Raman Spectroscopy.pptx
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Raman spectroscopy was invented by scientist C.V Raman and involves scattering of electromagnetic radiation when it interacts with a substance. There are three types of scattering - Rayleigh scattering which involves no energy exchange, Stokes scattering where scattered radiation intensity is less than incident, and anti-Stokes scattering where intensity is more. A Raman spectrum shows Raman shifts which can be explained by quantum theory. A comparative study of IR and Raman spectra shows the rule of mutual exclusion, where in molecules like CO2, vibrations active in IR are inactive in Raman and vice versa.
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Raman spectroscopy
Although the inelastic scattering of light was predicted by Adolf Smekal in 1923, it was not observed in practice until 1928. The Raman effect was named after one of its discoverers, the Indian scientist C. V. Raman, who observed the effect in organic liquids in 1928 together with K. S. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam in inorganic crystals. Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for this discovery. The first observation of Raman spectra in gases was in 1929 by Franco Rasetti.
Raman spectroscopy
This document provides information about Raman scattering and Raman spectroscopy. It discusses C.V. Raman, the Indian physicist who discovered the Raman effect in 1928. The basic principle of Raman spectroscopy is that a small fraction of light scattered by a molecule is at optical frequencies different from the incident light, due to changes in the molecule's vibrational or rotational energy levels. This inelastic scattering is called the Raman effect. The document outlines the experimental setup of Raman spectroscopy and describes the Stokes, anti-Stokes, and Rayleigh scattering processes. It provides examples of applications for Raman spectroscopy and discusses its advantages in providing qualitative molecular structure information with fewer technical issues than infrared spectroscopy.
Raman spectroscopy- General Talak
This content was presented by me in Sathayabama University, India as an Invited talk in a DBT sponsored training program which covers the generalized about the Raman Scattering technique.
Raman Effect
Sir CV Raman was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the Raman effect. He discovered that when light scatters from molecules, a small fraction of the light shifts to different wavelengths, which is now known as Raman scattering. Raman made many contributions in areas like X-ray diffraction, optics, and colloidal solutions. Raman spectroscopy uses the Raman effect to study materials by analyzing the scattering of monochromatic light. It provides a molecular fingerprint to identify compounds and detect molecular impurities. Both Raman and infrared spectroscopy are useful techniques to analyze materials, but Raman spectroscopy has advantages like avoiding interference from solvents and being able to detect IR-inactive modes.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Raman Spectroscopy is a non destructive chemical analysis technique which provides detailed information about chemical structure, crystallinity and molecular interactions. The raman effect involves scattering of light by molecules of gases, liquids, or solids. Raman Spectroscopy is sensitive to homo-nuclear molecular bonds. It is able to distinguish between single, double, and triple bonds between carbon atoms.Raman spectroscopy is the study of matter by the inelastic scattering of monochromatic
light. It has become a ubiquitous tool in modern spectroscopy, biophysics, microscopy, geochemistry, and analytical chemistry. In contrast to typical absorption or emission spectroscopy experiments, transitions among quantum levels of atoms or molecules are induced by the absorption or emission of photons (IR, visible, UV). In a typical Raman experiment, a polarized monochromatic light source (usually a laser) is focused into a sample, and the scattered light at 90 degree
to the laser beam is collected and dispersed by a high-resolution monochromator. The incident laser wavelength (chosen such that
the sample does not absorb, in ordinary Raman Spectroscopy) is fixed, and the scattered light is
dispersed and detected to obtain the frequency spectrum of the scattered light. The scattered light is very weak
(<10-7 of the incident power), so that monochromators with excellent straylight rejection and sensitive detectors are required. In a much rarer event (approximately 1 in 10million photons)Raman scattering occurs, which is an inelastic scattering process with a transfer of energy between the molecule and scattered photon. If the molecule gains energy from the photon during the scattering (excited to a higher
vibrational level) then the scattered photon loses energy and its wavelength increases which is called Stokes Raman scattering . Inversely, if the molecule loses energy by relaxing to alower vibrational level the scattered photon gains thecorresponding energy and its wavelength decreases;
which is called Anti-Stokes Raman scattering. • Quantum mechanically Stokes and Anti-Stokes areequally likely processes. However, with an ensemble of molecules, the majority of molecules will be in the ground vibrational level (Boltzmann distribution) and Stokes scatter is the statistically more probable process. As a result, the Stokes Raman scatter is always more intense than the anti-Stokes and for this
reason, it is nearly always the Stokes Raman scatter that is measured in Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is used in chemistry to identify molecules and study chemical bonding and intramolecular bonds.In solid-state physics, Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize materials, measure temperature, and find the crystallographic orientation of a sample . In nanotechnology, a Raman microscope can be used to analyze nanowires to better understand their structures, and the radial breathing mode of carbon nanotubes is commonly used to evaluate their diameter.
Raman spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It discusses how Raman spectroscopy works, including that it involves scattering of monochromatic light when it interacts with molecular vibrations, resulting in a shift in wavelength. It describes the discovery of the Raman effect by C.V. Raman and how Raman spectroscopy has advantages over infrared spectroscopy such as not being interfered with by water. The document also outlines the instrumentation used in Raman spectroscopy and applications such as analyzing inorganic and organic species.
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique that provides information about molecular structure and interactions by analyzing low-frequency vibrational modes. When monochromatic light interacts with a molecule, most light is elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering) while a small amount is inelastically scattered, shifting to higher or lower frequencies (Raman scattering). Raman scattering provides molecular fingerprints that can be used to identify substances. Raman spectroscopy has applications in chemistry, materials science, geology, pharmaceuticals, and life sciences such as identifying compounds, studying molecular structure and reactions, and disease diagnosis. It is commonly used due to providing specific vibrational information about chemical bonds and symmetry.
Raman Spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It begins by defining spectroscopy as the study of how atoms and molecules interact with light. It then describes Raman scattering, which was discovered by C.V. Raman in 1928 and involves a change in frequency of scattered light that depends on the chemical structure of molecules. The rest of the document discusses key aspects of Raman spectroscopy such as Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering, the relationship between Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and applications of Raman spectroscopy such as molecular identification and quantification.
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Raman spectroscopy
Although the inelastic scattering of light was predicted by Adolf Smekal in 1923, it was not observed in practice until 1928. The Raman effect was named after one of its discoverers, the Indian scientist C. V. Raman, who observed the effect in organic liquids in 1928 together with K. S. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam in inorganic crystals. Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for this discovery. The first observation of Raman spectra in gases was in 1929 by Franco Rasetti.
Raman spectroscopy
This document provides information about Raman scattering and Raman spectroscopy. It discusses C.V. Raman, the Indian physicist who discovered the Raman effect in 1928. The basic principle of Raman spectroscopy is that a small fraction of light scattered by a molecule is at optical frequencies different from the incident light, due to changes in the molecule's vibrational or rotational energy levels. This inelastic scattering is called the Raman effect. The document outlines the experimental setup of Raman spectroscopy and describes the Stokes, anti-Stokes, and Rayleigh scattering processes. It provides examples of applications for Raman spectroscopy and discusses its advantages in providing qualitative molecular structure information with fewer technical issues than infrared spectroscopy.
Raman spectroscopy- General Talak
This content was presented by me in Sathayabama University, India as an Invited talk in a DBT sponsored training program which covers the generalized about the Raman Scattering technique.
Raman Effect
Sir CV Raman was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the Raman effect. He discovered that when light scatters from molecules, a small fraction of the light shifts to different wavelengths, which is now known as Raman scattering. Raman made many contributions in areas like X-ray diffraction, optics, and colloidal solutions. Raman spectroscopy uses the Raman effect to study materials by analyzing the scattering of monochromatic light. It provides a molecular fingerprint to identify compounds and detect molecular impurities. Both Raman and infrared spectroscopy are useful techniques to analyze materials, but Raman spectroscopy has advantages like avoiding interference from solvents and being able to detect IR-inactive modes.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY - ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Raman Spectroscopy is a non destructive chemical analysis technique which provides detailed information about chemical structure, crystallinity and molecular interactions. The raman effect involves scattering of light by molecules of gases, liquids, or solids. Raman Spectroscopy is sensitive to homo-nuclear molecular bonds. It is able to distinguish between single, double, and triple bonds between carbon atoms.Raman spectroscopy is the study of matter by the inelastic scattering of monochromatic
light. It has become a ubiquitous tool in modern spectroscopy, biophysics, microscopy, geochemistry, and analytical chemistry. In contrast to typical absorption or emission spectroscopy experiments, transitions among quantum levels of atoms or molecules are induced by the absorption or emission of photons (IR, visible, UV). In a typical Raman experiment, a polarized monochromatic light source (usually a laser) is focused into a sample, and the scattered light at 90 degree
to the laser beam is collected and dispersed by a high-resolution monochromator. The incident laser wavelength (chosen such that
the sample does not absorb, in ordinary Raman Spectroscopy) is fixed, and the scattered light is
dispersed and detected to obtain the frequency spectrum of the scattered light. The scattered light is very weak
(<10-7 of the incident power), so that monochromators with excellent straylight rejection and sensitive detectors are required. In a much rarer event (approximately 1 in 10million photons)Raman scattering occurs, which is an inelastic scattering process with a transfer of energy between the molecule and scattered photon. If the molecule gains energy from the photon during the scattering (excited to a higher
vibrational level) then the scattered photon loses energy and its wavelength increases which is called Stokes Raman scattering . Inversely, if the molecule loses energy by relaxing to alower vibrational level the scattered photon gains thecorresponding energy and its wavelength decreases;
which is called Anti-Stokes Raman scattering. • Quantum mechanically Stokes and Anti-Stokes areequally likely processes. However, with an ensemble of molecules, the majority of molecules will be in the ground vibrational level (Boltzmann distribution) and Stokes scatter is the statistically more probable process. As a result, the Stokes Raman scatter is always more intense than the anti-Stokes and for this
reason, it is nearly always the Stokes Raman scatter that is measured in Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is used in chemistry to identify molecules and study chemical bonding and intramolecular bonds.In solid-state physics, Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize materials, measure temperature, and find the crystallographic orientation of a sample . In nanotechnology, a Raman microscope can be used to analyze nanowires to better understand their structures, and the radial breathing mode of carbon nanotubes is commonly used to evaluate their diameter.
Raman spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It discusses how Raman spectroscopy works, including that it involves scattering of monochromatic light when it interacts with molecular vibrations, resulting in a shift in wavelength. It describes the discovery of the Raman effect by C.V. Raman and how Raman spectroscopy has advantages over infrared spectroscopy such as not being interfered with by water. The document also outlines the instrumentation used in Raman spectroscopy and applications such as analyzing inorganic and organic species.
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique that provides information about molecular structure and interactions by analyzing low-frequency vibrational modes. When monochromatic light interacts with a molecule, most light is elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering) while a small amount is inelastically scattered, shifting to higher or lower frequencies (Raman scattering). Raman scattering provides molecular fingerprints that can be used to identify substances. Raman spectroscopy has applications in chemistry, materials science, geology, pharmaceuticals, and life sciences such as identifying compounds, studying molecular structure and reactions, and disease diagnosis. It is commonly used due to providing specific vibrational information about chemical bonds and symmetry.
Raman Spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It begins by defining spectroscopy as the study of how atoms and molecules interact with light. It then describes Raman scattering, which was discovered by C.V. Raman in 1928 and involves a change in frequency of scattered light that depends on the chemical structure of molecules. The rest of the document discusses key aspects of Raman spectroscopy such as Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering, the relationship between Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and applications of Raman spectroscopy such as molecular identification and quantification.
Lect. 21 raman spectroscopy introduction
Raman spectroscopy, characteristics of Raman spectrum, origin of stokes and antistokes line in Raman spectrum,
Raman effect
The Raman effect was discovered in 1928 by Indian scientist C.V. Raman. When light interacts with molecules, most light is scattered at the same frequency as the incident light (Rayleigh scattering) but a small amount is scattered at shifted frequencies. This shifted light is called the Raman effect. There are three types of scattered light - Rayleigh lines have the same frequency, Stokes lines have lower frequencies, and anti-Stokes lines have higher frequencies. Raman spectroscopy analyzes these scattered light frequencies to identify molecules based on their vibrational and rotational states.
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique that uses laser light to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. It has applications in fields such as physics, materials science, biology, medicine and
Light scattering
This document discusses different types of scattering phenomena including Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, and hyper Raman scattering. Raman scattering occurs when light interacts with molecules or atoms, causing the emission of photons with different wavelengths than the incoming light. Stimulated Raman scattering is amplified when the intensity of the excitation beam is high enough to greatly enhance the strongest Raman signal. Hyper Raman scattering is a weaker effect where two pump photons generate one scattered photon and one phonon.
raman 18.ppt
Raman spectroscopy involves scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser. When light interacts with molecules, the light may be scattered at different wavelengths due to molecular vibrations. This allows measurement of vibrational modes of a compound. Raman spectroscopy has advantages over infrared spectroscopy as it can be used to study aqueous solutions and water does not interfere. It has applications in studying inorganic compounds, organic compounds, and biological systems like proteins and nucleic acids.
ramanspectroscpypresentationbyzakiaafzal-150525070834-lva1-app6891.pdf
1. Raman spectroscopy involves scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, when it interacts with molecular vibrations. The laser light causes the energy levels of the molecules to be shifted up or down.
2. Rayleigh scattering involves no change in energy, while Stokes scattering involves energy loss and anti-Stokes scattering involves energy gain.
3. Selection rules determine whether a vibration will be Raman active based on changes in the polarizability of the molecule. Raman peaks correspond to vibrations that induce a change in polarizability during molecular vibration.
CHM 412 LECTURE 2 (IR and RAMAN).pptx
Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy are similar techniques for analyzing molecular vibrations, but they differ in their operating principles. Raman spectroscopy analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as a laser, while infrared spectroscopy analyzes light absorption. Raman spectroscopy can be used to analyze aqueous solutions because water is a weak Raman scatterer, whereas water strongly absorbs infrared light. Both techniques provide information about molecular structure through vibrational fingerprints, but Raman spectroscopy has advantages for certain applications due to its ability to analyze solutions and its high sensitivity.
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that uses lasers to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. When light interacts with molecules, the light may be scattered at different wavelengths than the incident laser. This shift in wavelength provides information about molecular structure and symmetry. Raman spectroscopy can be used to examine inorganic, organic, and polymeric materials, determine molecular structure and interactions, and study chemical reactions and physical transformations.
Raman spectroscpy presentation by zakia afzal
This document discusses Raman spectroscopy. It begins by explaining the Raman effect and how Raman scattering results in energy shifts from the excitation wavelength. It then describes the basic components of a Raman spectrometer and how Raman spectra are produced. Finally, it discusses several types of Raman spectroscopy techniques and how selection rules determine whether vibrational modes are Raman active or infrared active. In summary, the document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy, including the underlying principles, instrumentation, and applications.
Raman spectroscopy
Dr C V Raman Discover the phenomenon known as Raman Effect and for this discovery celebration we celebrate national science day
Raman Spectroscopy.pptx
Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. It can also be used to elucidate details of molecular structure.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, after its interaction with molecular vibrations. Most light is elastically scattered, but a small amount is scattered at optical frequencies that are different from the incident light. This provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy is useful for chemical analysis and is non-destructive. It can identify materials through glass or plastic and does not require complex sample preparation.
Raman spectra
This document discusses Rayleigh scattering and the Raman effect. It begins by describing Rayleigh scattering, in which light scattered by a substance has the same frequency as the incident light. It then explains that Raman predicted scattered light could have different frequencies, known as the Raman effect. The document provides details on Stokes and anti-Stokes lines observed in Raman scattering. It discusses the characteristic properties and applications of Raman spectroscopy, such as its use in structure determination of molecules and remote sensing.
Raman spectroscopy by nitish kumar
This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction, explaining that Raman spectroscopy involves measuring the wavelength and intensity of inelastically scattered light from molecules. This scattered light occurs at shifted wavelengths corresponding to molecular vibrations.
It then provides a brief history of Raman spectroscopy and its development. The document outlines some key aspects of Raman spectroscopy, including that it is a vibrational spectroscopy that is complementary to infrared spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy can be used to study samples with minimal preparation across various physical states.
The remainder of the document discusses various technical aspects of Raman spectroscopy in more detail, including classical theories, instrumentation components like lasers and filters, and conditions required for Raman scattering to occur. It provides examples
RAMAN EFFECT
Raman scattering involves the inelastic scattering of photons by matter. Typically, incident photons from a visible laser are shifted to lower energy when molecules gain vibrational energy, called Stokes Raman scattering. Raman scattering provides information about molecular vibrations and rotations as well as phonon modes in solids. It involves excitation to a virtual electronic energy level corresponding to the laser photon energy, followed by re-emission as either Raman scattered, Rayleigh scattered, or anti-Stokes Raman scattered light depending on whether the final vibrational energy is higher, same, or lower than the starting state. Raman spectroscopy is used for materials analysis across many fields from gases and liquids to biological tissues.
Raman Spectrum.pptx
When light interacts with matter, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering) but a small fraction may be inelastically scattered (Raman scattering). Raman scattering occurs when photons from the incident light are absorbed by a molecule, exciting it to a virtual energy state, and are re-emitted at a different wavelength. This change in wavelength provides vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency information about the molecular structure. Raman spectroscopy utilizes monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. Scattered light from the sample is collected and its properties measured.
Raman effect
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique that uses scattered light to measure the vibrational energy modes of a sample. It was discovered in 1928 by C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishnan, for which Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize. Raman scattering occurs when light interacts with molecular vibrations, resulting in the energy of the scattered photons being shifted up or down. This provides information about the chemical structure and bonds within a sample. The shift is measured as a Raman spectrum that is unique for different materials.
ABC.pptx
Experimentally Raman Spectroscopy was discovered by an Indian Physicist C. V. Raman in 1928 with his collogue .
Theoretically, similar Phenomenon inelastic scattering predicted by an Austrian Physicist Adolf Smekal in 1923.
According to Smekal, might be dispersed in-elastically by molecules in addition to the origin wavelength, shorter and longer wavelengths would be present. They further demonstrated that the frequency shift between incoming and scattered light is caused by the difference in energy between two states of the molecules.
ASSP Presentation.pptx
Raman effect occurs when light interacts with molecules in a solid, causing a shift in the light's wavelength. Most photons are elastically scattered at the same wavelength as the incident light (Rayleigh scattering). A small fraction undergo inelastic scattering, shifting to higher or lower wavelengths (Stokes and anti-Stokes lines). This scattering provides information about the solid's molecular structure, vibrations, and composition. Raman spectroscopy is used to identify materials, study chemical bonds, and detect impurities by analyzing a sample's Raman spectrum.
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The Raman effect was discovered in 1928 by Indian scientist C.V. Raman. When light interacts with molecules, most light is scattered at the same frequency as the incident light (Rayleigh scattering) but a small amount is scattered at shifted frequencies. This shifted light is called the Raman effect. There are three types of scattered light - Rayleigh lines have the same frequency, Stokes lines have lower frequencies, and anti-Stokes lines have higher frequencies. Raman spectroscopy analyzes these scattered light frequencies to identify molecules based on their vibrational and rotational states.
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This document discusses different types of scattering phenomena including Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, and hyper Raman scattering. Raman scattering occurs when light interacts with molecules or atoms, causing the emission of photons with different wavelengths than the incoming light. Stimulated Raman scattering is amplified when the intensity of the excitation beam is high enough to greatly enhance the strongest Raman signal. Hyper Raman scattering is a weaker effect where two pump photons generate one scattered photon and one phonon.
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Raman spectroscopy involves scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser. When light interacts with molecules, the light may be scattered at different wavelengths due to molecular vibrations. This allows measurement of vibrational modes of a compound. Raman spectroscopy has advantages over infrared spectroscopy as it can be used to study aqueous solutions and water does not interfere. It has applications in studying inorganic compounds, organic compounds, and biological systems like proteins and nucleic acids.
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1. Raman spectroscopy involves scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, when it interacts with molecular vibrations. The laser light causes the energy levels of the molecules to be shifted up or down.
2. Rayleigh scattering involves no change in energy, while Stokes scattering involves energy loss and anti-Stokes scattering involves energy gain.
3. Selection rules determine whether a vibration will be Raman active based on changes in the polarizability of the molecule. Raman peaks correspond to vibrations that induce a change in polarizability during molecular vibration.
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Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy are similar techniques for analyzing molecular vibrations, but they differ in their operating principles. Raman spectroscopy analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as a laser, while infrared spectroscopy analyzes light absorption. Raman spectroscopy can be used to analyze aqueous solutions because water is a weak Raman scatterer, whereas water strongly absorbs infrared light. Both techniques provide information about molecular structure through vibrational fingerprints, but Raman spectroscopy has advantages for certain applications due to its ability to analyze solutions and its high sensitivity.
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that uses lasers to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. When light interacts with molecules, the light may be scattered at different wavelengths than the incident laser. This shift in wavelength provides information about molecular structure and symmetry. Raman spectroscopy can be used to examine inorganic, organic, and polymeric materials, determine molecular structure and interactions, and study chemical reactions and physical transformations.
Raman spectroscpy presentation by zakia afzal
This document discusses Raman spectroscopy. It begins by explaining the Raman effect and how Raman scattering results in energy shifts from the excitation wavelength. It then describes the basic components of a Raman spectrometer and how Raman spectra are produced. Finally, it discusses several types of Raman spectroscopy techniques and how selection rules determine whether vibrational modes are Raman active or infrared active. In summary, the document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy, including the underlying principles, instrumentation, and applications.
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Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. It can also be used to elucidate details of molecular structure.
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This document discusses Rayleigh scattering and the Raman effect. It begins by describing Rayleigh scattering, in which light scattered by a substance has the same frequency as the incident light. It then explains that Raman predicted scattered light could have different frequencies, known as the Raman effect. The document provides details on Stokes and anti-Stokes lines observed in Raman scattering. It discusses the characteristic properties and applications of Raman spectroscopy, such as its use in structure determination of molecules and remote sensing.
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This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction, explaining that Raman spectroscopy involves measuring the wavelength and intensity of inelastically scattered light from molecules. This scattered light occurs at shifted wavelengths corresponding to molecular vibrations.
It then provides a brief history of Raman spectroscopy and its development. The document outlines some key aspects of Raman spectroscopy, including that it is a vibrational spectroscopy that is complementary to infrared spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy can be used to study samples with minimal preparation across various physical states.
The remainder of the document discusses various technical aspects of Raman spectroscopy in more detail, including classical theories, instrumentation components like lasers and filters, and conditions required for Raman scattering to occur. It provides examples
RAMAN EFFECT
Raman scattering involves the inelastic scattering of photons by matter. Typically, incident photons from a visible laser are shifted to lower energy when molecules gain vibrational energy, called Stokes Raman scattering. Raman scattering provides information about molecular vibrations and rotations as well as phonon modes in solids. It involves excitation to a virtual electronic energy level corresponding to the laser photon energy, followed by re-emission as either Raman scattered, Rayleigh scattered, or anti-Stokes Raman scattered light depending on whether the final vibrational energy is higher, same, or lower than the starting state. Raman spectroscopy is used for materials analysis across many fields from gases and liquids to biological tissues.
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When light interacts with matter, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering) but a small fraction may be inelastically scattered (Raman scattering). Raman scattering occurs when photons from the incident light are absorbed by a molecule, exciting it to a virtual energy state, and are re-emitted at a different wavelength. This change in wavelength provides vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency information about the molecular structure. Raman spectroscopy utilizes monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. Scattered light from the sample is collected and its properties measured.
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Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique that uses scattered light to measure the vibrational energy modes of a sample. It was discovered in 1928 by C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishnan, for which Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize. Raman scattering occurs when light interacts with molecular vibrations, resulting in the energy of the scattered photons being shifted up or down. This provides information about the chemical structure and bonds within a sample. The shift is measured as a Raman spectrum that is unique for different materials.
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Experimentally Raman Spectroscopy was discovered by an Indian Physicist C. V. Raman in 1928 with his collogue .
Theoretically, similar Phenomenon inelastic scattering predicted by an Austrian Physicist Adolf Smekal in 1923.
According to Smekal, might be dispersed in-elastically by molecules in addition to the origin wavelength, shorter and longer wavelengths would be present. They further demonstrated that the frequency shift between incoming and scattered light is caused by the difference in energy between two states of the molecules.
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Raman effect occurs when light interacts with molecules in a solid, causing a shift in the light's wavelength. Most photons are elastically scattered at the same wavelength as the incident light (Rayleigh scattering). A small fraction undergo inelastic scattering, shifting to higher or lower wavelengths (Stokes and anti-Stokes lines). This scattering provides information about the solid's molecular structure, vibrations, and composition. Raman spectroscopy is used to identify materials, study chemical bonds, and detect impurities by analyzing a sample's Raman spectrum.
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This document defines and explains various colligative properties including vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. It provides definitions for key terms like solute, solvent, solution, concentration, and electrolyte vs non-electrolyte. Equations are given for calculating things like boiling point elevation from molality or mass of solute, freezing point depression from molality, and molar mass from osmotic pressure measurements. Examples are included to demonstrate how to apply the equations.
specrtoscopy.pptx
Dipole moment is represented by the equation μ=q*l, where q is the charge and l is the distance between the charges. A polar bond forms when one atom in a molecule is more electronegative than the other, causing the electrons to be pulled slightly closer to that atom. This gives one end of the bond a partial negative charge and the other end a partial positive charge, creating a separation of charge called a dipole moment. Rotational spectroscopy measures the energies of molecular rotational transitions using electromagnetic radiation. It can only be used on molecules with a dipole moment, as the field exerts a torque. Infrared spectroscopy involves using IR radiation to identify chemicals based on the frequencies at which they absorb infrared light
solar.pptx
Solar cells work by absorbing photons from sunlight using semiconducting materials like silicon, which excites electrons from their orbitals. The electrons either dissipate as heat or travel through the cell to electrodes, generating a current that is captured as electricity. Silicon is typically used in two layers doped differently with boron and phosphorus to drive electrons based on their differing electric charges. An array of solar cells converts sunlight into usable DC electricity, which an inverter can then convert to AC power.
sauce.pptx
This document compares the acidity levels of different tomato products, finding that tomato sauces have higher acidity than fresh tomato juice due to preservation processes. Specifically, Kissan tomato sauce has an acidity of 2.05% and Surabhi tomato sauce has 4.41% acidity, while tomato juice only has 0.157% acidity. While tomatoes are generally alkalizing, their preserved sauces become more acidic and should be consumed in moderation by those seeking to reduce acid intake.
molar mass.pptx
The document discusses abnormal molar masses that can occur due to association or dissociation of solutes in solution. For association reactions like A(n) ⇆ nA, the Van't Hoff factor i is defined as 1 + α(1/n - 1), where α is the fraction of solute that is associated. For dissociation reactions like AxBy ⇆ xA + yB, the Van't Hoff factor i is defined as 1 + α(x + y - 1), where α is the fraction of solute that is dissociated. Experimentally determined values may be higher or lower than expected due to association or dissociation respectively.
unit cell.pptx
There are two main types of unit cells - primitive and non-primitive. A primitive unit cell contains one lattice point at each corner, while non-primitive unit cells can contain additional lattice points at the body center or face centers. There are three common types of non-primitive unit cells - body centered cubic (BCC), face centered cubic (FCC), and end face centered (EFC). Crystals are grouped into seven crystal systems based on their symmetry - cubic, rhombic, triclinic, tetragonal, monoclinic, hexagonal, and rhombohedral. Bravais identified 14 fundamental arrangements of particles in 3D lattices known as Bravais lattices.
electrophoresis ptx.pptx
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and analyze biomolecules like molecules based on their charge, size, and binding affinity by describing the motion of particles in fluid within an electric field. Electro-osmosis refers to the movement of liquid through a porous material when an electric field is applied, making it effective for treating soils containing silt and clay, and it can also be used to purify water. Sedimentation potential measures the electric potential that develops when colloids are allowed to settle.
phase rule.pptx
The lead-silver system is a two-component system where lead and silver are completely miscible in both solid and liquid states without forming compounds. The phase diagram shows that the composition of silver plotted on the x-axis corresponds to its composition in the liquid melt. The diagram shows the melting and freezing points of pure lead and silver, as well as curves representing the freezing points of lead and silver in the presence of liquid melt. The phase diagram also shows univariant areas where specific solid phases coexist with liquid or other solid phases.
MSDS.pptx
The document summarizes chemical safety information for 128 students in an F.Y.B.Sc. class. It lists 16 common chemicals the students are exposed to, along with each chemical's hazardous effects. Many of the chemicals can cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. Some are also toxic if ingested or inhaled, and can damage organs like the kidneys, lungs, and liver. Proper handling of these chemicals requires understanding their hazards to ensure student safety.
crystal.pptx
This document discusses different types of crystal defects including point defects and lattice defects. It specifically describes Frenkel defects, which involve an ion being displaced from its normal position in the crystal lattice to an interstitial site, leaving behind a vacant site. The document also discusses how studying the crystal structure of NaCl allows for an accurate determination of Avogadro's number by analyzing the unit cell structure and calculating the volume and density relationships.
chemical waste management.pptx
Chemical waste treatment options include chemical, thermal, biological and physical processes like ion exchange, precipitation, oxidation and reduction. High-temperature incineration destroys some organic wastes. Waste is classified as corrosive, toxic, flammable or reactive. Waste management aims to correctly identify waste and prevent environmental contamination. Municipal solid waste is frequently dumped openly, harming the ecosystem through pollution and decline in flora. Landfilling remains a popular waste disposal method where waste is buried, but it allows for decomposition and storage of inert materials. Incineration burns waste at high temperatures but produces air pollution and toxic ash. Stabilization converts waste into an inert solid to allow for remote burial with low leachability.
Standardisation.pptx
This document provides information on various chemistry concepts related to solutions including:
1) Definitions of key terms like solvent, solute, concentration, and activity.
2) Explanations of concentration terms like molarity, molality, and normality.
3) Procedures for preparing solutions of specific concentrations.
4) Calculations for determining molecular weights, equivalent weights, and concentrations in parts per million and billion.
5) A description and procedure for standardizing a potassium permanganate solution through titration with oxalic acid.
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Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Recently uploaded (20)
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
Raman Spectroscopy.pptx
- 1. Raman Spectroscopy Invented by Scientist C.V Raman Scattering of electromagnetic radiation, Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering, nature of Raman spectrum, Stoke’s lines, anti-Stoke’s lines, Raman shift, quantum theory of Raman spectrum, comparative study of IR and Raman spectra, rule of mutual exclusion- CO2 molecule.
- 2. UV electromagnetic radiation strike on the substance some amount is absorbed,some is scattered and some radiation is transmitted If the intensity of scattered radiation is less than the incident-stoke scattering
- 3. If the intensity of scattered radiation is more than the incident- anti stoke scattering If there is no exchange of energy between light photon and the matter- rayleigh scattering
- 4. In carbon dioxide molecule those vibration are IR active, they are Raman inactive and vice versa.
- 5. Thank you