apnea risk factors
Caudal anesthesia Meningomyelocele: Arnold-Chiari assoc Persistent fetal circulation: Causes
Caudal anesthesia - Infant dose Midazolam: Peds oral dosage Pharmacodynamics of vecuronium in infants
CDH: Ventilation strategy Myelomeningocele - Assoc anomalies PONV - Prevention in children
Chronic pain: Methadone vs morphine Neonatal apnea hypoxemia physiol PONV after pediatric surgery
Congenital emphysema: Mgmt Neonatal bradycardia: treatment Post-tonsillectomy complications
Dantrolene mechanism Neonatal hypoxia: physiology Postoperative apnea: post conceptual age
Delayed emergence: differential diagnosis Neonatal nasal CPAP: mechanism Preoperative anxiolysis in children
Epiglottitis Neonatal vs. adult cardiac physiology Prostaglandin for congenital heart: Dx
Epiglottitis: Airway management Neonate: duration of post-anesthesia monitoring Pyloric stenosis - Electrolytes
Epiglottitis: anesthetic management Newborns: Dehydration assessment Pyloric stenosis: Fluid therapy
Epiglottitis: diagnosis O2 desaturation causes: Neonate Pyloric stenosis: metabolic abnormality
Epiglottitis: inhalation induction Parental presence: Indications Respiratory distress syndrome: effects (peds)
Ex-premature: Pulmonary Cx Parental presence: Induction Sevo uptake: Infant vs. adult
Fetal Hb: Oxygen transport Patent ductus arteriosis: Diagnosis Spinal anesthesia: Premie indications
Fluid replacement in peds Pediatric airway management Spinal block: Infant vs. adult
Gastroschisis & Abd closure - pulm Pediatric circuit: Dead space TE fistula: ETT positioning
Gastroschisis: Abd closure pulm eff Pediatric postop reg analg TEF: Other abnormalitiesx
Hypothermia: Infant vs. toddler Pediatric warming techniques Tracheoesophageal fistula - Assoc anom
Hypovolemia signs: Pediatrics Pediatric: Preoperative anxiety Work of breathing: Neonate vs. adult
Ilioinguinal block - Complications Peds - Foreign body aspiration
4. Age Definitions
Neonates: 0-30 days old
Infants: 1 month to 1 year
Children: older than 1 year
Post-Conceptual Age (PCA):
• Actual age – Pre-maturity (# weeks)
• Used up until age 2 yo
5. Learning Objectives
I. Review of Systems
II. Anesthetic Management Essentials
III. Pre-Term (PT) Neonatal Emergencies
IV. Full-Term (FT) Neonatal Emergencies
V. Pediatric Issues
10. Pain threshold
• Nerve endings / cm2 of skin
• Dorsal horn receptor fields, decrease at 42 weeks
• Dorsal horn receptor NMDA concentration
• Immature inhibitory pathways
GABA depolarizes based on intracellular Cl-
Hypersensitive until 2-6 months
• Increased stress response to pain (cortisol, glucagon,
GH, aldosterone, O2 consumption/SpO2/PaO2
• Autoregulation
• Sensitivity to respiratory depressant effect of opioids
Neuro
11. Neuro
MAC
(0 months 9-12 months) 1.5x adult
(prematurity, 12 months +), ~linear
Exception: sevoflurane
NMJ maturity / sensitivity
Shorter onset time offset by Vd
o #1 utilizer of glucose
12. Respiratory
Anatomical - Upper Airway
Head
• Occiput
• Face and lower jaw
Neck length
• Trachea length (~5 cm in newborns)
• Cords-to-carina length (2 cm)
• Short trachea directed downwards and posteriorly
• Right main bronchus less angled than left
16. Respiratory
Physiological Differences
Obligate nose breathers until 3-5 months
Abdominal > thoracic breathing
• NO CHANGE (per / kg)
TLC (90 ml/kg) Dead space (2 ml/kg)
Vt (7-9 ml/kg) VC (90 ml/kg)
FRC
• RR
• Controlled expiration (laryngeal braking)
• Tonic activity of ventilatory muscles
• PEEP helps during controlled ventilation
17. Respiratory
INCREASE
FA/FI due to
RR MV
Tissue/blood partition coefficients
CO (opposite of adults due to VRG)
Closing volumes
DECREASE
Blood: gas coefficient
Solubility
FRC buffering capacity
Time to desaturation
Hypoxic respiratory drive
Hypercapnic respiratory drive
Physiological Differences
18. Cardiovascular
Muscle fiber
Myocyte glycogen
No change CO
• Contractile elements SV
• HR (dependent)
• Vagal tone / Avoid bradycardia
Vagal stimulation with laryngoscopy
Hypoxemia
• Sympathetic tone
• Baroreceptor tone and response
19. BP, MAP
RR
Incidence of hypoxemia-induced dysrhythmias
(bradycardia)
Vessel-rich group as a % of CO
PR, QRS intervals during infancy
T-wave inverted in V1-V4 until adolescence
Cardiovascular
20. Hematologic
Hct: Preterm > Neonate > Infant
• HbF breakdown, erythropoisis, plasma volume
• Erythropoesis shifts from liver to BM at 24wk GA
• HbF: Leftward shift on oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
P50 (19 mmHg vs 26 mmHg)
Granulopoiesis occurs in BM
• Platelets over the few days but then return to normal levels
after the 1st week of life
21. Temperature Regulation
Body surface area : volume
• radiant heat loss)
Thin skin
• Subcutaneous body fat
• Shivering thresholds (i.e. occurs at lower temperatures)
in children
Neonates do NOT shiver
• norepinephrine brown adipose tissue
metabolism
• Found scapulae, mediastinum, kidneys, adrenal
glands
Thermoregulatory center not well developed
22. Hepatic / Metabolism
Homeostatic metabolism
• O2 consumption (7-8 ml/kg/min FT vs
3-4 ml/kg/min Adult ; ~ 2x of adults)
• Glucose consumption (6-7 mg/kg/min PT vs
4-5 FT vs 3 mg/kg/min Adult)
Drug metabolism until 3 months
• Hepatic size/blood flow : body weight ( with age)
• CyP450 (adult at 1 mo) (Enzyme systems not induced)
• Oncotic proteins (e.g. albumin) Protein binding
23. Hepatic / Metabolism
bilirubin load
Hepatic cell uptake & conjugation
reaches adult levels at 6 months.
Pseudocholinesterase activity until 6 months
Phase II block after succinylcholine
Hepatic glycogen (FT 30 mg/dl vs infant 40 mg/dl)
• Gluconeogenesis (primary in muscles)
• Glycogenesis / g liver mass
Blood glucose d/rt use
• With maternal DM (insulin Ab)
• Utilizer: Brain > Heart, ~ adult use at 40kg
Fetal calcium stores (until 3mo)
24. Renal
Volume of distribution (water-soluble drugs)
Diluting ability
Creatinine clearance
GFR (67% reduction)
• Reaches adult values by 1-2 years of age
• Tubular function by 7th month
• More decreased by hypoxia, hypothermia, and CHF
25. Urine concentrating ability (6 months)
• Glucose excretion
• FeNa
Responsible for 10% loss of body weight over first 7-19 days
• Followed by Sodium excretion
H+ excretion
• Morphine metabolite excretion
• HCO3- resorption threshold
TBW (70-75%) , ECF
• TBW with age
• 1 mo: 75%, 1 yr: 70%, 10 yrs: 65%
Renal
27. GI
pH on DOL 1 normal on DOL 2+
Delayed gastric emptying
Delayed absorption
GERD
• Coordination of swallowing with respiration occurs at 4-5 months
32. NPO Time
- Bottled milk, formula,
feeds = SOLIDS
- Clear liquids 2 hours
before surgery:
- NO CHANGE in
Gastric volume
& PH
33. Estimating Weight /Height
Weight
Always have all medications calculated out
for patients < 20 kg
Estimating weight
2 x (age + 4)
(2 x age) + 8 or 9
Breslow Tape (ED)
34. Monitors
Anchor to arm to prevent hyperextension
Pre-ductal vs . Post-ductal considerations
36. Venous Air Embolism
(In order of sensitivity)
1. TEE
2. Doppler (left or right parasternal, between 2nd and 3rd
rib, mill wheel murmur)
3. ETN2, ETCO2 and/or PA pressure
4. Cardiac output
and/or CVP
5. Blood pressure,
EKG (RV Strain
pattern, ST
depression),
stethoscope
(least sensitive)
42. Perioperative Fluid Replacement
1st 0-10 kg → 4 cc/kg/hr
2nd 10-20 kg → 2 cc/kg/hr
20 kg → 1 cc/kg/hr Calculate preoperative deficit
• Replace 50% first hour
• Replace 25% second hour
• Replace 25% third hour
Minor surgery → additional 2 cc/kg/hr
Major surgery → up to additional 10 cc/kg/hr
Transfusion threshold: Hgb 9-10 ( O2 consumption)
43. Estimated Allowable Blood Loss
(EBL)
• Blood volume
• Premies → 95 ml/kg
• Term neonates → 90 ml/kg
• Up to 1 year → 80 ml/kg
• > 1 year old → 70 ml/kg
• EABL → wt kg x est blood vol x (starting Hct- allowable
Hct) / ave Hct
44. Airway Management
• Water volume
• Laryngoscopy
• Blades
• – Straight most common
• Miller Phillips Wis-Hipple
• Curved available
• Fiberoptic
• Bullard Glide
46. Laryngoscopy
Neonate to 3 months: Miller 0
3 months to 18 months: Miller 1
18 month- 3 years: Miller 1.5, Mac 1,
Wisc 1.5
3-5 years: Miller 1.5, Mac 2, Wisc 1.5
>5 years: Miller 2, Mac 2-3
Straight blade necessary for neonates and young infants, can
be used as a Mac blade
59. Invasive monitoring
• Require expertise and caution
• CVL most often IJ or femoral
• A-line most often right radial
artery
– Preductal - Mirrors carotid &
retinal
UA/UV may be
considered
64. Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Intraventricular hemorrhage
• Hypoxia & hypercarbia
• Hypernatremia
• Fluctuation of arterial and venous pressures
• Low Hct
• Rapid administration of hypertonic fluids
65. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
• Supplemental oxygen after the age of 6 months
• CXR—> cystic emphysema, fibrosis, hyperinflation; alveolar duct
dilation
• Prematurity, pressure ventilation, genetics, inflammation, infection,
oxygen radicals
• Permissive hypercapnia
PDA with pulmonary overcirculation
• PGE2 keep it open
• Starts closing at 12 hours, completely closes at 4 days, ductus
arteriosis at 3 weeks
66. Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Pre-mature babies, low birth weight, lack of enteral
nutrition
Not seen in fetus
Pneumatosis intestinal (terminal ileum, cecum,
ascending colon)
Sudden increase in CRP / Abdominal wall distension/
erythema—> severe inflammatory condition
Thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, metabolic acidosis
LLD AXR to show free air
1/3 need surgery
71. CDH
Gut herniates into chest
• Left (most common ~ 90%) or right posterolateral
foramen of Bochdalek
• Anterior foramen of Morgagni
Hallmarks
• Hypoxia
• Scaphoid abdomen
• Bowel sounds in chest
Respiratory support
ECMO
72. CDH
NG tube
Avoid high PPV
Intubate
PIP < 30
Avoid aggressive
lung re-expansion
Consider PTX if
sudden change in
compliance
73. CDH
Cardiac defects 25%, pulmonary hypoplasia +
PHTN ~ 100%
Scoliosis association
PTX, avoid N2O
Severe acidosis, dehydration
• Place IV in upper extremity (increased
abdominal pressure can compress IVC)
• IV fluids = D5 ½ NS
Permissive hypercapnia, fluid resuscitation, watch
PIP, muscle relaxation
74. Malrotation & Volvulus
Developmental abnormality
Spontaneous rotation of midgut around
mesentary (SMA)
Presentation
• Acute or chronic obstruction
• Bilious vomiting
• Abdominal distention and tenderness
• Metabolic acidosis
75. True surgical emergency
Compromised intestinal blood supply
1/3 occur in 1st
week of life
Bloody diarrhea → bowel infarction
Malrotation & Volvulus
76. Malrotation & Volvulus
Obstruction present without obvious volvulus
• Stabilize coexisting conditions
• Insert NG
• Broad spectrum abx
• Fluid and electrolyte management
To OR ASAP
Cautious induction and anesthesia if unable to be preoperatively
stabilized
77. Malrotation & Volvulus
Usually hypovolemic and academic
• Aggressive fluid management
• Consider bicarb
Full stomach precautions
• RSI → ketamine?
• Awake intubation
Opioid based anesthetic
Post op intubation common
• Significant bowel edema → Silo
78. FT Neonatal Emergencies
Choanal atresia
• Cannot pass a 3.5 Fr catheter through nares
• Cyclical crying
Hypoxia crying and open mouth relieves
obstruction relief/close mouth hypoxia
Rule out: neck mass, vascular anomaly, RDS, PE,
PTX
Vomiting in infants
• Non-bilious: GER, Pyloric Stenosis
• Bilious: Duodenal obstruction, atresia, malrotation,
Meckel’s diverticulum (rule of 2’s)
79. Pyloric Stenosis
4-6 weeks old
M > F
Persistent vomiting
Metabolic disarray
• Hypochloremic hypokalemic hypokalemic
• Vomiting depletes hydrogen ions
• Kidney compensates by excreting NaHCO3 Hyponatremia and
dehydration worsen
• Kidney conserves sodium at expense of
• hydrogen → paradoxic aciduria
• Correct metabolic issues prior to surgery
o 12-72 hrs to correct electrolyte deficiencies
Na > 130, K > 3, UOP 1-2 cc/kg/hr
Balanced salt solution, add K+ when good UOP
80. Pyloric Stenosis
Empty stomach
• Supine, lateral and prone
RSI
• Propofol or thiopental + NMB or remi
Awake intubation
Laparoscopic vs open
Post op
• Increased risk for respiratory depression
Persistent metabolic or CSF alkalosis
81. Sacrococcygeal
Teratomas
Hensen’s node
• High-output cardiac failure,
pre-term delivery
• Procedure:
EXIT vs. fetoscopic
Middle sacral artery,
other II
branches
Coccyx must be removed
Injury to bowel, bladder,
and presacral nerve
plexus
82. Myelomeningocele
Failure of full closure of “embryonic ridge”
Folate deficiency
Intubate supine with cushion, OR lateral
Associations with AC malformation, latex allergy
• Consider if apnea, HTN
Extracellcular fluid loss IV fluids – balanced salt
86. Pediatric Pre-Operative Anxiety
Personality: Children who are shy,
inhibited, introverted are at Increased risk
Age > 7 years
Children who have anxious
parents
Prior upsetting hospital
experience
Only children (children without
siblings)
Children who did not attend
pre-school
87. Why treat it?
Delay anesthetic induction and recovery
~ 10 % of children can have behavior problems up
to 1 year after surgery
Pediatric Pre-Operative Anxiety
88. Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)
Acute hypermetabolic state in muscle tissue
Triggering agents
• Volatile agents
• Succinyl Choline
Incidence
• 1:15,000 peds
• 1:40,000 adults
MH may occur at any point during anesthesia or emergence
Recrudescence despite treatment
89. MH
Family history
• Muscle bx → caffeine
contracture test
• – +/- Ryanodine
receptor abnormality
High flow O2 flush circuit x 20
min
Nontriggering
TIVA, Nitrous
Increased risk of MH
Duchenne's muscular dsytrophy
Central core disease
Osteogenesis
imperfecta
King Denborough syndrome
90. MH
Specific
Rapid rise in EtCO2 early sign
Rapid increase in temp late
sign
Muscle rigidity +/
Rhabdomyolosis
• Increase CK
Myoglobinuria
Nonspecific
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Acidemia
• Metabolic
• Respiratory
Hyperkalemia
Dysrhythmias
Classic Signs
91. MH
Discontinue triggering agents
Hyperventilate with 100% FiO2
NaHCO3 1-2 mEq/kg IV
Dantrolene 2.5 mg/kg IV
Cool patient
Support as indicated → intropes, dysrhythmias
Monitor labs
Consider invasive monitoring
1 800-MH-HYPER
Treatment
92. Laryngospasm
Stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve
involuntary spasm
Immediate post-extubation
Poor depth of anesthesia, secretions, tobacco
exposure, infancy, +/- URI
Tx: Positive pressure, succinylcholine
94. Post-Extubation Stridor
Glottic > cricoid edema dexamethasone
Large ETT decreased by 0.5mm
Repeated intubation consider LMA
Prolonged surgery check manometry
ENT procedures
Excessive tube manipulation
95. Epiglottitis
2yo – 6yo
Hib, GAS
“Thumb print” sign
Fever, Sore throat, dysphagia, drooling, inspiratory
stridor, leaning forward/tripod, NO COUGH/rhinnorhea
Prep: DL, bronchoscope, ENT on standby, ASA
monitors applied
Induction: Inhalational, CPAP 10-15 cm H2O, no
muscle relaxants, + atropine
Intubation: ETT 1-2mm smaller, chest compressions to
visualize glottis,keep ETT in place until swelling
subsides
Abx therapy (i.e. ampicillin)
96. Foreign body Aspiration/Ingestion
Acute onset
Toxic: Nuts, lithium
batteries
Supraglottic/glottic
Stridor
Subglottic
Wheezing
Esophageal
IV induction/RSl
Age < 6 and battery 15mm or larger
+magnet
GI sx
>4 days without passing it
Ingestion
o Location of FB
Bronchus: either, but initiate
PPV is dislodged in trachea
with resultant complete
obstruction during removal
Trachea: spontaneous
ventilation
Above vocal cords: RSI
97. Pediatric Issues - Other
Natural upper airway obstruction
Pharyngeal dilator muscle collapse + genioglossus
Periodic breathing (5-10s)
93% PT / 78% of FT
Normal
Propofol infusion syndrome
- in neonates > pediatrics > adults
- 90 mcg/kg/min x > 8hrs
100. Trisomy 21
Macroglossia, Tonsillar & adenoid
hypertrophy, OSA
Short neck, AO instability (9%), Small trachea
CHD (50%)
(endocardial cushion defects/AV canal >
ASD > VSD, TOF)
PHTN
Developmental delay, hypotonia
101. VATER / VACTERL
o Gastrostomy,
o fistula ligation,
o esophageal anastomosis
Editor's Notes
5 factors that provoke anxiety:
Thoughts of physical harm/injury
Separation from parents
Fear of unknown
Uncertainty about normal behavior
Loss of control