RAJSTHAN PSC ( FISHERIES OBJECTIVE )

Mimeograph/2019
Some Topics and Model Objective Questions & Answers for Recruiment of Fishery Administrators
FISHERY ANSWERS
MANOHAR LAL ARORA
Assistant Director, Fisheries (Retired)
Fisheries Department, Govt. of Rajasthan,
Jaipur

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fnukad 10 vDVwcj 2019
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RAJASTHAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, AJMER
SYLLABUS FOR SCREENING TEST FOR THE POST OF
FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT OFFICER
(FISHERIES DEPARTMENT)
1. Taxonomy of Indian Major Carps (IMC), Catfishes and exotic food
fishes: Common Carp, Grass Carp, Silver Carp, Tilapia and Pangas.
2. Biology of Indian Major Carps (IMC), Mahseer, Common carp, Grass
carp, Silver carp and Tilapia. 3. Reproductive Biology; Fish maturity
stages, Gonadosomatic Index, Fecundity, Ponderal Index, eggs and
larval stages.
3. Induced breeding: Use of different synthetic hormones and its
analogues. Stripping, Multiple Breeding & Selective breeding.
Different types of fish hatcheries. Production of stunted fish seed,
hybridization, Sex manipulation: Androgenesis and Gynogenesis,
cryopreservation of fish gametes.
4. Pre and post stocking management of ponds for spawn, fry, fingerling
and brood stock.
5. Recent advances in aquaculture: Pen culture, cage culture,
Recirculating Aquaculture System, Rotational aquaculture and Organic
aquaculture.
6. Monoculture, Polyculture, composite fish culture and Ornamental fish
culture.
7. Integrated fish culture systems : Paddy-cum-fish, Cattle-cum-fish,
Duck-cum-fish, Poultry-cum-fish, Pig-cum-fish, Horticulture-cum-fish
and Sericulture-cum-fish culture.
8. Treatment of Sewage water, Sewage fed fish culture and depuration of
fish.
9. Extensive, semi-intensive and intensive aquacultural systems.
10. Fish stocking ratios and densities for different size- groups of fish
seed. Fish carrying capacity of water bodies. Basics of fish population
dynamics : recruitment, mortality, natality, fishing effort, exploitable
fish population, stock assessment and sustainable yield.

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11. Natural and supplementary fish feeds, pelleted, floating and sinking
feeds, larval feeds and their formulations.
12. Breeding and culture of freshwater prawn and shrimp (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii and L.vannamei). Rearing of the freshwater bivalve,
Lamellidens spp. for pearl production.
13. Fish diseases: Symptoms and causative organisms of bacterial, viral,
fungal diseases, endo & ecto-parasitic and nutritional diseases and their
control.
14. Fisheries extension methods and role of TOT, SHG’S & KVK’S in
fisheries development.
15. Preparation of aquacultural, capture fishery and ornamental fish project
proposals including budgeting and economics.
16. Salient features of Rajasthan Fisheries Act, 1953 and Fisheries rules,
1958.
17. Fish as food, identification of fresh fish, fish spoilage, rigor mortis and
fish preservation. Methods of handling of freshwater fish for marketing.
Water quality management for aquaculture. 19. Reservoir fisheries of
Rajasthan Morpho-edaphic Index and fisheries potential, eutrophication
and its management.
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ASSISTANT FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT OFFICER
1. Taxonomy and diagnostic external characters of the freshwater food
fishes and shell fishes. Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala,
Labeo calbasu, L. bata, Mystus seenghala, M. aor, Tor khudri,
Oreochromis mossambicus, O. nitoticus, Wallago attu, Ompok pabda,
Notopterus notopterus, Notopterus chitala, Channa marulius, C.
striatus, Mastacembelus armatus, Freshwater Prawn, Shrimp,
L.vannamei.
2. Biology of Indian Major Carps (IMC).
3. Selection and Identification of I.M.C. brooders, Induced breeding,
Synthetic hormones.
4. Different type of fish hatcheries and their management.
5. Counting method of spawn, care of spawn, fry and fingerlings and
identification of freshwater culturable fishes.
6. Transportation of live fish and fish seed, management, problems and
remedies.
7. Soil and water quality management for aquaculture.
8. Different types of farm ponds and their characteristics. Basics of fish
farm design and construction.
9. Types of different natural and supplementary feeds, feeding rate and
methods.
10. Bacterial, Fungal, Ectoparasitic and Endoparasitic diseases and their
treatments.
11. Common ornamental fishes and maintenance of aquaria, their
accessories.
12. Biology and culture of freshwater prawn & Shrimp (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii, L.vannamei).

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13. Role of Phyto and Zoo plankters in pond ecosystem.
14. Common floating, submerged and emergent aquatic plants of pond
ecosystem.
15. Dominant aquatic insects, aquatic weeds, Predatory fishes and their
control.
16. Handling of freshwater fishes and different preservation methods for
marketing.
17. Common Freshwater fishing Crafts and Gears used in Rajasthan and
their material and maintenance.
18. Major Freshwater resources for fish culture in Rajasthan.
19. Salient features of Rajasthan fisheries act 1953 and Rajasthan fisheries
rule, 1958.
20. Recent advances in aquaculture: Cage and Pen culture.
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FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT OFFICER
1. Taxonomy of Indian Major Carps (IMC), catfishes, Mahseer, Hilsa
and exotic food fishes. Cold water culturable fishes of India.
2. Biology of Indian Major Carps (IMC), Mahseer, common carp,
Grass carp, Silver carp and Tilapia.
3. Induced breeding, ovaprim and its analogues. Different types of fish
hatcheries. Production of stunted fish seed, hybridization, monosex
culture, supermales, cryopreservation of fish gametes.
4. Pre and post stocking management of ponds : air or sun drying of
pond, ploughing, Liming, fertilization, bio-filtration, aeration and
soil micronutrients, insect control.
5. Pen culture, cage culture, recirculating aquaculture system.
6. Monoculture, Polyculture, composite fish culture, Urban
aquaculture : Ornamental fish culture, Aquaponies.
7. Integrated fish culture : Paddy-cum-fish, cattle-cum-fish, Duck-
cum-fish, Poultrycum-fish, Pig-cum-fish.
8. Sewage fed fish culture and depuration of fish.
9. Extensive, semi-intensive and intensive aquacultural systems.
10. Fish stocking ratios and densities for different size-groups of fish
seed. Fish carrying capacity of water bodies. Basics of fish
population dynamics: Fecundity, recruitment, mortality, fishing
effort, exploitable fish population.
11. Natural and supplementary fish feeds, pelleted, floating and sinking
feeds, larval feeds and their formulations.
12. Breeding and culture of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium
rosenbergii. Rearing of the freshwater bivalve, Lamellidens spp. for
pearl production.

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13. Fish diseases and their control : bacterial, fungal, ecto-parasitic and
nutritional.
14. Fisheries extension methods.
15. Preparation of aquacultural, capture fishery and ornamental fish
project proposals including budgeting and economics.
16. Salient features of Rajasthan Fisheries Act, 1953 and Fisheries rules,
1958.
17. Fish as food, fish spoilage, rigor mortis and fish preservation.
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Contents
Author’s Views i
Syllabus RPSC-FDO, 2019 iii
Syllabus RPSC-AFDO, 2019 v
Syllabus RPSC-FDO, 2016 vii
(A) - Notes on some Topics
1. Genus Labeo and its important Species 1
2. Mastacembelus armatus 4
3. Nile tilapia - Oreochromis niloticus 6
4. Macrobrachium rosenbergii 7
5. White legged shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 9
6. Biofloc culture 12
7. Gonadosomatic index 14
8. Ponderal index 14
9. TOT : Transfer of Technology 15
10. KVK: Krishi Vigyan Kendra 16
11. SHG : Self Help Groups 19
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21. jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl 1958 39
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24.Øk¶V 48
25.fx;j 51
26.pêh tky 53
(B) - Objective Model Questions & Answers
1. Group A 56
2. Group B 63
3. Group C 68
4. Group D 72
5. Group E 76
6. RPSC– Solved Paper – FDO 2016 80

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(A) - Notes on some Topics
1. Genus Labeo Cuvier and its important Species
Fishes of the genus Labeo are cyprinids belonging to the Labeo lineage
in the subfamily Cyprininae. Cyprininae have a large distribution (Africa,
Northern America, Southern Central America to Guatemala, Asia and
Europe), but the Labeos occur only in Africa and South-East Asia. The Labeo
lineage is the second most important group of cyprinid fishes after the
Barbiinae, and in Asia, it represents about 19.6% of the cyprinid species
composition. The genus Labeo (Cuiver, 1816) with approximately 103
species around the world is arguably the most dominating group of the
Cyprinidae family. This genus is represented by 28 species widely distributed
throughout South and South-East Asia. In many regions, an increasing
importance of Labeo as food fish is noted. Also being widely cultivated as a
part of aquaculture, some of the species of this genus are reared for
ornamental purpose, some as food species, some for extracting oil and some
are considered to be of medicinal value also. This genus is a column and
bottom feeder and feeds on algae, small fishes and crustaceans.
Labeos can be distinguished from the other geneses of this family
because of their unique characters bearing thick-lipped and sucking mouth on
the underside of the head with two to four small barbels. The diagnostic
characters of the genus Labeo are well known and accurate.
Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822)

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B.iii, D. 10 (2/8 – 3/10), P. 16, V. 7, A. 7, C. 18, L. I. 35, L. tr. 6. Barbels 2
The dorsal profile of Labeo bata is slightly more convex than that of the
abdomen and its greatest width of the head equals its length excluding the
snout. The lips are thin, continuous and the lower one is reflected from off the
mandible and with a shallow groove along its hind edge. There is a presence
of tubercle inside the lower jaw above the symphysis. They have a short pair
of maxillary barbels. Teeth are pharyngeal, plough shaped or molariform. The
dorsal fin is as high as the long head with a concave upper edge and the
pectoral fin is almost as long as the head and reaches the ventral which is
rather shorter. The caudal fin was observed to be deeply forked. It is a bentho-
pelagic and potamodromous species, which inhabits rivers. It is a herbivorous
column feeder.
Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)
B. iii, D. 16, P. 18, V. 8, A. 6, C. 18, L. I. 42, L. tr. 7. Barbels 4.
Labeo calbasu is commomly known as Kallot. The width of the head
equals its length excluding the snout. The mouth is rather narrow with obtuse
and depressed snout. The lips are thick and fringed and each has a distinct
inner fold. They have very short gill rakers. Two pairs of barbels are present.
The dorsal fin commences in advance of the ventrals and midway between the
snout and the base of the deeply forked caudal. Colour is blackish but

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occasionally the upper lobe of the caudal is white. It occurs in rivers and
ponds; in slow-moving waters of rivers and it is essentially a bottom feeder
that feeds on plants, filamentous algae and diatoms.
Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)
B. iii, D. 13, P. 18, V. 9, A. 8, C. 18, L. I. 44, L. tr. 8. Barbels 2
Labeo rohita is commomly known as Rohu. The diameter of the eyes is
4 to 6 in the length of the head, 1 1/2 to 2 diameters from end of the snout and
3 are apart. The inter-orbital space is flat. Dorsal profile more convex than
that of the abdomen, it is a little concave over the orbit. The greatest width of
the head equals its length excluding the snout. The snout is obtuse and
depressed, scarcely swollen but projects beyond the jaws. Lips are thick and
fringed and with a distinct inner fold above and below. The gill rakers are stiff
and are half as long as the eye. There is a short and thin maxillary pair of
barbel.
It is the natural inhabitant of freshwater sections of the rivers and
thrives well in all fresh waters below an altitude of approximately 549 m. It is
a bottom feeder and prefers to feed on plant matter including decaying
vegetation and attains maturity towards the end of the second year in ponds.
The spawning season of rohu generally coincides with the southwest
monsoon. Spawning takes place in flooded rivers.

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2. Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800)
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Actinopterygii
Order : Synbranchiformes
Family : Mastacembelidae
Genus : Mastacembelus
Species : Mastacembelus armatus
D1.33-38/ D2.64-94, P.21-25, D2
It is commonly known as tire-track spiny eel or zig-zag eel. It is
vernacularly known as baim/bami/baam in India. Mastacembelus armatus is
widely distributed in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Sumatra, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Southern China and other
parts of South East Asia. It occurs in a variety of freshwater habitats in the
plains as well as in hills of India. It mainly inhabits rivers, canals, beels,
ponds and inundated fields. It also occurs in still waters, both in coastal
+A+ C.3/167-178.
Mastacembelus armatus is a common fish species of Indian
subcontinent. It belongs to the family Mastacembelidae under the order
Synbranchiformes. It is one of the most popular table fishes with delicious
flesh quality having a special flavor, characteristic texture and high protein,
oil and vitamin C content [1-3]; and thus has a good market demand. In
northern and eastern India, the fish is very popular when sold alive. It is also
popular as an aquarium fish due to its attractive color pattern and has high
demand among the aquarium fish hobbyists

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marshes and dry zone tanks; occasionally this fish species stays in partly
buried condition under fine substrate.
The body of Mastacembelus armatus is slender, elongated and slightly
compressed. The maxilla reaches below the front edge of the eye. Pre-opercle
is with 2 or 3 spines which are usually conspicuous, but often one or more
may be embedded in skin. Pre-orbital spine is strong and is usually piercing
the skin. The mouth is a transverse crescentic slit; bounded by an upper and a
lower labial fold. The upper jaw extends anteriorly in front of the lower and
participates in the formation of the tri-lobed snout, consisting of a median
stiff, solid and pointed process and two lateral soft, hollow and blunt
projections. On the floor of bucco-pharynx, a triangular tongue consisting of
the glossohyal enclosed in a thick mucous membrane is present. Teeth are
present on the jaws and pharynx; no vomerine and palatine teeth are present.
Teeth are sub equal, short, pointed, inclined inwards and arranged in patches.
Fin: Long dorsal and anal fin is present which are confluent with the caudal
fin. Spinous dorsal fin is inserted above middle or posterior third of the
pectoral fins. Last dorsal spine is small and hidden beneath the skin. Color:
Dark brown in color becomes lighter on the abdomen and usually with zig-
zag lines; sometimes connecting to form a network but almost never
extending onto abdomen. A blackish band is present which goes through the
eye and is continued in an undulating course along the upper half of the side
to the caudal fin. Above this band, there is a row of black spots along the base
of the soft dorsal fin and a short black band over the back under dorsal spines.
Pectoral fins are usually spotted; dorsal and anal fins are usually banded or
spotted.
Observing the well-developed dentition, absence of gill rakers, strongly
built stomach and short intestine, together with the dominance of animal
matter in the gut contents, It is reported the carnivorous and active predatory
habit of Mastacembelus armatus. Freshwater shrimps (Macrobrachium spp.),
dipteran larvae, brine shrimps (Brachipus sp.), earthworms (aquatic
oligochaetes) and minor carps (cyprinids) have been reported as preferred
food items in order of their frequency of occurrence in the gut.

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Male and female of Mastacembelus armatus can only be distinguished
during the breeding season observing some particular characters; males are
active and brighter in color while females are potbellied and dull in color. On
putting slight pressure on abdomen, milt comes out in males while eggs ooze
out in case of females.
3. Nile tilapia - Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
D XVI-XVIII, 12-14, A III, 9-11.
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Actinopterygii
Order : Cichliformes
Family : Cichlidae
Genus : Oreochromis
Species : Oreochromis niloticus (Lin.)
Body shape generally laterally compressed to oval and deep, though
variable depending on the environment. Lateral line interrupted with 30-34
cycloid scales. Mouth terminal. Gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch 20-
26. Vertebrae 30-32. Caudal fin has 7-12 distinct vertical stripes. Breeding
males with red flush to head, lower body, dorsal and caudal fins. Caudal fin
truncate. Genital papillae of male short and conical or bluntly bifid at tip and
not tessellated. Teeth in the jaws in 3 to 7 series, the number of which is size
dependent. The outermost teeth are bicuspid and in adults with stout shafts

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and obliquely truncate major cusps. Lower pharyngeal with firm teeth in
approximately triangular dentigerous area. The most diagnostic features are
the regular and definitive stripes on the caudal fin, the red flush of the
breeding male and the dark margin of the dorsal fin. Body colouration varies
depending on environmental, physiological and dietary factors.
Sexual maturity is reached at 10-30 cm TL and is related to the
maximum size attained in a given population and condition, which in turn is
determined by food availability and temperature. Reproduction occurs only
when temperature exceeds 20 °C. The breeding cycle is latitude dependent
and spawning becomes more seasonal at higher latitudes. In many instances
the breeding cycle is synchronized with the rainy season. The species is a nest
building, batch spawning mouth brooder that can spawn every 30 days. The
nest, like in many tilapiine fishes, is a circular depression in sandy areas of up
to 1m in diameter and 0.5 m deep. The average nest diameter is twice the
length of the male making it. Males are highly territorial and defend their
nests. Batches of eggs are spawned into the nest, fertilized externally and then
picked up by the female. The female incubates the eggs for 5-7 days when
they hatch and the early juveniles remain in the mouth until after yolk sac
absorption. Depending on size, females can carry up to 200 eggs. The eggs
are large and ovoid (pear shaped) and at hatching the fish are around 4mm in
length.
4. Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879)
Phylum : Arthropoda
Subphylum : Crustacea
Class : Malacostraca
Order : Decapoda
Infraorder : Caridea
Family : Palaemonidae
Genus : Macrobrachium
Species : Macrobrachium rosenbergii

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Macrobrachium rosenbergii, also known as the giant river
prawn or gaint Fresh water prawn, is a commercially important species of
palaemonid freshwater prawn. It is also known as the Malaysian prawn or
freshwater scampi. It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of
the Indo-Pacific region, from India to Southeast Asia and Northern
Australia. The giant freshwater prawn has also been introduced to parts
of Africa, Thailand, China, Japan, New Zealand, Americas and Caribbean. It
is one of the biggest freshwater prawns in the world and is widely cultivated
in several countries for food. While M. rosenbergii is considered a freshwater
species, the larval stage of the animal depends on brackish water. Once the
individual prawn has grown beyond the planktonic stage and becomes a
juvenile, it will live entirely in freshwater.
M. rosenbergii is a striking looking prawn in which the second pair of
walking legs can really justify the genus name meaning ‘large arms’. In the
males these walking legs can have a vibrant shade of blue and can also be
twice the body length. The largest males can attain a total length from tip of
rostrum to the end of the telson of 320 mm compared to 250 mm for the
largest females.

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In general, the body form is typical of a decapod crustacean with the
head and thorax fused into a cephalothorax. The rostrum at the front end of
the cephalothorax is very prominent with 11-14 dorsal teeth and 8-10 ventral
teeth. Another distinctive feature of the adult male is that the moveable finger
of the second walking leg or cheliped is covered in tightly packed long setae
that give a velvety appearance to the appendage. The first ‘walking leg’ is not
readily visible being very long and delicate in form but tightly folded up
under the cephalothorax and functions as a feeding appendage with fine
forcep-like chelae at their tips.
Males can attain larger size than females and in dominant males the
second walking legs are much longer and thicker. The abdomen of the male is
narrower and the female, as well as having a wider abdomen, has longer
pleura (the overlapping plates of cuticle extending from the exoskeleton) and
these combined form a chamber for incubating the eggs carried on the
pleopods. The male genital openings are on the fifth walking legs and the
females genital pores are on the third walking leg.
The colours of M. rosenbergii can vary according to where the prawns
are found but the body can be greenish-grey. In small individuals, delicate
striping on the cephalothorax can be seen but these markings are not apparent
in tank-reared specimens. The chelipeds of dominant males are bright blue but
more yellowish in non-dominant males and females. The ventral side is pale
and translucent.
In mating, the male deposits spermatophores on the underside of the
female's thorax, between the walking legs. The female then extrudes eggs,
which pass through the spermatophores. The female carries the fertilised eggs
with her until they hatch, the time may vary, but is generally less than three
weeks. Females lay 10,000–50,000 eggs up to five times per year. From these
eggs hatch zoeae, the first larval stage of crustaceans. They go through several
larval stages before metamorphosing into post-larvae, at which stage they are
7.1–9.9 mm long and resemble adults. This metamorphosis usually takes
place about 32 to 35 days after hatching. These post-larvae then migrate back
into fresh water.

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5. White legged shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)
Phylum : Arthropoda
Subphylum : Crustacea
Class : Malacostraca
Order : Decapoda
Suborder : Dendrobranchiata
Family : Penaeidae
Genus : Litopenaeus
Species : Litopenaeus vannamei
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono
culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Since 1995 culture of Penaeus
monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the
development of shrimp farming has been stagnant. Most of the South East
Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing
Penaeus monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to
culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei because of the
availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant
(SPR) brood stock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of Litopenaeus
vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale
introduction has been permitted in 2009.

11
Litopenaeus vannamei is native of pacific coast of Mexico and Central
and South America as far south as Peru. It is mainly found on mud bottoms,
down to a depth of 75 m. It is commonly known as white legged shrimp or
Mexican white shrimp. It is greyish-white in color. The maximum weight of
the females in the wild is about 120 g. The males are smaller at 60-80g. It
lives in the column and prefers clayey loam soil.
For Litopenaeus vannamei the growth at 30°C is much higher than at
25°C. The optimal range of temperature for the species is between 30 and
34°C. At 20°C growth virtually stops. It can tolerate salinity levels of 0 to 50
ppt. Growth is uniform within 10-40 ppt. They can grow in fresh water also
but the growth is slower below 10 ppt. pH range of 7 to 9 is tolerated with
optimal growth at pH 8.0. Dissolved oxygen levels above 4.5 ppm are
required for optimal growth. Turbid water with flocculated particles of more
than 0.5 micron resulted in better growth than clean water mainly because of
the presence of algae and bacteria. Ammonia -N and Nitrite - N levels should
be less than 0.1 ppm and 1 ppm respectively.
It is an omnivorous scavenger and is less aggressive and less
carnivorous than Penaeus monodon. Food intake is more during evening and
night. Retention time of food in the gut is 2.2 to 5 hours. Growth of
Litopenaeus vannamei, under confined culture conditions is similar to
Penaeus monodon till they attain 20g size. Beyond that the growth rate was
poor. The shrimps attained the size of 20g within a period of 100-120 days
depending on the stocking density.

12
6. Biofloc culture
It is an innovative and cost-effective technology in which toxic
materials to the fish and shellfish such as Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia can be
converted to useful product, ie. proteinaceous feed. It is the technology used
in aquaculture system with limited or zero water exchange under high
stocking density, strong aeration and biota formed by biofloc.The culture of
biofloc will be productive in the case of culture tanks exposed to sun.
Biofloc system was developed to improve the environmental control
over the aquatic animal production. In aquaculture, the strong influential
factors are the feed cost (accounting to 60% of the total production cost) and
most limiting factor is the water/land availability. High stocking density and
rearing of aquatic animals requires wastewater treatment. Biofloc system is a
wastewater treatment which has gained vital importance as an approach in
aquaculture.
The principle of this technique is the generation of nitrogen cycle by
maintaining higher C: N ratio through stimulating heterotrophic microbial
growth, which assimilates the nitrogenous waste that can be exploited by the
cultured spices as a feed. The biofloc technology is not only effective in
treating the waste but also grants nutrition to the aquatic animal.

13
The biofloc technology has been implemented in shrimp farming due to
its bottom dwelling habit and resistance to environmental changes. Studies
have been conducted to assess the larval growth and reproductive
performance of shrimps and Nile tilapia. An improved breeding performance
was observed in shrimp reared in the biofloc system when compared to that of
normal culture practices. Similarly improved larval growth performance was
also noticed.
Biofloc is a heterogeneous aggregate of suspended particles and variety
of microorganisms associated with extracellular polymeric substances. It is
composed of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, invertebrates and
detritus, etc. It is a protein-rich live feed formed as a result of conversion of
unused feed and excreta into a natural food in a culture system on exposure to
sunlight. Each floc is held together in a loose matrix of mucus that is secreted
by bacteria and bound by filamentous microorganisms or electrostatic
attraction. Large flocs can be seen with the naked eye, but most of them are
microscopic. Floc size range from 50 – 200 microns.
A good nutritional value is found in biofloc. The dry weight protein
ranges from 25 – 50 percent, fat ranges 0.5 – 15 percent. It is a good source of
vitamins and minerals, particularly phosphorous. It also has an effect similar
to probiotics. The dried biofloc is proposed as an ingredient to replace the
fishmeal or soybean in the feed. The nutritional quality is good; however,
only limited qualities are available. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of
producing and drying biofloc solids at a commercial scale is a challenge.
Benefits of Biofloc culture system
Eco-friendly culture system. It reduces environmental impact. Improves
land and water use efficiency. Limited or zero water exchange. Higher
productivity (It enhances survival rate, growth performance, feed conversion
in the culture systems of fish). Higher biosecurity. Reduces water pollution
and the risk of introduction and spread of pathogens Cost-effective feed
production. It reduces utilization of protein rich feed and cost of standard

14
feed. It reduces the pressure on capture fisheries ie., use of cheaper food fish
and trash fish for fish feed formulation.
Disadvantages of Biofloc Technology
Increased energy requirement for mixing and aeration. Reduced
response time because water respiration rates are elevated. Start-up period
required. Alkalinity supplementation required. Increased pollution potential
from nitrate accumulation. Inconsistent and seasonal performance for
sunlight-exposed systems
7. Gonadosomatic index
The Gonadosomatic index ( GSI), is the calculation of the gonad mass
as a proportion of the total body weight. It is represented by the formula –
GSI = [gonad weight / total tissue weight] × 100
The Gonadosomatic index measured as egg output per unit weight,
decreases interspecifically with female size in fishes (Sadovy, 1996). The
frequency of spawning also decreases with species size, with smaller species
much more likely to be daily spawners. One way to consider more periodic
spawning, whether it is restricted to a lunar period or a yearly period, is that
the benefits for spawning at a particular time of year outweigh two potential
costs: not surviving to the next reproductive period, and morphological
limitations on how many eggs can be developed at a given time. For larger
species, lower instantaneous mortality rates could lessen any costs of delaying
reproduction, tipping the balance in favor of seasonal reproduction.
8. Ponderal index
The Ponderal index (PI) or The Corpulence index (PI) is a weight-
height related parameter that is mainly used to assess the pattern of fetal
growth in small-for-gestational age infants. The PI was calculated by using
the following formula -

15
PI = weight (in grame) x 100/(height3
in cm).
It is also known as measure of leanness of a person,
1. Demonstration of agricultural technology to farmers and extension
workers.
calculated as a
relationship between mass and height. It was first proposed in 1921 as the
"Corpulence measure" by Swiss physician Fritz Rohrer and hence is also
known as Rohrer’s Index.
9. TOT : Transfer of Technology
The major objective of Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR)
is to disseminate the useful research results of the research stations to farmers.
It may be noted that all research findings are not technology.
Technology has been defined by Dr. V.E. Subrathanam in 1987 as “The
research findings which are having some practical utility, tested and found
economically feasible, socialiy acceptable, culturally adaptable, scale neutral,
gender neutral and eco-friendly as per the farmers conditions are considersd
technologt”
Transfer of Technology (TOT) is defined, as “the movement of relevant
agricultural information a research centre (source of technology) or
innovation system through an extension system to the clients system, that is
the target group of farmers who are expected to adopt and integrate the new
technology into the existing farming systems and practices (Mutharamman,
1994).
The first line extension projects of ICAR serves the following specific
purposes:
2. Constraints identification by testing and verifying technologies.
3. Feedback to scientist for reorientation of research, education and
training.
4. Development of extension models for large scale multiplication.

16
5. Training and communication support to state government, Agricultural
Departments and NGOs.
The ICAR launched from time to time Transfer of Technology
Programmes. These were-
1. National Demonstration Project – 1964
2. Operational Research Project – 1975
3. Krishi Vigyan Kendras – 1974
4. Lab to Land Programme – 1979
Realizing the scope and importance of integrated working of
interrelationship between research, education and extension functions, the
ICAR Established a Section of Extension Education at its headquarters in
1971, which was later on strengthened and renamed as Division of
Agricultural Extension. It was intended to enforce this functional relationship
down the line in the research institutes, agricultural universities and allied
institutions.
10. KVK: Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Based on the recommendations (1964-65) and Mohan Sinha Mehta
committee constituted by ICAR, the year 1974 witnessed a new type of
experimentation in the history of Indian agriculture. The vocational training in
agriculture was imparted to the farmers with the establishment of first Farm
Science Centre at Pondicherry, later on named as Krishi Vigyan Kendra.
The basic concepts of KVK are-
1. The centre will impart learning through work experience and hence,
will be concerned with technical literacy.
2. The centre will impart training only to those extension agents who
are already employed or practising farmers and fishermen.
3. There will be no uniform syllabus for a KVK. The programmes of
each centre will be tailored according to felt needs, natural resources
and the potentials for agricultural growth in that particular area.

17
The three fundamental principles of KVK programmes are-
1. Agricultural production as the prime goal
2. Work experience as the main method of imparting training
3. Priority to weaker sections of the society, are the backbone of the
KVK programme.
The main objectives of the KVK is to provide a strong training
support for bringing about production breakthrough in agriculture. The
specific objects are –
1. Plan and conduct survey of the operational area to prepare the
resource inventory and to identify the training needs of the farming
community.
2. Plan and conduct production oriented, need based and long duration
training courses.
3. Conducting first-line demonstrations on the latest farm technologies
in the interest of the farmers, extension workers and the scientists.
4. Organise on-farm research for assessment and refinement of
technologies and constraint analysis.
5. Provide training facilities in homemaking and nutrition education
for rural community etc.
The objective stated here are common for all the KVKs, In addition,
each Krishi Vigyan Kendra has some mandates. Mandate means a specific set
of responsibilities to perform. The mandate of a KVK is unique for it and is
determined on the basis of the most important needs of the clientele, their
resources and constraints, and nature of the ecosystem. The success of a KVK
is judged by the extent to which it fulfills its obligations specified in the
mandate.
With effoct from 1st
April, 1992, all first-lkine Transfer of Technology
Projects of ICAR viz. National Demonstration (ND), Operational Research
Project (ORP) and Lab to Land Programme (LLP) have been integrated with
the KVKs. In the reorganized system, the major Mandates of the KVK are to
conduct-

18
i) Training Programmes – The most important function of the KVKs is
to conduct need based training progamme in agriculture and allied
vocation to impart firsthand knowledge ans skills to the farmer, farm
women, rural youth and extension functionaries.
ii) Frontline Demonstrations – The field demonstration conduvted under
the close supervision of the scientist of the National Agricultural
Reseach System are called frontline demonstrations, because the
technologies are demonstrated for the first time by the scientist
themselves. The objective is to demonstrate newly released crop
production and protection technologies in the farmers’ field.
iii)On-farm Testing – These are conducted on the farmers’ field on such
problems where the appropriate technologies are not available for
particular agro-climatic situation and the main objectives are problem
diagnosis, planning and experimentation.
As the KVK continued to gain strength and spread, its mandates also
changed with time. These changes are - (i) When the KVK was started in
1974, the important mandate was to impart vocational training in agriculture.
(ii) During 1990s focus shifted to on-farm testing and demonstration of
technologies. (iii) During the tenth Plan (2002-2007) the mandate shifted to
technologies assessment and refinement, and (iv) During the Eleventh Plan,
KVKs would work as knowledge and resource centre of agricultural
technology.
The KVKproject is sponsored by the ICAR and is implemented by
ICAR institute, agricultural universities, selected voluntary organizations and
state department of agriculture. Monitoring and evaluation of large number of
KVKs are a challenging task. The State Agricultural Universities (SAU), have
been involved by entrusting the responsibilities of overseeing the KVKs by
the Director of Extension of SAUs.
KVKs have become a brand name, not only in India, overseas also.
Over the years the ICAR has strengthened the KVK system as an innovative
institutional model for assessment, refinement and demonstration of
agricultural technologies. KVKs are playing an important role in the

19
development of agriculture and allied sector. With the strengthening of KVKs
during 12th
A self-help group may be registered or unregistered. It typically
comprises a group of micro enterpreneurs having homogeneous social and
economic backgrounds, all voluntarily coming together to save regular small
sums of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to
meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help. They pool their
resources to become financially stable, taking loans from the money collected
by that group and by making everybody in that group self-employed. The
group members use collective wisdom and peer pressure to ensure proper
end-use of credit and timely repayment. This system eliminates the need for
collateral and is closely related to that of solidarity lending, widely used by
Plan, KVKs are playing important role in promoting integrated
farming system comprising animal component, fishery component, processing
and value addition.
At present, there are 706 KVKs in India. While in Rajasthan, there
are 42 KVKs, out of which 33 are under State Agricultural Universities
(SAU), 3 under ICAR, 4 under NGOs and remaining 2 under Other
Educational Institutions (OEI). KVK, Banswara (MPUAT, Udaipur) is well
known in the activities for carps seed production and ornamental fish
production. KVK, Sriganganagar (RAU, Bikaner) is also popular in fish
rearing and training programmes to farmers.
11. SHG : Self Help Groups
A self-help group (SHGs) is a financial intermediary committee usually
composed of 10–20 local women or men. SHG is nothing but a group of
people who are on daily wages, they form a group and from that group one
person collects the money and gives the money to the person who is in need.
Members also make small regular savings contributions over a few
months until there is enough money in the group to begin lending. Funds may
then be lent back to the members or to others in the village for any purpose. In
India, many SHGs are 'linked' to banks for the delivery of micro-credit.

20
microfinance institutions. To make the book keeping simple, flat interest rate
are used for most loans.
Self-help groups are started by governmental organizations that
generally have broad anti-poverty agendas. These groups are seen as
instruments for goals including empowering women, developing leadership
abilities among poor and the needy people, increasing school enrolments and
improving nutrition and the use of birth control. In India, SHGs bridge the
gap between high-caste & low-caste people /citizens.
Financial intermediation is generally seen more as an entry point to
these other goals, rather than as a primary objective. This can hinder their
development as sources of village capital, as well as their efforts to aggregate
locally controlled pools of capital through federation, as was historically
accomplished by credit unions.
Under “NABARD-SHG Bank Linkage” programme, borrow from
banks once they have accumulated a base of their own capital. This model has
attracted attention as a possible way of delivering Micro-finance services to
poor populations that have been difficult to reach directly through banks or
other institutions. By aggregating their individual savings into a single
deposit, SHGs minimize the bank's transaction costs and generate an
attractive volume of deposits. Through SHGs, the bank can serve small rural
depositors while paying them a market rate of interest. Organization like
SHGs can be an effective tool for "allevating poverty.
Advantages of financing through SHGs are -
i) An economically poor individual gains strength as part of a group.
ii) Besides, financing through SHGs reduces transaction costs for both
lenders and borrowers.
iii)While lenders have to handle only a triple SHG account instead of a
large number of small-sized individual accounts, borrowers as part of
an SHG minimize expenses on travel (to and from the branch and other
places) for completing paper work and on the loss of workdays in
canvassing for loans.

21
iv) SHGs have significantly empowered poor people, especially women, in
rural areas.
v) SHGs have helped immensely in reducing the influence of informal
lenders in rural areas.
vi) Many big corporate houses are also promoting SHGs at many placesin
India.
vii) SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
Women can discuss their problem and find solutions for it.
12- eNyh lM+us ds dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k
eNyh dks ikuh ds ckgj fudkyus ij dqN le; rd NViVkrh gS vkSj
vkDlhtu ugh feyus ij e`R;q dks çkIr gks tkrh gSA bl NViVkgV dh lekfIr ds
lkFk gh ejh gqbZ eNyh dk 'kjhj ,d fo'ks"k voLFkk esa ços'k djrk gSA bls fjxj
eksjfVl dgk tkrk gSA ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk gS & ejus ds ckn 'kjhj esa vkus
okyh dM+kgVA
okLro esa ;g voLFkk eNyh dh rktxh dk çrhd gSA tks vklikl ds
okrkoj.k] rkieku] 'kjhj esa mifLFkr inkFkZ bR;kfn ij fuHkZj djrh gSA bl voLFkk
esa eNyh ds 'kjhj esa fLFkr XykbZdkstu dk vkDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr esa
XykbZdksykbfll gks dj ysfDVd ,flM dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA 'kkjhfjd yphykiu
lekIr gksdj vLFkkbZ dBksjrk vk tkrh gSA bl dh lekfIr ij 'kkjhfjd ek¡l ueZ
gksdj <hyk o ckn esa fiyfiyk gks tkrk gSA
fjxj eksjfVl voLFkk esa 'kkjhfjd fo?kVu dh dqN ,Utkbfed fØ;k,¡a gksrh gSA
bu dh xfr Hkh dkQh /kheh gksrh gSSSA ijUrq bl voLFkk esa thok.kq fØ;k,¡ ugh gksrh
gSA bl voLFkk dh lekfIr ds lkFk gh e`r 'kjhj thok.kqvksa ds ;ksX; gks tkrk gS vkSj
budh xfrfof/k;k¡ rsth ls c<+ dj eNyh dks lM+k nsrh gSA ysfdu ,Utkbfed o
jklk;fud ifjorZu igys dh rjg /kheh xfr ls gh gksrs jgrs gSA
fjxj eksjfVl voLFkk dh lekfIr ij vxzfyf[kr fØ;k,¡ rsth ls gksdj eNyh
dks [kkus ;ksX; ugh jgus nsrh gS&
1. 'kkjhfjd ih-,p- eku vR;f/kd {kkjh; gks tkrk gSA

22
2. cSDVhfj;k] ,Utkbfed o jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ls ukbVªkstu ;qDr inkFkksZ ds
fo[k.Mu ls veksfu;k] dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM bR;kfn mRiUu gksrs gSA
3. lM+us dh fØ;k ds rhozrj gksus ls ?k`f.kr xa/k okys mRikn bUMksy o gkbMªkstu
lYQkbM mRiUu gksrs gSA
4. 'kjhj esa ekStwn pchZ esa vkDlhMs'ku gksdj nqxZU/k rst gks tkrh gS vkSj ek¡l dk
jax Hkwjk gks tkrk gSA
ejh gqbZ eNyh tc rd fjxj eksjfVl voLFkk es jgrh gS] rc rd ;g [kkus
;ksX; o rktk cuh jgrh gSA bl voLFkk dks vf/kd le; rd cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
vxzfyf[kr dk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg, & ¼d½ eRL;k[ksV ds le; eNfy;ksa dks de ls
de Fkdkuk pkfg,] rkfd bu ds 'kjhj esa Xykbdkstu dh ek=k vf/kd ls vf/kd tek
jgsA ¼[k½ eNfy;ksa dks fuEu rkieku ij j[kk tkuk pkfg,] rkfd fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dh
xfrfof/k;k¡ /kheh jgsA ¼x½ eNfy;ksa ds LdsYl] fQUl o vkUrfjd Hkkx vyx dj nsus
pkfg,A bUgha vaxksa ij cSDVhfj;k] ,Utkbfed o jklk;fud fØ;kk,¡ lcls igys o
rhozrk ls gksrh gSA
eRL; cktkj essa dVh gqbZ eNyh dh mi;ksfxrk o ek¡x de gksrh gSA vr%
O;kolkf;d n`f"Vdks.k ls 'kjhj esa Xykbdkstu dh ek=k ds cpr vkSj fuEure rkieku
ij j[ks tkus ds mik; gh ykHkdkjh jgrs gSA ;|fi miHkksäkvksa }kjk Hk.M+kj.k ds fy,
bu dh lQkbZ o dVkbZ fd;k tkuk Qk;nsean jgrk gSA
13- [kkus ;ksX; eNyh dh igpku
eNyh 'kh?kz lM+usa vkSj [kjkc gksus okyk inkFkZ gSA pw¡fd foØsrk dk ç;kl
jgrk gS fd ml dh lHkh eNfy;k¡ fcd tk,A vr% bl ds [kkus ;ksX; voLFk dh
igpku t#jh gSA lM+h vkSj [kkus ;ksX; eNyh dh igpku 'kkjhfjd vax] <k¡pk] xa/k]
fxYl] vk¡[ksa bR;kfn ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA ijUrq vke miHkksäk bl ds fxYl
ij gh T;knk /;ku nsrk gSA dbZ LFkkuksa ij rktk eNyh dk Òze cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
eNfy;ksa ds fxYl ij [kfM+;k feêh yxk nh tkrh gSA [kkus ;ksX; o lM+h eNyh dh
lgh igpku ds fy, fofHkUu ckgjh 'kkjhfjd vaxksa ds fuEukafdr y{k.kksa dh lgk;rk
yh tkuh pkfg,A

23
Ckkgjh 'kkjhfjd vax rktk o [kkus ;ksX; eNyh lM+h o [kkus ds v;ksX;
eNyh
'kkjhfjd jax
'kkjhfjd <k¡pk
vaxwBs ls nckus ij
'kkjhfjd xa/k
fxYl
vk¡[ksa
okLrfod fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] tks
/khjs&/khjs gYdk iM+rk tkrk
gSA
pednkj] Bksl] dBksj o fcuk
dqpyk gksrk gSA
ek¡l ij dksbZ fu'kku ;k xïk
ugh iM+rk gS vkSj vaaxwBk
gVkus ij ;g iwoZor lkekU;
voLFkk esa vk tkrh gSA
eNyh tSlh çkÑfrd o
rktxh;qä xa/k dk vuqHko
gksrk gSA
pedhys yky jax ds gksrs gS]
ftu ij lQsn æo yxk jgrk
gSA bu ls rktxh;qä eNyh
tSlh xa/k vkrh gSA
ns[kus esa lkekU;] pedhyh
vkSj iw.kZr% mUur gksrh gS
gYdk Hkwjk o eVeSyk gks
tkrk gSA
fcuk ped ds vkSj fiyfiyk
gksrk gSA
ek¡l ij fu'kku ;k xïk jg
tkrk gS vkSj vaaxwBk gVkus
ij okil lkekU; voLFkk
ugh vk ikrh gSA
?k`f.kr nqxZU/k dk vkHkkl
gksrk gSA
yky ;k Hkwjk jax tks gYdk
;k eSyk gks tkrk gSA lQsn
æo fylfylk gks tkrk gSA
bl ls ?k`f.kr nqxZU/k Hkh
vkrh gSA
uhps dks cSBh gqbZ] vikjn'khZ
vkSj QSyh gqbZ gksrh gSA
14- jktLFkku esa ekRL;dh fodkl ds miyC/k eRL; ty{ks=
Hkweh vkSj ty uked nks uSlfxZd ?kVdksa ls feydj cus tyh; ek/;e dks
ty{ks= dgk tkrk gSSA buds xq.kksa o fo'ks"krkvksa ij feÍh o ikuh ds fofHkUu xq.k&/keZ
vkSj tyok;q eq[; #i ls izHkko Mkyrh gSA ;g iz—fr dk fn;k ojnku gS] tks
lkekU;r% Hkweh dh lrg ij ik, tkus okys ty ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;|fi Hkwehxr

24
ty ds mi;ksx ls bu esa c<+ksrjh dh tk ldrh gSA ftl ty{ks= esa O;kolkf;d
vk/kkj ij eNyh mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS] mls eRL; ty{ks= dgk tkrk gSA ml
vuqdqyre ty {ks=Qy dks mRiknd ty {ks=Qy vFkok izHkkoh ty{ks=Qy ¼EWSA
= effective water spred area½ dgk tkrk gS] tks mRiknd dks eNyh ikyu ls
vko’;d vk; dh izkfIr djk dj o"kZ eas iw.kZ le; dk;Zjr j[k ldsA bldh
vko’;drk vkaoVu o yht fu/kkZj.k ds lkFk&lkFk eRL; mRikfnrk] ty ifj"dj.k
fØ;kvksa rFkk eRL; cht lap;u esa iM+rh gSA
jktLFkku es ekRL;dh fodkl ds fy, nks izdkj ds tyh; lalk/ku ekStwn gS&
lrgh ty vkSj Hkw&tyA buesa ty dh miyC/krk o"kkZ ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA
ekRL;dh fodkl eas lrgh ty dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ekRL;dh lalk/kuksa ds
losZ{k.k] fodkl] lao/kZu o nksgu esa Hkh blh ty dks egŸo fn;k tkrk gSA dbZ
dkj.kksa ls Hkw&ty dk O;kid mi;ksx ekRL;dh fodkl esa vHkh rd ugh fd;k tk
ldk gSA
jklk;fud xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh ekRL;dh fodkl esa mi;ksxh nks izdkj dk
ty ekStwn gS& ehBk ty vkSj [kkjk tyA [kkjk ty vR;f/kd lhfer ek=k esa lrgh
ty ds #i esa feyrk gSA ;|fi Hkw&ty ds #i es bldh fopkj.kh; ek=k ekStwn gSA
nynyh ty vR;f/kd lhfer ek=k esa fey tkrk gSA jkT; es tykuqfo} {ks=
¼water-loggeg area½ esa Hkh o`f} gqbZ gSA ehBs ikuh ds L=ksrksa esa ufn;ka] ukysa]
tyk'k;] rkykc] xzkeh.k iks[kj] ugjsa] dq,¡ bR;kfn 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSA ekRL;dh
fodkl es blh L=ksr dk lokZf/kd o O;kid Lrj ij mi;ksx fd;k tkdj bUgha ds
lao/kZu o fodkl dh vksj /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA
jkT; esa ekRL;dh L=ksrksa dk losZ{k.k iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa es vkadM+ksa dh iwfrZ ds
fy, o"kZ 1974 esa fd;k x;kA blesa eNyh ikyu ds fy, ty{ks=Qy 3 yk[k gSDVj
ekuk x;kA bls 0-40 yk[k gSDVj esa l?ku eNyh ikyu] 1-40 yk[k gSDVj esa
ikjEifjd eNyh ikyu vkSj 1-20 yk[k gSDVj esa tyk'k; fodkl ls eNyh ikyu es
oxhZ—r fd;k x;kA rRi’pkr bl ty{ks=Qy dks 3-30 yk[k gSdVj ekuk tkus yxkA
buesa ls djhc 1-20 yk[k gSDVj ty'k;ksa] 1-80 yk[k gSDVj y?kq ck¡/kksa] xzkeh.k
rkykcksa] ekSleh iks[kjksa o nynyh {ks=ksa vkSj 'ks"k 0-30 yk[k gSDVj ugjksa o ufn;ksa ds
#i esa ekuk x;kA

25
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk tkjh *gS.M+ cqd vkWu fQ'kjht LVsfVfLVd 2018* esa Hkkjr esa
vUr%LFkyh; ekRL;dh {ks= dk dqy ty {ks=Qy 8246662-17 gSDVj ekuk x;k gSA
blesa jktLFkku essa dqy ty{ks=Qy 4]30]780 gSDVj ekurs gq, fuEuçdkj ls foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gS &
1- ufn;k¡ vkSj ugjsa - & 5]290 fdyksehVj
2- o`gn] e/;e o lhekUr tyk'k; & 3]36]871 gSDVj ¼la[;k 394½
3- rkykc o iks[kj & 93]909 gSDVj
o"kZ 2010 dsfUnz; ekRL;dh f'k{kk laLFkku] eqEcbZ us jktLFkku esa ekRL;dh
fodkl dh lEHkkoukvksa ij losZ fd;kA bl laLFkku us vf/kdre tyHkjko {ks=Qy
(FTL= full tank level) ds vk/kkj jkT; ds fofHkUu izdkj ds ty{ks=ksa esa fuEu izdkj
ls oxhZ—r fd;k x;k gS&
ty{ks= dk oxhZdj.k
ty{ks=Qy ds vk/kkj ij
ty{ks=ksa
dh
la[;k
ty{ks= dk
vf/kdre Hkjko
yk[k gSDVj es
1- y?kq rkykc o iks[kj 1-0 gS- ls de 6913 0-0475
2- e/;e rkykc o iks[kj 1-1 ls 10-0 gS- 6207 0-255
3 foLr`r rkykc o iks[kj 10-1 ls 100-0 gS- 2047 0-636
4- y?kq tyk'k; 101 ls 1000 gS- 346 0-824
5- e/;e tyk'k; 1001 ls 5000 gS- 35 0-641
6- foLr`r tyk'k; 5001 ls vf/kd 12 1-833
7- ufn;ka o ugjsa & 0-300
8- tykuqfo} & 0-800
9- yo.kh; ty{ks= & 1-800
buesa lsa vf/kdre tyHkjko ij 5-17 yk[k gSDVj ty{ks=Qy dks ekRL;dh
fodkl ds fy, mi;qZDr ekuk x;k gSA tks 3-36 yk[k gSDVj foLr`r o e/;e
tyk'k;ksa] 0-94 yk[k gSDVj y?kq tyk'k;ksa o rkykcksa vkSj 0-87 yk[k gSDVj
ufn;ksa]ugjksa o tykuqfo} ds :i es miyC/k gSA pwafd ekulwu i’pkr ty{ks=ksaa dk
tyQSyko vf/kd gksrk gSA ijUrq flapkbZ ds fy, flapkbZ o isaVk dk’r ds fy, ty
fudklh] is;ty dh vkiwfrZ] ok’ihdj.k bR;kfn dkj.kksa ls bues tyQSyko ?kVrk
jgrk gSA vfu;fer o fc[kjh o"kkZ ds dkj.k tyk'k;ksa esa vf/kdre tyHkjko ij

26
vksoj¶yksa vkSj ufn;ksa esa iw.kZ {kerk ls tycgko dh fLFkfr rhu&pkj o"kksZ ds vUrjky
ij vk ikrh gSA vr% eRL; cht lap;u] eRL; mRiknu o ekRL;dh ds vU; fodkl
lEcU/kh v/;;u ds fy, bu ty{ks=ksa es vkSlru ty{ks=Qy ds fy, izHkkoh
ty{ks=Qy dk vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa jkT; ds ekRL;dh {ks= esa izHkkoh
ty{ks=Qy 2-15 yk[k gSDVj ekuk x;k gS] tks vf/kdre ty{ks=Qy 5-17 yk[k
gSDVj dk yxHkx vk/ks ls Hkh de gSSA jkT; es dqy ty{ks=ksa dh la[;k 16 gtkj ds
djhc gSA ijUrq eRL;k[ksV ds fy, yht ij nsus ds fy, o"kZ 2014&15 dh Bsdk lwph
es ek= 2210 ty{ks= vkSj 2017&18 esa 2161 ty{ks= gh j[ks x,A fofnr jgs fd o"kZ
1990&91 es Bsdk lwph es 1008 ty{ks= gh j[ks x,A
15- jktLFkku esa ekRL;dh fodkl ds vk/kkjHkwr y{;
jktLFkku es o"kZ 1958 ls izkjEHk dh xbZ ekRL;dh fodkl dh ;kstuk ds
izkjfEHkd izk#i es eq[;r% nks izeq[k y{;& eRL; mRiknu vkSj ljdkjh dks"k esa
jktLo izkfIr & j[ks x;sA ckn esa bu y{;kas dh izkfIr ds fy, egŸoiw.kZ le>s tkus
okys izeq[k buiqV vFkkZr eRL; cht mRiknu ,oa lap;u dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k
x;kA bu y{;ksa es LFkkuh; jkstxkj vkSj tudY;k.k dk dksbZ ftØ gh ugh fd;k
x;kA bu y{;ksa esa LFkkuh; jkstxkkj dks o"kZ 1973&74 es *gkQ , fefy;u tkWc
dk;ZØe* ls j[kk tkus yxkA Hkys gh iz'kklfud –f"V ls jkT; dh ekRL;dh dks
i'kqikyu O;olk; dh Js.kh es j[kk x;k gksA ijUrq ewy #i ls vkt Hkh vkfFkZd i{k
ls lEcfU/kr bUgh ekin.M+ks ij izxfr dk vkadyu fd;k tk jgk gSA
o"kZ 1950&51 ls 2017&18 rd dh vof/k eas izkIr dh xbZ bu rhuks vk/kkjHkwr
y{;ksa dh miyfC/k fuEu rkfydk es izLrqr gS A tks ;g n'kkZrh gS fd jkT; es [kk|
leL;k ds gy es eRL; mRiknu] jktdh; dk;ksZ ds fy, vko’;d jktLo izkfIr vkSj
bu nksuks y{;ks dh izkfIr es egŸiiw.kZ fuHkkus okys izeq[k buiqV eRL; cht mRiknu
es o"kZ nj o"kZ fujUrj c<+ksrjh gh gksrh jgh gSA ekRL;dh fodkl ds vk/kkjHkwr y{;ksa
dh fujUrj çkIr dh tk jgh bl miyfC/k ls Li"Vr% fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS
fd jktLFkku dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl ess ekRL;dh fodkl dh Hkh ,d fu.kkZ;d o
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgrk gSA
o"kZ jktLo izkfIr
¼#i;k yk[kks es½
eRL; mRiknu
¼eSfVªd Vu ½
eRL; cht mRiknu
¼QzkbZ fefy;u es½
1950&51 2-21 & &

27
1951&52 1-34 & &
1952&53 0-36 & &
1953&54 0-66 & &
1954&55 0-83 82 &
1955&56 0-63 50 &
1956&57 0-76 51 &
1957&58 1-21 69 &
1958&59 1-77 86 &
1959&60 2-77 120 &
1960&61 3-72 1830 &
1961&62 5-44 1870 &
1962&63 7-04 2240 &
1963&64 6-07 2430 &
1964&65 5-95 2610 1-38
1965&66 7-25 2800 1-08
1966&67 13-00 4000 1-67
1967&68 10-68 4500 5-82
1968&69 9-41 5000 10-16
1969&70 9-57 5650 0-97
1970&71 14-00 6339 0-98
1971&72 17-00 7112 0-99
1972&73 20-68 7980 2-18
1973&74 33-00 8500 10-00
1974&75 38-00 8750 14-00
1975&76 43-27 9500 18-00
1976&77 52-47 10500 25-00
1977&78 56-62 11500 30-00
1978&79 98-00 12500 39-00
1979&80 105-00 13000 40-00
1980&81 102-00 13500 45-00
1981&82 97-51 13500 30-00
1982&83 112-72 14000 57-50
1983&84 137-24 14500 60-00

28
1984&85 130-84 16000 58-80
1985&86 82-48 14137 44-95
1986&87 151-32 15063 49-31
1987&88 147-38 7313 28-60
1988&89 134-07 2877 86-70
1989&90 117-24 6630 80-48
1990&91 208-61 6020 129-60
1991&92 164-13 8360 154-00
1992&93 196-70 10920 160-00
1993&94 197-60 12220 150-00
1994&95 324-10 13965 150-00
1995&96 359-24 12400 175-00
1996&97 400-43 14300 169-07
1997&98 829-89 15100 220-36
1998&99 525-52 12003 175-95
1999&00 570-12 12969 239-51
2000&01 608-44 12141 230-86
2001&02 598-76 14269 285-58
2002&03 583-66 13400 185-25
2003&04 572-59 14300 303-01
2004&05 709-70 16926 255-17
2005&06 730-09 18454 299-34
2006&07 772-82 22500 341-82
2007&08 840-53 24000 362-34
2008&09 1017-31 24100 340-80
2009&10 2032-00 26908 349-09
2010&11 1926-00 28200 482-41
2011&12 2019-00 30150 582-27
2012&13 2320-00 32760 703-36
2013&14 2347-00 35100 776-00
2014&15 2315-00 46314 826-26
2015&16 5297-39 42461 871-84
2016&17 5660-06 50199 1098-63

29
2017&18 6116-39 54035 1094-01
16- jktLFkku esa ekRL;dh fodkl dh yhftax ikfylh vkSj jktLo vtZu
jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV 1953 dh /kkjk 2 esa *izkbZosV okVj* dh ifjHkk"kk nh
xbZ gSA *izkbZosV okVj* dks NksM+dj vU; ty{ks=ksa esa eRL; fodkl] lao/kZu o nksgu ds
fy, jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl 1958 ykxw fd, x, gSSA blds fu;e 5 ds vUrxZr
lqLi"V yhftax ikfylh dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj jkT; esa oS/kkfud :i ls
nks izdkj ds ty{ks= gS& ,d og ty{ks= gS] ftu ij jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl
1958 ykxw gksrs gSA bUgsa vf/klwfpr ty{ks= dgk tkrk gSA blesa jktdh; ty{ks=
lEefyr fd;s tkrs gSA nwljs og ty{ks= gS] tks *izkbZosV okVj* dh ifjHkk"kk es vkrs
gS vkSj jkT; ljdkj us jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV 1953 dh /kkjk 5¼2½ dk mi;ksx dj
bu ty{ks=ksa dks jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl 1958 ds vUrxZr ykus dk xtV
uksfVfQds'ku tkjh ugh fd;k gSA bUgsa v&vf/klwfpr ty{ks= dgk tkrk gS vkSj bl
Js.kh es xzkeh.k iks[kj] lkoZtfud laLFkkuksa o Lo;a dh Hkweh ij cus iks[kj vkrs gSA
jktLFkku iapk;rh jkt fu;e 1996 ds vUrxZr 50 ,dM+ flapkbZ {kerk ds
xzkeh.k iks[kj LFkkuh; xzke iapk;r ds lqiqnZ fd;k x;k gS vkSj buesa eNyh ds Bsds
nsus dk vf/kdkj lEcfU/kr ftyk ifj'kn dks fn;k x;k gSA ysfdu ;g iks[kj
jktLFkku eRL; vf/kfu;e 1953 es nh xbZ *izkbZosV okVj* okVj dh ifjHkk"kk es vkrs
gSA bl izdkj xzke iapk;r ds LokfeRo ds 50 ,dM+ flpkbZ {kerk ds Lo;a ds xzkeh.k
iks[kjksa es eRL;k[ksV Bsds nsus dk dk;Z iapk;rh jkt fu;e 1996 ds vUrxZr gh fd;k
tkrk gSA xzke iapk;r ds Lo;a ds vf/kdkj ds bu iks[kjksa ij eRL; foHkkx ls
iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks gLrkukUrfjr tyk'k;ksa ds fu;e ykxw Hkh ugh gks ikrs gSA
oSls jkT; ljdkj pkgsa rks jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV 1953 dh /kkjk 5¼2½ es nh xbZ
“kfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx dj xzke iapk;r dh Lo;a ds bu iks[kjksa ij Hkh jktLFkku
fQ'kjht #Yl 1958 ykxw dj ldrh gSA ijUrq vHkh rd jkT; ljdkj us bl ckjs es
dksbZ xtV uksfVfQds'ku tkjh ugh fd;k gSA
o"kZ 2000 es jkT; ljdkj us flapkbZ foHkkx ds vf/kuLFk 80 gSDVj flapkbZ
{kerk ds tyk'k; LFkkuh; xzke iapk;r vkSj fQj 2003 es 80 ls 300 gSDVj flapkbZ
{kerk ds tyk'k; LFkkuh; iapk;r lfefr dks gLrkukUrfjr fd, gSA iapk;rh
laLFkkvksa dks lq–<+hdj.k ds mÌs’; ls flapkbZ foHkkx ls iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks
gLrkukUrfjr bu tyk'k;ksa ls flapkbZ dj] flapkbZ ds vfŸkfjDr ty fcØh]

30
?kkl&ikr&ikiM+h] flaxkM+k mit] xkn] lw[ks {ks= dh uhykeh] bR;kfn ls izkIr jktLo
lEcfU/kr iapk;rh jkt laLFkk dks lkSik x;k gSaA ijUrq buesa eRL; ikyu dk vf/kdkj
bUgsa ugh fn;k x;k gSA ;g vf/kdkj eRL; foHkkx ds ikl gh j[kk x;k gSA
oSls rks jktLFkku ds ty{ks=ksa esa eRL;k[ksV Bsdk nsus dh dksbZ vf/k—r yhftax
ikfylh ugh gSA ysfdu jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV o #Yl ds vUrxZr vkus okys
vf/klwfpr ty{ks=ksa es eRL;k[ksV ds Bsds fn, ls izkIr gksus okys eRL; jktLo es
fujUrjrk cuh jgsA blds fy, jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl ds fu;e 5 ds vUrxZr
O;ofLFkr izko/kku fd;s x;s gSA okLro esa vf/klwfpr ty{ks=ksa ds vkaoVu o Bsdk fn;s
tkus ds ;gh izko/kku gh yhftax ikfylh dgs tkrs gSA jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV o
#Yl ds vUrxZr izfro"kZ eRL;k[ksV ds Bsds fn, tkus gsrq jkT; ds vf/klwfpr
ty{ks=ksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ,d le;c) dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr dk;Zokgh
djrs gq, vf/klwfpr ty{ks=ksa dk oxhZdj.k xr 3 o"kksZ dh vkSlr jktLo vk; ds
vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
o"kZ 2017&18 dh eRL; Bsdk lwph es lEefyr fd;s x;s fofHkUu izdkj ds
ty{ks=ksa esa jktLo vtZu dk fooj.k uhps fn;k tk jgk gS&
1. foHkkx ds ikl miyC/k *,* Js.kh ds 178 tyk'k;ksa esa ls 156 tyk'k;ksa dks Bsds
ij fn;s tkus ls dqy #i;s 5651 yk[k dh jktLo vk; çkIr gqbZA
2. foHkkx ds ikl miyC/k *ch*] *lh* vkSj *Mh* Js.kh ds 39 tyk'k;ksa vkSj 16
ufn;ksa esa ls 45 ty{ks=ksaa dks Bsds ij fn;s tkus ls dqy #i;s 75-50 yk[k dh
jktLo vk; çkIr gqbZA
3. iapk;r jkt laLFkkvksa dks LFkkukUrfjr foHkkxh; tyk'k;ksa esa dqy 610-94 yk[k
dh jktLo vk; çkIr gqbZA
jkT; dh eRL; Bsdk lwph esa 52 ty{ks= ,sls Hkh gS] ftUgsa /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa]
ou o oU;tho foHkkx dh vkifŸk rFkk vU; dkj.kksa ls eRL;k[ksV ds fy, Bsds ij
ugh fn;k tkrk gSA eRL;k[ksV ds vf/kdkj ysus ds izLrko cUn Vs.M+j ;k [kqyh cksyh
ls izkIr fd;s tkrs gSA o"kZ 1991 ls , Js.kh ds ty{ks=ksa dks 3 o"khZ; yht vkSj vU;
Js.kh ds ty{ks=ksa dks 5 o"khZ; yht ij nsus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA ysfdu o"kZ 2003 ls
lHkh Js.kh ds ty{ks=ksa dks 5 o"khZ; yht ij vkoaVu dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA
tyk'k;ksa esa vkaxqfyd voLFkk ds cht dh vko';drk dks /;ku es j[krs gq, *,* o
*ch* Js.kh ds iÍk/kkfj;ksa dks vkjf{kr nj ij fudVorhZ *lh* o *Mh* Js.kh ds tyk'k;ksa
ds vkoaaVu dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZ gSA *lh* o *Mh* Js.kh ds tyk'k;ksa dks eRL; ikyd

31
fodkl vfHkdj.k ds ek/;e ls izf'kf{kr eRL; —"kdksa dks 10 o"khZ; yht vof/k ds
fy, vkoaVu dk izko/kku Hkh gSA jktLFkku tutkfr {ksf=; fodkl lgdkjh la?k
fyfeVsM] mn;iqj dks Hkh yht ij ty{ks= vkoaVu dh O;oLFkk gSA jktLFkku ljdkj
us o"kZ 2000 esa *Mh* Js.kh ds tyk'k;ksa vkSj 2003 es *ch* o *lh* Js.kh ds tyk'k;ksa dks
iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks gLrkukUrj.k dk iz'kklfud fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA ;|fi o"kZ
2010 es jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl 1958 esa vko’;d la'kks/ku dj ds bl fu.kZ; dks
oS/kkfud ekUa;rk iznku dj nh x;hA
ty{ks=ksa esa nh?kZ vof/k ds fy, eRL;k[ksV ds vf/kdkj izfro"kZ yht c<+ksrjh ds
izko/kku ds lkFk LykbZfMax i)fr ls fn, tkrs gSA blds vUrxZr eRL;k[ksV vf/kdkj
dh jkf'k es xr o"kZ dh yht jkf'k es fuEu izdkj ls izfr o"kZ c<+ksrjh dh tkrh gS &
1. o"kZ 1991 es *,* Js.kh ds ty{ks=ksa esa yht vof/k ds nwljs o rhljs o"kZ xr o"kZ
dh yht jkf'k dk Øe'k% 12-5% o 15% vf/kd tek djkus vkSj ch o lh
Js.kh ds ty{ks=ksa es nwljs] rhljs] pkSFks o ikapos o"kZ xr o"kZ dh jkf'k dk
Øe'k% 12-5%] 15%] 17-5% o 20% c<+kus dk izko/kku fd;k x;kA ysfdu o"kZ
2003 es izR;sd o"kZ c<+kbZ tkus okyh fofHkUu njksa dks lekIr dj lHkh Js.kh ds
ty{ks=ksa esa xr o"kZ dh yht jkf'k dk 12% vf/kd tek djus dk izko/kku
fd;k x;kA
2. eRL; ikyd fodkl vfHkdj.kksa dks vkoafVr *lh* Js.kh ds ty{ks=ksa esa vkaofVr
jkf'k ds vk/kkj ij xr o"kZ dh jkf'k es 10% dh o`f} gj o"kZ dh tkrh gSA
*Mh* Js.kh ds ty{ks= 400 :i;s izfr gSDVj izfr o"kZ ds vk/kkj ij vkaofVr
dj xr o"kZ dh jkf'k es 10% c<+ksrjh dh tkrh gSA
3. eRL; foHkkx ls iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks gLrkukUrfjr *ch*] *lh* o *Mh* Js.kh
ds tyk'k;ksa es okf"kZd yht fu/kkZj.k dk vf/kdkj lEcfU/kr iapk;rh jkt
laLFkk Øe'k% ftyk ifj"kn] iapk;r lfefr o xzke iapk;r dks fn;k x;k gSA
ty{ks= es eRL;k[ksV dh vof/k ykbZlsUl tkjh gksus dh frfFk ls vkxkeh 31
ekpZ rd gksrh gSA bl vof/k es fu"ks/k _rq esa eRL;k[ksV fd;k tkuk oftZr jgrk gSA
bl uhfr ls ykbZlsUlh dks fu"ks/k _rq ls iwoZ ykbZlsUl ysdj o"kkZdky esa eRL; cht
lap;u dh O;oLFkk] izk—frd eRL; iztuu dsUnzksa dh pkSdlh vkSj eRL; lEink dh
lqj{kk es lqfo/kk jgrh gSA

32
17- jktLFkku esa eRL; mRiknu esa fofHkUu eRL; tkfr;ksa dk ;ksxnku
Lok/khurk feyus rd jktLFkku ds ty{ks=ksa es izk—frd :i ls ekStwn
eNfy;ksa dh Hkjekj FkhA O;kolkf;d eRL;k[ksV ij izfrcU/k Fkk vkSj tuekul es
eNfy;ksa ds izfr :ph ugh FkhA lks'ky iqfyflax ds ek/;e ls eRL; lfgr leLr
tSo fofo/krk dks dBksjrk ls laj{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA eNfy;ksa dk izk—frd eRL;
iztuu fuckZ/k gksrk FkkA QyLo:i eRL; ty{ks=ksa es eNfy;ksa dh la[;kRed o
xq.kkRed mifLFkfr cuh jgrh FkhA ekRL;dh fodkl ds 'kq:vkrh dky esa ekRL;dh
LFkyu (capture fisheries) ij tksj fn;k x;kA ty{ks=ksa esa izk—frd eRL; lEink
ds O;kolkf;d nksgu dks ekRL;dh LFkyu dgk tkrk gSA blesa eNfy;ksa dk
LoHkkfod mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ekuo Je ij vk/kfjr O;olk; gSA blesa
U;wure fuos'k djrs gq, gq, izk—frd eRL; L=ksrksa dk eRL;k[ksV fØ;k ls nksgu
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fuos'k Hkh Øk¶V o fx;j ij vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA Lok/khurk ds
ckn rhljh iapo'khZ; ;kstuk dky ds ckn dh okf"kZd ;kstuk 1968&69 rd jkT; esa
ekRL;dh LFkyu ij gh vf/kd tksj fn;k x;kA
jkT; esa pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dky ls ekRL;dh LFkyu dh 'kSyh dks
ekRL;dh ikyu (culture fisheries) dh vksj cnyus dk iz;kl 'kq: fd;k x;k vkSj
ikapoh iapo"khZ; ;kstukdky dh lekfIr rd jkT; ds leLr ty{ks=ksa es ekRL;dh
ikyu 'kSyh dks ykxw dj fn;k x;kA ty{ks=ksa esa okafNr fdLe dk cht lafpr dj
vkSj bldh ns[kjs[k o iks"k.k dh O;oLFkk dj eRL;k[ksV djds eRL; lEink ds
O;kolkf;d nksgu fd, tkus dks ekRL;dh ikyu dgk tkrk gSA tyk'k;ksa esa dkiZl
eNfy;ksa dk ikyu vkSj NksVs rkykcksa es dkiZl ds vykok >haxk o vU; eNfy;ksa ds
ikyu dks blh es j[kk tkrk gSA eNfy;ksa ds vykok eksrh] dey] flaxkM+s bR;kfn Hkh
ty{ks=ksa esa ikyu izkfof/k ls izkIr fd;s tkus yxs gSA ekRL;dh ikyu iw¡th ij
vk/kkfjr O;olk; gSA blesa dkQh vf/kd iw¡th fuos'k djrs gq, mRiknu fy;k tkrk
gSA mRiknd fØ;kvksa ds lkFk&lkFk eRL;k[ksV ds lk/kuksa ij Hkh fuos'k fd;k tkrk
gSA
KkrO; jgs fd ekRL;dh LFkyu mRiknu dh LFkkbZ fØ;k gSA ftldh fujUrjrk
ty{ks= dh izk—frd n'kk o blesa ekStwn eRL; lEink ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ekRL;dh
ikyu mRiknu dh vLFkkbZ fØ;k gS] tks iw¡th fuos'k dh fujUrjrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

33
blesa fQ'k QkeksZ dk fuekZ.k] eRL; cht mRiknu o ifjogu] iks"k.k o ns[kjs[k
O;oLFkk vkSj iwjh izfØ;k ds lapkyu gsrq n{k o izf'kf{kr dk;ZdrkZvksa dh vko’;drk
gksrh gSA tcfd ekRL;dh LFkyu is'ksoj o [kkunkuh vuqHko ds eNqvkjksa o
O;kolkf;;ksa ij vf/kd fuHkZj djrk gSA ekRL;dh ikyu dh vlQyrk ;k bldk
v/kwjkiu vUrr% ekRL;dh LFkyu esa gh ifjofrZr gksrk gSA
jktLFkku esa 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa O;kolkf;d eRL; >ksy es DokfyVh fQ'k dh
vf/kdrk jgh vFkkZr ,slh eNfy;k¡ vf/kd ek=k es idM+h xbZ] ftudk cktkj ewY;
vf/kd jgrk FkkA tSls&tSls ekRL;dh LFkyu ‘'kSyh ls vfrnksgu djds eRL; mRiknu
c<+rk x;k] eRL; >ksy esa DokfyVh fQ'k vkSj eRL; mRiknu dh ek=k Hkh ?kVrh
eglwl gksus yxhA lkFk gh vf/kd eNyh mRiknu o jktLo izkfIr ds lkFk&lkFk
LFkkuh; Lrj ij jkstxkj nsus dk ncko Hkh c<rk x;kA QyLo#i ekRL;dh ikyu dh
'kSyh dh vksj ifjorZu vko’;d gksrk pyk x;kA
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk tkjh *gS.M+ cqd vkWu fQ'kjht LVsfVfLVd 2018* esa
jktLFkku es o"kZ 2017 esa jktLFkku ds eRL; >ksy essa fofHkUu Js.kh dh eNfy;ksa dk
fuEu izdkj ls fooj.k fn;k x;k gS &
o"kZ ,oa
bdkbZ
mRikfnr eNfy;ksa dk fooj.k
estj
dkiZl
fons'kh
dkiZl
ekbZuj
dkiZl
ejZYl dSV
fQ'k
vU;
eNfy;k¡
;ksx
2017 eS-Vu 39015 4090 9130 0 1800 0 54035
% 72-2 7-6 16-9 0 3-3 0 100-0
jktLFkku es o"kZ 1992 esa Hkkjr ljdkj dh dsfUnz; izofrZr lgk;rk ls
*vUr%nsZ'kh; eRL; lka[;dh fodkl ;kstuk* vUrxZr eRL; L=ksrksa o eRL; mRiknu
dk vkadyu dk dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k x;kA ;g ;kstuk o"kZ 2014&15 rd la’kksf/kr
mÌs'k; o u, uke *LVªsUFkfuaaaaaax vkWQ MkVk csl ,.M ft;ksxzkfQdy flLVe vkWQ nh
fQ'kjht lsDVj* ls tkjh gSA lEHkor% bl ;kstuk ls dqN rdfudh vkadM+s] fo’ys'k.k
o fu"d"kksZ ls vf/kd Li"V tkudkjh fey ldsA oSls bl ;kstuk dh dksbZ fjiksZV ;k
vkys[k ugh fey ldk gSA
a

34
18 -jktLFkku esa ekRL;dh {ks= esa ekuoh; lalk/ku fodkl vkSj lkekftd
lqj{kk dk;ZØe
jktLFkku esa o"kZ 1987 esa dk;Zjr eNqvkjksa dh la[;k 510 nh xbZ gSA blh iqLrd ds
o"kZ 2004 laLdj.k esa o"kZ 2003 esa ;g la[;k 2985 nh xbZA tcfd bl iqLrd ds
laLdj.k 2014 esa o"kZ 2013 esa ;g la[;k c<+dj 7316 gks xbZ gSA bles 2638 iq#"k]
1693 fL=;ka vkSj 2985 cPpsa jgs gSA bu essa 2833 dks ekRL;dh ds jkstxkj esa lfØ;
ekuk x;k gSSA lfØ; eNqvkjksa ds bu vkadM+ksa esa 675 Jfedksa dks iw.kZdkyhu] 974 dks
va'kdkyhu o 1184 dks ;nkdnk jkstxkj esa ekuk x;k gSA eRL; foHkkx dh okf"kZd
izxfr izfrosnu esa o"kZ 2015&16 esa jkT; es lfØ; eNqvkjksa dh la[;k c<+dj 17500
gks xbZ gSA buesa iw.kZdkyhu jkstxkj esa 7560 vkSj 7292 eNqvkjksa dks va'kdkyhu
jkstxkj esa ekuk x;k gSA 'ks"k cps 2648 eNqvkjksa dks ekRL;dh {ks= esa ;nkdnk
jkstxkj esa dk;Zjr ekuk x;k gSA
jktLFkku esa o"kZ 2017 esa dk;Zjr eNqvkjksa dh la[;k 16500 nh xbZ gSA bles 16500
iq#"k dks gh bl O;olk; esa lfØl ekuk x;k gS vkSj fL=;ka vkSj cPpksa dh la[;k
'kwU; n'kkZbZ x;h gSA bu vkadM+ksa esa 7290 eNqvkjksaa dks iw.kZdkyhu] 6082 dks
va'kdkyhu o 3128 dks ;nkdnk jkstxkj esa ekuk x;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd ekRL;dh
fodkl dh 'kq:vkr ds 60 o"kZ iwoZ LFkkuh; Lrj ij bl {ks= esa jkT; dk dksbZ O;fDr
jkstxkj esa ugh FkkA
vkerkSj ij cM+s eNyh Bsdsnkj jkT; ds ckgj ds O;kolkf;d n{k o dq'ky
eNqvkjksa dks vfxze jk'kh nsdj iwjs eRL; o"kZ ds fy, vkjf{kr dj ysrs gSA QyLo:i
y?kq Bsdsnkjksa vkSj eRL; —"kdksa dks dq'ky eRL; Jfedksa dh O;oLFkk esa dkQh
ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA eRL; Jfedksa dks eRL;k[ksV dk Hkqxrku eNyh
dh fdLe o bdkbZ Hkkj vuqlkj izfr fdyksxzke dh nj ls fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r%
tkyksa o ukoksa dh O;oLFkk Øe'k% eRL; Jfedksa o eRL; mRikndksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA
jkT; dh ekRL;dh {ks= esa jkstxkj es yxs bu eNqvkjkasa dh leL;k dks le>k
x;kA jktLFkku dk nf{k.kh Hkkx vkfnoklh ckgqY; {ks= gSA ;g leqnk; vkfndky ls
eNfy;ksa o bl ds f'kdkj ds izfr vkdf"kZr jgk gSA ;|fi bl dk mÌs’; Lo;a ds

35
Hkkstu dh iwfrZ djuk gh jgk gSA bu yksxksa dks ekRL;dh esa jkstxkj nsus ds fy,
izksRlkgu o lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djk dj vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodkl dh lEHkkouk,a
utj vkbZA bl mÌs’; dks ysdj nf{k.k jktLFkku ds tutkfr; ckgqY; {ks= esa eRL;
lgdkfjrk ds ek/;e ls tutkfr leqnk; dks ekRL;dh {ks= esa jkstxkj ls tksM+k
x;kA ikapoh iapo'khZ; o"kZ 1976&77 es *VªkbZcy lc&Iyku* ds vUrxZr eNyh ikyu
;kstukvksa dsk jktLFkku tutkfr {ks=h; fodkl lgdkjh la/k fy- ¼jktlla?k½ ds
ek/;e ls 'kq: fd;k x;kA vjkoyh ioZr Js.kh esa fLFkr M+waxjiqj] ckalokM+k] mn;iqj
vkSj fljksgh ftyksa ds lkFk&lkFk fprkSM+x< o dksVk ftyksa dh Øe'k% izrkix<+ o
“kkgckn rglhyksa dks *VªkbZcy lc&Iyku* ds vUrxZr yk;k x;kA ijUrq eNyh ikyu
ls ykHkkUou dk dk;Z eq[;r% mn;iqj] ckalokM+k o M+waxjiqj ftyksa esa gh tksj&'kksj ls
fd;k x;kA
jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr okf"kZd yht jk'kh ij egŸoiw.kZ tyk'k;ksa dks
nh/kZ&vof/k ij vkaoVu Þjktlla?kÞ dks fd;k x;kA vkfnokfl;ksa dh lgdkjh
lfefr;ksa ds ek/;e ls eRL;k[ksV ,oa foi.ku djk;k x;kA bu lfefr;ksa dks vko’;d
lqj{kk dop] buiqV~l] eRL;k[ksV ds lk/ku vkSj izksRlkgu Þjktlla?kÞ }kjk iznku
djk, x,A blds }kjk vkfnoklh dY;k.k ds vusd dk;ZØe Hkh lapkfyr fd;s x,A
vkaofVr ty{ks=ksa esa eRL; fodkl o lao/kZu dh izfØ;k o uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k vkSj
vko’;d fofŸk; O;oLFkk Hkh Þjktlla?kÞ }kjk dh xbZA ;|fi ty{ks= dk vkaoVu]
yht olwyh] rdfudh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh O;oLFkk vkSj eRL; —"kdksa dks izf'k{k.k esa
lg;ksx eRL; foHkkx }kjk fn;k x;kA
o"kZ 2013&14 ls eRL; foHkkx us bl tutkfr; {ks= esa vkftfodk fef'ku
;kstuk izkjEHk dh gSA bl ;kstuk dk izeq[k mÌs’; eRL;k[ksV ds Bsds ls eRL; jktLo
vtZu dh ctk; vkfnoklh leqnk; dks izR;{k jkstxkj miyC/k djk;k tkuk gSA ;g
;kstuk jkT; ds rhu egŸoiw.kZ tyk'k;ksa & ca/k t;leUn ¼mn;iqj½] ca/k ekgh ctkt
lkxj ¼ckalokM+k½ vkSj dM+kuk cSd okVj ¼Mwaxjiqj½ & esa 'kq: dh xbZA bu tyk'k;ksa
dks 'kwU; jktLo ekWMy ij fodflr fd;k tk jgk gSA bl esa eRL;k[ksV dh xbZ
eNfy;ksa ds foØ; ds fy, mPpre fufonknkrk dks *fy¶V dkUVªsDV* fn;k tkrk gSA
ftlds fy, bl dkUVªsDV dh leLr jk'kh vkfnoklh eNqvkjksa dks LFkkukukUrfjr dh
tkrh gSA lgdkjh lfefr;ska ds ek/;e ls vkfnoklh eNqvkjksa dks eNyh idM+kbZ dh
etnwjh nh tkrh gSA eNyh idM+kbZ dh ;g nj ns'k es lcls vf/kd gSA eRL; foHkkx
}kjk eNqvkjksa ds fy, uko o tky vkSj tyk'k;ksa esa eRL; cht lap;u dh O;oLFkk
dh tkrh gSA eRL; foHkkx }kjk bu eNqvkjksa dks dsfUnz; izoZfrr ;kstuk vUrxZr

36
eNqvkjk dY;k.k dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr vkn'kZ eNqvkjk xkao dk fodkl] eNqvkjksa dk
lkeqfgd nq?kZVuk chek vkSj lsfoax de fjfyQ ;kstuk ls Hkh ykHkkfUor djk;k tk jgk
gSA eRL; foHkkx dh vkftfodk fef'ku ;kstuk esa o"kZ 2017&18 esa bu rhuksa tyk'k;ksa
ij 49 eNqvkjk lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds ek/;e ls 6362 vkfnoklh eNqvkjksa dks izR;{k
jkstxkj miyC/k djk;k tk x;k gSA
ty{ks=ksa es vf/kd tyHkjko] eRL;k[ksV ij ykxw fu"ks/k _rq vkSj vuqKki=
tkjh gksus esa yxus okys le; ds dkj.k eRL; Jfedksa dk o"kZ esa 6&7 ekg dk le;
gh eNyh fudkyus ds fy, fey ikrk gSA fofHkUu ty{ks=ksa es eRL; Jfedksa ds izolu
es yxs le; ds dkj.k ,d Jfed dks izfr o"kZ 120 ls 150 eRL;k[ksV fnol gh dke
fey ikrk gSA bu ds dk;Z dk le; fuf’pr ugh gksrk gSA bUgsa ekSle dh izfrdwyrk
>syrs gq, [kqys esa jg dj jkr o fnu dke djuk gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij eRL;
mRikndksa }kjk 22 fdyksxzke dh rkSy ij 20 fdyksxzke dh etnwjh dk Hkqxrku fd;k
tkrk gSA jkT; es O;ofLFkr eNyh e.M+h ugh gksus ls ifjogu ds nkSjku gksus okys
yhdst vkSj eaM+hnkjksa }kjk euekuh “krksZ ds dkj.k Hkh eRL; mRiknd o Jfed
uqdlku esa jgrs gSA jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl] 1958 esa 18 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds O;fDr
dks eRL;k[ksV esa dk;Z djkuk oftZr gSA blds vykok bl fu;e esa eRL; Jfedksa o
mRikndksa dks dksbZ oS/kkfud laj{k.k ugh fn;k x;k gSA ;|fi jkT; es eRL; Jfedksa
ds dY;k.k ds fuEufyf[kr dk;ZØe lapkfyr fd;s x, gSA ysfdu bu dk vf/kdka'k
ykHk nf{k.k jktLFkku ds mn;iqj] M+waxjiqj o ckalokM+k ftyksa ds lgdkfjrk ds ek/;e
ls laxfBr eNqvkjksa rd gh lhfer jgk gSA
o"kZ eRL; ikyd
izf'k{k.k
¼la[;k½
Lkewfgd nq/kZVuk chek
¼la[;k½
Lsafox de fjyhQ
¼la[;k½
1998&99 57 & &
1999&00 217 954 &
2000&01 75 954 &
2001&02 607 3471 &
2002&03 977 11 &
2003&04 978 1235 430
2004&05 1043 3404 430
2005&06 947 4277 760

37
2006&07 1442 4356 760
2007&08 1471 5714 1208
2008&09 908 6131 1830
2009&10 1309 8848 1603
2010&11 645 10036 2054
2011&12 144 11675 1245
2012&13 412 10476 509
2013&14 382 13800 993
2014&15 436 10833 1180
2015&16 442 11027 1451
2016&17 410 11220 &
2017&18 608 11220 828
19- jktLFkku es oS/kkfud O;oLFkk
LorU=rk ds le; jktLFkku esa ekRL;dh fodkl dk dksbZ vfLrRo gh ugh FkkA
ml le; jkT;ksa ds LFkku ij 'kklu O;oLFkk izsflMsUlh vkSj jtokMksa es c¡Vh gqbZ
FkhA jktLFkku esa jtokM+ksa dk 'kklu FkkA bl dkj.k bafM;u fQ'kjht ,DV] 1897 ds
vUrxZr jktLFkku esa eRL;ks|ksx lEcU/kh ,DV o fu;e LorU=rk ds ckn gh cu ik;sA
;kstukdkjksa dh nwjnf'kZrk us bl jkT; ds le`) eRL; {ks=ksa ds laj{k.k o egŸo dks
igpkuk vkSj rRdky gh jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV 1953 ykxw dj fn;kA bl ,DV esa
fn;s x;as vf/kdkj ds vk/kkj ij jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl 1958 cuk, x,A
jktLFkku dh eRL; vkSj ekRL;dh ds oS/kkfud laj{k.k ds le>us ds fy, jkT;
ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd;s x, jktLFkku Hkw&jktLo vf/kfu;e 1956] jktLFkku bjhxs'ku
o Msªust ,DV 1954] jktLFkku iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e 1994 o jktLFkku jsxqys'ku
vkWQ cksfVx ,DV 1956 vkSj lEcfU/kr ,DV ds vUrxZr cuk;s x;s #Yl dks Hkh le>
ysuk vko’;d gSA
20- jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV] 1953
;g ,DV jktLFkku esa ekRL;dh dh lqj{kk] laj{k.k ,oa fodkl ds fy, cuk;k
x;k gSA bl esa dqy 14 /kkjk,a nh x;h gSA ;|fi /kkjk la[;k 14 dks 1957 es

38
foyksfir dj fn;k x;kA /kkjk la[;k 1 esa bldk uke vkSj rRdky izHkko ls lEiw.kZ
jkT; es ykxw fd;s tkus dh lwpuk nh xbZ gSA jkti= esa çdk'ku dh frfFk 12 vxLr
1953 ls ;g ,DV lEiw.kZ jktLFkku esa ykxw fd;k x;kkA /kkjk la[;k 2 esa fQ'k]
fQ'kjh vkWfQlj] fQf'kax vijk/k] fu/kkZfjr #Yl vkSj izkbZosV okVj dks ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA fQ'k es 'kSy fQ'k dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA /kkjk 2¼ii½ ds vUrxZr
jkT; ljdkj us eRL; foHkkx ds fofHkUu Lrj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fQ'kjht vkWfQlj
dh oS/kkfud 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh gSA /kkjk la[;k 3 }kjk foLQksVd inkFkZ vkSj /kkjk
la[;k 4 esa fo"k] ykbZe ;k vU; fdlh fo"kSys inkFkZ ls eNyh ekjus dks izfrcfU/kr
fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi jkT; ljdkj dks /kkjk la[;k 4 dks fdlh {ks= esa fuyfEcr djus
dk vf/kdkj Hkh fn;k x;k gSA
/kkjk la[;k 5 esa jkT; ljdkj dks bl ,DV dh ikyukFkZ :Yl cukus dk
vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA ;g #Yl ;k bldk dksbZ Hkh Hkkx dks *izkbZosV okVj* ij ykxw
fd;s tkus ds fy, xtV uksfVfQds'ku tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh jkT; ljdkj dks
fn;k x;k gSA ekRL;dh fodkl esa fyftax ikfylh cukus ds fy, ;g /kkjk egŸoiw.kZ
LFkku j[krh gSA /kkjk la[;k 6 fQf'kax vFkkZr eRL;k[ksV dks izfrcfU/kr djrh gSA bl
/kkjk ds vuqlkj izkf/k—r vf/kdkjh ds ykbZlsUl tkjh fd;s ij gh fQf'kax dh vuqefr
dk izko/kku gSA /kkjk la[;k 7 esa jkT; ljdkj dks vf/klwpuk tkjh dj eNfy;ksa ds
cspku dks izfrcU/k djus vFkkZr fu"ks/k _rq ykxw djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA
/kkjk la[;k 8 es bl ,DV ;k #Yl ;k vkns'k ;k vf/klwpuk ds mYy?kau ij ltk dk
izko/kku fd;k x;kA buds igyh ckj mYy?kau ij vf/kdre 3 ekl ds dkjkokl ;k
500 #i;sa dk vFkZn.M+ vFkok nksuks dk dk izko/kku gSA tcfd ;gh vijk/k nqckjk
fd;s tkus ij vf/kdre ltk 6 ekl ds dkjkokl ;k 1000 #i;sa dk vFkZn.M+ vFkok
nksuks dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA
/kkjk la[;k 9 esa vijk/kh dks fcuk okjaV fxj¶rkj fd;s tkus dk vf/kdkj
iqfyl vkWfQlj ;k jkT; ljdkj }kjk ukfer vf/kdkjh dks fn;k x;k gSA /kkjk 10 esa
U;kf;d {ks= dks fn;k x;k gSA bl /kkjk vuqlkj izdj.k ij lquokbZ izFke Js.kh
eftLVªsV }kjk dh tkuh gS vkSj fQ'kjh vkWfQlj ;k mifujh{kd iqfyl ;k jkT;
ljdkj }kjk ukfer O;fDr dks dksVZ esa izdj.k is'k djus ds fy, vf/k—r fd;k x;k
gSA /kkjk la[;k 11 esa nh x;h vuqlwph ds vijk/kksa dks izkf/k—r vf/kdkjh }kjk
vf/kdre 100 #i;s dk tqekZuk yxkdj mYy?kau ds izdj.k dks dEikmUM vFkkZr
le>kSrk ;k {kek fd;s tkus dk izko/kku gSA bl voLFkk esa nks"kh o tCr lEifŸk dks

39
Hkh eqDr dj fn;k tkrk gSA /kkjk la[;k esa 12 ,DV dh ikyuk djk;s tkus ds fy,
izkf/k—r O;fDr dks Hkkjrh; n.M+ lafgrk ds vUrxZr yksd lsod ekuk x;k gSA /kkjk
13 esa bl ,DV dh ikyuk djk;s tkus o lgk;rk djus okys O;fDr ds fo#} fdlh
izdkj ds dksVZ dsl fd;s tkus ls lqj{kk nh xbZ gSA
21- jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl] 1958
jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV 1953 dh /kkjk 5 esa nh xbZ 'kfDr ds vUrxZr jkT;
ljdkj }kjk jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl] 1958 tkjh fd;k x;kA izkjEHk esa bl #Yl esa
dqy 15 fu;e fn;s x;sA ysfdu fu;e la[;k 16 dks o"kZ 2003 esa vkSj fu;e la[;k
17 o 18 dks o"kZ 2010 esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA fu;e la[;k 1 esa bl #Yl dk
VkbZVy fn;k x;k gS vkSj bls *izkbZosV okVj* dks NksM+dj lEiw.kZ jktLFkku easa rRdky
izHkko ls vFkkZr jkti= esa çdk'ku dh frfFk fnukad 11 flrEcj 1953 ls ykxw fd;k
x;kA fu;e al[;k 2 esa flQZ ,DV dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr ,DV dk
eryc jktLFkku fQ'kjht ,DV] 1953 gSA
fu;e la[;k 3 essa crk;k x;k gS fd fQ'kjht vkWfQlj }kjk bl #Yl esa fn;s
x;s QkeZ eas gh ykblsUl tkjh fd;s tk;xsA fu;e la[;k 4 esa ykblsUl Qhl dk
fu/kkZj.k bl izdkj ls fd;k x;k gS& ¼1½ izkjEHk es mifu;e 4-1 esa QkeZ uEcj 1 esa
lhtuy ykblsUl tkjh fd;s tkus dk izko/kku fd;k x;kA bl esa MªSx uSV o dkLV
uSV ds fy, lkykuk nj Øe'k% 50 #i;k o 35 #i;k fu/kkZfjr dh xbZA ijUrq 1991
esa bl mifu;e 4-1 dks foyksfir dj fn;k x;kA ¼2½ mifu;e 4-2 esa QkWeZ uEcj 2
es ,axfyaXl ds fy, jkWM vkSj ykbZu vkSj gSM+ykbZu ds mi;ksx gsrq Qhl dh njsa
fu/kkZfjr dh x;hA izkjEHk esa ;g Qhl ,d o"kZ] ,d ekl vkSj ,d fnol ds fy,
Øe'k% 12 #i;k] 4 #i;k vkSj 1 #i;k fu?kkZfjr dh x;hA bu njksa dks o"kZ 1981 esa
c<+kdj Øe'k% 60 #i;k] 20 #i;k vkSj 5 #i;k fd;k x;kA o"kZ 2003 esa fQj ls
bu njksa dks c<+kdj Øe'k% 300 #i;k] 50 #i;k vkSj 10 #i;k fd;k x;kA ¼3½
mifu;e 4-3 esa uhykeh@VsUMj esa izkIr mPpre cksyh@VsUMj dks Loh—r dj QkWeZ
uEcj 3 esa ykblsUl tkjh djus dk izko/kku fd;k x;kA
ty{ks= esa O;kolkf;d eRL;k[ksV ls jktLo] jkstxkj vkSj eNyh mRiknu
c<+kus dh izfØ;k dks fu;fU=r djus okyk fu;e la[;k 5 gh ,slk fu;e gS] tks lcls
vf/kd ckj la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g O;kolkf;d eRL;k[ksV ds fy, uhykeh@VsUMj
dh izfØ;k gS vkSj bls yhftax ikfylh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA izkjEHk esa bl fu;e esa nks

40
mifu;e gh fn;s x;s FksA mifu;e 5¼,½ esa i'kqikyu funs'kd ;k mudsss }kjk ukfer
dks izR;sd o"kZ 1 vxLr dks uhykeh;ksX; ty{ks=ksa dh lwph cukus vkSj vko’;d
dk;Zokgh ds fy, vf/k—r fd;k x;kA funs'kd i'kqikyu dks mPpre cksyh Loh—r
djus vkSj QkWeZ uEcj 3 esa ykbZlsUl tkjh djus ds fy, vf/k—r fd;k x;kA
mifu;e 5¼ch½ esa cksyh dks vLoh—r djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA
fu;e la[;k 5 esa la'kks/ku dh 'kq#vkr o"kZ 1973 ls dh xbZA bl esa mifu;e
5¼,½ esa eRL; ikydks dh lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks uhykeh esa 12-5% izkbZt fizQsjsUl nsus
dk izko/kku fd;k x;kA fQj bl #Yl es ,d ntZu ls Hkh vf/kd ckj la'kks/ku fd;s
x;sA ysfdu eq[; o [kkl ifjorZu o"kZ 1977] 1981] 1991] 1997] 2003] 2004 vkSj
2010 esa fd;s x;sA orZeku esa fu;e la[;k 5 dks 5 mifu;eksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
mifu;e 5¼1½ esa eRL; foHkkx ds v/khu vkus okys ty{ks=ksa esa eRL;k[ksV ds Bsds dh
VsUMj@uhykeh dk;Zfof/k nh xbZ gSA blds vUrxZr ,d o"kZ ds fy, Bsds QkWeZ uEcj
3 esa vkSj 5 o"khZ; yht ij vkaoVu QkWeZ uEcj 3, esa ykblsUl tkjh fd;s tkrs gSA
mifu;e 5¼2½ esa eRL; foHkkx ds v/khu vkus okys tyk'k;ksa dks eRL; ikyd fodkl
vfHkdj.k dks izf'kf{kr eRL; —"kdksa dks QkWeZ uEcj 3ch esa nh/kZ vof/k vkaoVu gsrq
dk;Zfof/k nh xbZ gSA mifu;e 5¼3½ esa jktLFkku tutkfr {ksf=; fodkl lgdkjh la/k]
mn;iqj dks izFke 5 o"kZ ds fy, vf/kdre vkaoVu vof/k 25 o"kZ ds fy, tyk'k;
vkaoVu dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA mifu;e 5¼4½ esa lh o Mh Js.kh ds tyk'k;ksa dks
eRL; cht dks fQaXjfyaXl voLFkk rd ikyu ds fy, vkaoVu dk izko/kku fd;k x;kA
jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl 1958 ds mifu;e 5¼5½ esa eRL; foHkkx ls iapk;rh
jkt laLFkkvksa dks gLrkukUrfjr tyk'k;ksa dks yhftax ij fn;s tkus dh dk;Zfof/k nh
x;h gSA bl mifu;e dks Hkh 3 miHkkxks esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA igys miHkkx esa ftyk
ifj'kn] iapk;r lfefr vkSj xzke iapk;r dks Øe'k% ch] lh o Mh Js.kh ds bu
gLrkukUrfjr tyk'k;ksa esa Bsds nsus dh dk;Zfof/k nh x;h gSA bu laLFkkvksa dks 5 o"khZ;
vof/k ds fy, tyk'k;ksa ds vkaoVu dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA lEcfU/kr iapk;rh jkt
laLFkk gLrkukUrfjr tyk'k;ksa esa QkWeZ uEcj 3, esa ykbZlsUl tkjh djrh gSA egŸoiw.kZ
rF; gS fd iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e o fu;e esa 50 ,dM+ flpkbZ {kerk ls de ds
xzkeh.k iks[kjks esa eNyh ikyu ds Bsds ij ;g mifu;e 5¼5½ ykxw ugh gksrk gSA
fu;e la[;k 6 esa VsUMj@uhykeh esa Qhl o vekur jk'kh tek djk;s tkus dh
dk;Zfof/k nh x;h gSA izkjEHk esa bl fu;e dks 2 mifu;eksa esa ck¡Vk x;kA ysfdu vc
;g fu;e 4 mifu;eksa esa foHkkftr fd;s x, gSA fu;e la[;k 7 esa ykbZlsUl dh

41
vof/k nh x;h gSA izkjEHk esa ykbZlsUl tkjh fd;s tkus dh frfFk ls vkxkeh 30 twu
rd dh vof/k fu/kkZfjr dh x;hA ysfdu o"kZ 1981 es ;g vof/k cny dj 15 twu
vkSj fQj o"kZ 1991 esa 31 ekpZ dj nh xbZA fu;e la[;k 8 esa Qhl ds fjQ.M fd;s
tkus ls lEcfU/kr gSA fu;e la[;k 9 esa ykbZlsUl ds [kks tkus ;k u’V gks tkus dh
n'kk es ek= ,d #i;k dh Qhl tek djk;s tkuas ij MqfIydsV ykbZlsUl tkjh fd;s
tkus dk izko/kku gSA fu;e la[;k 10 esa ykbZlsUl dh ‘'krsZ nh xbZ gSA orZeku es bl
fu;e esa 'krksZ dh la[;k dqy 4 gh gSA ysfdu ;g pkjksa 'krsZ Hkh vusd mi'krksZ esa
foHkkftr dh x;h gS A ftudk laf{kIr fooj.k uhps fn;k x;k gS &
'krZ la[;k 10¼1½ esa ykbZlsUlh }kjk Lo;a ;k mlds ,tsUV ;k ukWfeuh }kjk
eRL;k[ksV fd;k tkosxk vkSj blds fy, fQ'kjh vkWfQlj }kjk tkjh ijfeV ¼QkWeZ
uEcj 4½ ij fyf[kr vuqefr yh tkosxhA 'krZ la[;k 10¼2½ esa fQ'kjh vkWfQlj }kjk
vko’;drk vuqlkj muds Lo;a ;k izkf/k—r vf/kdkjh ds gLrk{kj;qDr ijfeV ¼QkWeZ
uEcj 4½ tkjh fd;s tkosxsA vke cksypky esa QkWeZ uEcj 4 dks yscj ijfeV dgk
tkrk gSA jktLFkku fQ'kjht #Yl 1958 esa 'krZ la[;k 10¼3½ vkSj 10¼4½ gh ,slh 'krsZ
gS] tks eRL;k[ksV ds nkSjku ty{ks= dh eRL; izkf.krk dks lh/ks gh izHkkfor djrh gSA
'krZ la[;k 10¼3½ esa VsUMj@uhykeh ¼QkWeZ uEcj 3½ ls fy;s x, ty{ks=ksa esa eRL;k[ksV
ds nkSjku dke es fy;s tkus okys fx;j vFkkZr og midj.k ftuls eNyh dks idM+k
tkrk gS] dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA blds vuqlkj ykbZlsUlh eRL;k[ksV esa vxzfyf[kr
izdkj ds fx;j dk mi;ksx gh djsxk& ¼,½ lHkh izdkj ds tky ftuds es'k ;k [kkus
dh lkbZt xk¡B ls xk¡B rd Ms<+ bUp ls de ugh gks vFkkZr dqy 6 bUp ls de dh
ugh gks o dkLV uSV dh es'k xk¡B ls xk¡B rd ,d bUp ls de ugh gks vFkkZr dqy
4 bUp ls de dh ugh gksA ¼ch½ ykWx ykbZu gqDl ds lkFkA bUgs vke cksypky esa
dk¡Vs&M+ksj dgk tkrk gSA ¼lh½ jkWM+ o ykbZu] ftls cU'kh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkSj ¼Mh½
Lih;j] bles Hkkys] rhj ;k vU; dksbZ uqfdyh oLrq ‘'kkfey dh tk ldrh gSA ysfdu
nks ckrsa Hkh /;ku es j[kuh gSA ,d rks ;g fd unh ;k ty/kkjk esa jkWM+ o ykbZu dks
NksM+dj fdlh Hkh fx;j dk mi;ksx iqy ds 200 xt ds Hkhrj ugh fd;k tkosxkA
nwljh ckr ;g fd izku ¼>haxk½ idM+us okys tky dk mi;ksx fQ'kjh vkWfQlj dh
vuqefr ds fcuk ugh fd;k tkosxkA Hkys gh foxr 60 o"kksZ esa jktLFkku fQ'kjht
#Yl 1958 dks yxHkx ,d ntZu ls vf/kd ckj jktdh; xtV tkjh dj la'kksf/kr
fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu bl 'krZ la[;k 10¼3½ esa vHkh Hkh fczfV'k i)fr ds ek=d dks
eSfVªd i)fr esa ugh cnyk x;k gSA tcfd jktLFkku lfgr lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa uki
tks[k dh eSfVªd i)fr gh ykxw gSA izkjEHk es “krZ la[;k 10¼3½¼,½ es jaxwu uSV ¼Qlyk

42
tky½ ls eNyh idM+us ij izfrcU/k yxk;k x;k FkkA ysfdu o"kZ 1981 esa bl
izfrcU/k dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA
eRL; izkf.krk ds laj{k.k esa egŸoiw.kZ fu;e la[;k 10¼4½ dks X;kjg miHkkxksa es
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA bu miHkkxks dk laf{kIr fuEu izdkj ls gS &
fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼i½ esa ykblsUlh }kjk fcuk fQ'kjh vkWfQlj dh vuqefr ds LVsd
uSV dks NksM+ dj fQDlM+ baftu yxkus ij izfrcU/k yxk;k x;k gSA fu;e la[;k
10¼4½¼ii½ esa izkjEHk esa ukS bUp yEckbZ ;k vk/kk lsj otu dh jksgw] dkyclw] ujsu]
dryk] egklhj o lWoy uked eNfy;ska ds idMus dks izfrcfU/kr fd;k x;kA vxj
;g fdLesa idM+ ess vk Hkh tkrh gS rks bUgs thfor gh okil ikuh esa NksM+k tk;xkA
26 vxLr 1981 dks la'kksf/kr dj jksgw] ujsu] dryk o egklhj fdLeksa ds ,d fd-xzk-
ls de dh idM+us ij izfrcU/k yxk;k x;kA ysfdu blh o"kZ 11 fnlEcj 1981 dks
fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼ii½ dks la'kksf/kr dj jksgw o ujsu fdLes 500 xzke ls de vkSj
dryk o egklhj ,d fd-xzk- ls de dh idM+us ij izfrcU/k yxk;k x;kA o"kZ 1991
esa bl fu;e dks la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k vkSj jksgw] ujsu] dryk] egklhj] flYoj dkiZ o
xzkl dkiZ ds 500 ls de ds idM+us ij izfrcU/k yxk;k x;kA o"kZ 2003 es fu;e
la[;k 10¼4½¼ii½ dks bl izdkj ls izfrLFkkfir fd;k x;k& vuqKki=/kkjh jksgw] ujsu]
dryk] egklhj] flYoj dkiZ vkSj xzkl dkiZ fdLe dh 500 xzke ls de otu dh
fdlh eNyh dks ugh idM+sxkA ;fn idM+h tk;s arks mls ikuh esa rqjUr gh NksM+ fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A rnkfi vkikr ifjfLFkfr;ksas tSls ikuh ds lw[k tkus ;k tyLrj ds de
gks tkus] ftlls eNyh thou ij ladV mRiUu gks ;k fdlh chekjh ds laØe.k esa]
fun'kd eRL; ch] lh o Mh izoxZ ds tyk'k;ksa ds ekeys esa] Åij of.kZr fdLe dh
500 xzke ls de otu dh eNyh idM+us dh vuqefr fo'ks"k vuqKk ns ldrk gSA —
"kdksa dks vkaofVr tyk'k;ksa dh n'kk esa ,slh vuqKk] bl iz;kstu ds fy, funs'kd
eRL; }kjk izkf/k—r foHkkx ds flapkbZ foHkkx ls ty Lrj lEcU/kh rF;kRed fjiksZV
izkIr gksus ds i'pkr nh tk;sxhA
fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼iii½ esa ,axfyaXl ds ykbZlsUlh dks NksM+dj dj vU;
ykbZlsUlh dks eNyh idM+us ds izR;sd dSp ;kfu >ksy dk fu;fer fjdkMZ j[kuk
gksxk vkSj izR;sd 15 fnu esa bl fjdkMZ dh izfr QkWeZ uEcj 5 esa jftLVMZ Mkd ls
fHktokuh gksxhA vke cksypky esa QkWeZ uEcj 5 dks dSp LVsVesUV dgk tkrk gSA
fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼iv½ esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds oSKkfud ;k vkfFkZd egŸo dk
vlk/kkj.k y{k.k /;kku esa vkus ij fudVorhZ eRL; dk;kZy; dks lwfpr fd;k

43
tkosxkA fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼v½ es ykbZlsUlh /kkfeZd LFkku ;k ugkus ds ?kkV ij
eNyh ugh idMs+xkA fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼vi½ es ykbZlsUlh eNyh dks ges'kk <+d dj
ifjogu djsxk rkfd tuHkkouk dks Bsl ugh igqpsaA fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼vii½ es
ykbZlsUlh ds fdlh Hkh ljdkjh lEifŸk ds mi;ksx ij jksd yxkbZ x;h gSA fu;e
la[;k 10¼4½¼viii½ es ykbZlsUlh ds >qXxh] >ksaiM+h ;k dksbZ vU; <+k¡pk] rVcU/k vkfn
dk fuekZ.k fcuk fQ'kjh vkWfQlj dh vuqefr ds ugh djsxkA fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼ix½
es ykblsUlh ;k mlds ,tsUV dks a izkf/k—r O;fDr] ftls /kkjk 9 es fcuk okjaV
fxj¶rkj djus ds fy, vf/k—r fd;k x;k gS] ds ekaxus ij ykblsUl o ijfeV
fn[kkuk gksxkA o'kZ 1991 esa fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼x½ dks 'kkfey dj eNfy;ksa ds lq[kku
ij izfrcU/k yxk;k x;k vkSj o'kZ 2004 esa fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼xi½ dks “kkfey dj
ykbZlsUlh ;k mlds ,tsUV }kjk ty esa fons'kh ekaxqj vkSj fcx gSM eNfy;ksa ds
lap;u ij izfrcU/k yxk;k x;kA
fu;e la[;k 11 fu"ks/k _rq ls lEcfU/kr gSA izkjEHk esa fnukad 1 tqykbZ ls 15
flrEcj rd fu"ks/k _rq ykxw dh xbZA bl vof/k esa eRL;k[ksV ij izfrcU/k yxk;k
x;kA ysfdu jkWM vkSj ykbZu vkSj gSM+ykbZu ls eRL;k[ksV dks bl izfrcU/k ls eqDr
j[kk x;kA lkFk gh jkT; ljdkj dks vf/klwpuk tkjh dj bl vof/k dks jkT; ds
fdlh Hkh fgLlsa esa ?kVkus dk vf/kdkj Hkh fn;k x;k gSA ysfdu 1981 esa la'kks/ku dj
fu"ks/k _rq dh vof/k 16 twu ls 31 vxLr dh x;h vkSj jkWM vkSj ykbZu vkSj
gSM+ykbZu ls eRL;k[ksV dks gVk dj iw.kZr;k eRL;k[ksV ij Loh—fr ij izfrcU/k yxk
fn;k x;kaA fu;e la[;k 12 esa fQDlM+ baftu dks vkSj fu;e la[;k 13 esa bu
fu;eksa ds mYy?kau ij midj.kksa dks tCr djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA pw¡fd
eNyh tYnh lM+us okyk inkFkZ gSA bl dkj.k tCr eNyh dks izfØ;k viukdj
uhykeh djus vkSj izkIr jk'kh dks jktdh; dks"k esa tek djkus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k
gSA fu;e la[;k 14 esa ykbZlsUlh ;k mlds ,tsUV }kjk ykbZlsUl dh fdlh Hkh 'krZ ds
mYy?kau ij fQ'kjh vkWfQlj }kjk ykbZlsUl dks fujLr djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k
gSA ykbZlsUl dSfUly fd;s tkus ij tkjh ijfeV Lor% fujLr le>s tkrs gS vkSj
tek leLr jk'kh tCr dj yh tkrh gSA
fu;e la[;k 15 esa oSKkfyd dk;ksZ ls eRL; foHkkx ds vf/kdkjh o LVkQ fdlh
Hkh ty{ks= es] fdlh Hkh rjhds ls] fdlh Hkh le;] fdlh Hkh lkbZt dh vkSj fdlh Hkh
izdkj dh eNyh dks idM+ ldsxkA fu;e la[;k 16 dks o"kZ 1991 esa tksM+dj 500
xzke ls de otu dh drYkk] egklhj] jksgw] fexzy] xzkl dkiZ o flYoj dkiZ ds

44
Ø;@foØ; ij izfrcU/k yxkk;k x;k gSA bl izdkj dh eNyh dks tCr dj u"V
djus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA bl fu;e esa 2003 esa la'kks/ku dj bl izfr'ks/k
fu;e dks fu;e la[;k 10¼4½¼ii½ dh Loh—fr ls idM+h x;h eNyh dks eqDr fd;k
x;k gSA blh izdkj rkykcks es lap;u ds fy, bl izdkj dh bl fdLe dh thfor
eNfy;ksa dks Hkh bl izfr'ks/k ls eqDr j[kk x;k gSA
fu;e la[;k 17 esa #Yl ds ykxw fd;s tkus esa vkus okyh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh
'kadk ds fuokj.k ds fy, O;k[;k dk vf/kdkj jkT; ljdkj dks fn;k x;k gSA fu;e
la[;k 18 #Yl essa fdlh izdkj dh vM+pu vkus ij jkT; ljdkj ds fu.kZ; dks
vfUre ekuus dk izko/kku fn;k x;k gSA
22- jktLFkku ds ekRL;dh fodkl esa egŸoiq.kZ tyk'k; vkSj mudh eRL;
mRikndrk
¼vof/k 2001&02 ls 2006&07½
Ø-
la-
tyk'k; dk
uke
tyQSyko dk {ks=Qy
¼gSDVj esa½
vkSlru
eRL;
mRiknu
¼Vu½
vkSlru
eRL;
mRikndrk
¼fd-xzk-
@gS-½
mRikndrk
dh lhek
¼fd-xzk-@gS-
½
vf/kdre ¼EWSA)
1 ekgh ctkt
lkxj
21280 21280 32-7 3-1 1-6&4-4
2 chlyiqj 21230 10615 564-6 53-2 25&79
3 jk.kk çrki
lkxj
19600 9800 1268-2 129-4 83&184
4 dM+kuk cSd
okVj
14000 7000 122-2 17-5 3-3&23
5 t;leUn
¼mn;iqj½
7200 3600 347-8 96-6 53&182
6 lkse dkeyk
vkEck
3816 1809 167-5 92-6 53&188
7 vaxbZ 2402 1201 194-2 161-7 83&291
8 estk 2304 1152 11-4 14-8 8&31

45
9 xEHkhjh 2300 1150 26-5 27-6 9&68
10 ?kkslqUnk 2000 1000 11-7 70-0 70
11 xq<+k 1859 929-5 80-3 86-4 39&161
12 Hkhelkxj 1830 915 20-9 68-6 28&109
13 eaaaaaaaxylj 1800 900 35 116-5 74&160
14 fxyok 1800 900 24-8 33-0 21&48
15 jktleUn 1792 896 2-6 17-2 17
16 ljsjh 1781 890-5 4-3 9-6 3&15
17 [kkjh Mse 1771 885-5 10-8 18-3 5&40
18 ?kXxj fMçs'ku
¼guqekux<+½
1600 1600 736-2 1380 1132&1628
19 Ekk'kh 1600 800 58-5 109-8 16&219
20 okxu 1600 800 8-5 31-9 30&40
21 vjoj 1550 775 5-7 21-9 14&30
22 ikapuk 1400 700 38-1 108-9 60&169
23 eksjsy 1360 680 13-4 39-4 21&52
24 jkex<+ 1267 633-5 20-1 47-5 39&79
25 tokbZ 1200 600 128-8 321-9 210&372
26 VksjMh lkxj 1200 600 15-7 52-3 12&123
27 t;leUn
¼vyoj½
1200 600 7-4 36-8 25&48
28 ckjs<+k 1160 580 163-3 337-9 216&517
29 vkbZ-th-,u-ih-
¼tSlyesj½
1000 1000 275-3 275-3 62&441
30 if'pe cukl 1000 500 31-0 62-0 18&106
31 txj 993 496-5 38-4 77-4 10&157
32 nqxkjh 866 433 70-3 162-4 95&254
33 jkelkxj 807 403-5 66-8 165-4 124-203
34 fNrksyh 800 400 70-0 174-9 50&305
35 uhanM+ 800 400 71-4 178-4 150&195
36 dksBkjh 785 392-5 27-6 70-3 38&97
37 ekaM+y 770 385 18-6 48-3 23&99
38 lSUFky lkxj 690 345 10-8 31-3 31-9

46
39 vkSjkbZ 600 300 32-1 107-1 53&170
40 ,yfu;k 600 300 65-5 218-3 160&277
41 Mk;k 500 250 29-6 118-4 104&144
42 ekepkjh 400 200 46-9 234-6 155&325
43 Lo#i lkxj 381 190-5 95-1 499-2 152&1154
44 lhyhls<+ 276 138 60-4 437-6 87&848
45 xksBjk 244 122 55-7 456-7 98&820
46 cj/kk 137 68-5 46-0 671-5 481&876
47 lqjokfu;k 100 50 12-3 246-7 160&340
ftl ty{ks= esa O;kolkf;d vk/kkj ij eNyh mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS] mls
eRL; ty{ks= dgk tkrk gSA ml vuqdqyre ty {ks=Qy dks mRiknd ty
{ks=Qy vFkok izHkkoh ty{ks=Qy ¼EWSA = effective water spred area½ dgk
tkrk gS] tks mRiknd dks eNyh ikyu ls vko’;d vk; dh izkfIr djk dj o"kZ eas
iw.kZ le; dk;Zjr j[k ldsA bldh vko’;drk vkaoVu o yht fu/kkZj.k ds
lkFk&lkFk eRL; mRikfnrk] ty ifj"dj.k fØ;kvksa rFkk eRL; cht lap;u esa iM+rh
gSA
iw.kZ ty Hkjko ij 200 gSDVj ty QSyko ls vf/kd ds fLFkj ty{ks= dks
tyk'k; dgk tkrk gSA budk U;wure ty QSyko 40 gSDVj ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
;|fi vc vf/kdka'k tyk'k;ksa esa vusd dkj.kksa ls blls Hkh de ty QSyko dh
fLFkfr vkus yxh gSA eNyh mRiknu dh –f"V ls jktLFkku ds tyk'k;ks dks
fuEukafdr izdkj ls Js.kh—r fd;k tk ldrk gS &
o`gn ;k foLr`r tyk'k; %& jkT; esa bl Js.kh ds tyk'k;ksa ds uke gS & jk.kk
izrki lkxj] chlyiqj] ?kXxj fMizs'kUl o cksjksfiV~l] ekgh ctkt lkxj] dM+kuk cSd
okVj vkSj t;leUn ¼mn;iqj½A budk vf/kdre ty QSyko vkSj xgjkbZ Øe'k%
5000 gSDVj o 20 ehVj ls vf/kd gSA bu esa vksoj ¶yks dh fLFkfr cgqr de vk
ikrh gSA bu dk MSM LVksjst vf/kd gksrk gSA ykbo LVksjst {ks= esa isVk dk’r yxHkx
ugh gksrh gSA
e/;e tyk'k; %& jkT; easa bl izdkj ds tyk'k;ksa ds uke gS & ljnkjleUn]
tokbZ] ikoZrh lkxj ¼vaxkbZ½] estk] ljsjh] xEHkhjh] vkSjkbZ] jktleUn] xq<+k] xyok]

47
ek'kh] eksjsy] dkyhfly] jkex<+] t;leUn ¼vyoj½ vkSj ckjSBkA buesa vf/kdre ty
QSyko o ty xgjkbZ Øe'k% 1 ls 5 gtkj gSDVj o 10 ehVj ls 20 ehVj rd gksrh
gSA vkerkSj ij buesa vksoj ¶yks dh fLFkfr 7 o"kZ esa ,d ckj gh vk ikrh gSA ;g
tyk'k; eq[;r% flapkbZ ds fy, gh cuk, x, gSA ugjksa ls ikuh fudy tkus ds ckn
ykbo LVksjst {ks= esa isVkdk’r Hkh gksrh gSA budk MSM LVksjst lkekU; gh gksrk gS] tks
eRL; lEink dks lqjf{kr j[ks esa i;kZIr gksrk gSA rnkfi flYV ds teko ls bl {ks=
esa deh gks tkuk vuqHko fd;k tk jgk gSA
lhekUr tyk'k; %& jkT; esa bl izdkj ds izeq[k tyk'k;ksa ds uke gS &
flyhls<+] eku ljksoj ¼vyoj½] lkse dkeyk vkEck] [kkjh] mEesn lkxj] tSriqjk]
cj/kk] nqxkjh] xksBjk] ikbZokykiqjk] cukfd;k] cksjnk] okWxu] jke lkxj] dkyk[kks]
lSaFky] Hk.M+kjh] Nhrksyh] NkijokM+k] cqpkjk] tokgj lkxj] dksVk cSjkt] Hkhe lkxj]
jk;iqj] eku ljksoj ¼lokbZ ek/kksiqj½] uhnM+] Hkxorx<+] txj] ikWpuk] eksguiqjk]
ekepkjh] pk¡nlsu] fdjkoy] osLV cukl] uekuk] mn; lkxj] ljtuk] cM+xk¡o] Qrsg
lkxj] fiNksyk vkSj tk[keA buesa vf/kdre ty QSyko o xgjkbZ Øe'k% 2 lkS ls
,d gtkj gSDVj rd o 10 ehVj ls de jgrh gSA vkerkSj ij buesa 5 o"kZ esa ,d ;k
nks ckj vksoj ¶Ykks dh fLFkfr tkrh gSA budk fuekZ.k flapkbZ ds fy, gh fd;k x;k
gSA bl dkj.k ugjksa ls vf/kdre ty fudklh dj yh tkrh gSA fQj Hkh MSM LVksjst
ij lkekU;r% 40 gSDVj rd ikuh QSyk jgrk gSA vlkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj flYV
tek gks tkus ds dkj.k buesa ls vf/kdka'k tyk'k;ksa ds lw[kus dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gS
vFkok lw[k gh tkrs gSA ijUrq izk—frd iztuu {ks=] isVkdk’r o ty xzg.k {ks= ls
mRiUu moZjrk vkSj dbZ vU; dkj.kksa ls buesa LFkkuh; eRL; izkf.krk cuh jgrh gSA
23- eRL;k[ksV ds lk/ku
'kkSfd;k vkSj O;kolkf;d eRL;k[ksV esa vUrj gksrk gSA eNyh idM+uk ekuo
dk 'kkSd Hkh jgk gS vkSj thou;kiu dk lk/ku HkhA ekuo lH;rk ds çkjfEHkd dky esa
eNyh dk f'kdkj ydM+h] iRFkj] rhj] Hkkys bR;kfn çkxSgkfrd gfFk;kjksa ls fd;k
tkrk FkkA vkt Hkh eNyh ds mFkys ty esa vk tkus vkSj dbZ vkfnoklh {ks=ksa easa
eNyh dk vk[ksV bUgha ls fd;k tkrk gSA T;kss&T;ksa ekuo dh Hkkstu dh lEcU/kh
vko’;drk,¡ c<+rh xbZ] bl dh iwfrZ ds fy, eNyh idM+us ds lk/kuksa esa Hkh mÙkjksÙkj
çxfr gksrh xbZA Ñf=e /kkxksa dh [kkst o bl ds O;kid mi;ksx ls eNyh ds tkyksa
ds fMtk;u o dk;Z{kerk esa ØkfUrdkjh lq/kkj gqvk gSA ijUrq vUr%LFkyh; eRL;

48
ty{ks=ksa esa ç;qDr tkyksa ds fMtk;u esa lkeqfæd ekRL;dh dh vis{kk fodkl o lq/kkj
dh xfr dkQh de jgh gSA
O;kolkf;d eRL;k[ksV esa eNyh idM+us ds lk/kuksa dks vxzfyf[kr çdkj ls
oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS & ¼1½ eRL; Jfed vkSj ¼2½ eRL;kk[ksV ds midj.kA
eNyh idM+us ds midj.kksa dks vxzfyf[kr oxksZ esa j[kk tkrk gS& ¼1½ Øk¶V
(Crafts) vkSj ¼2½ fx;j (Gears)A eNyh ekjus esa ç;qDr midj.k ¼ fofHkUu çdkj ds
tky] dk¡Vs vkSj çkxSgkfrd gfFk;kj vkfn ½ dks fx;j vkSj bu midj.kksa dks dke esa
ysus okys ek/;e ¼fofHkUu çdkj dh ukosa] Mksafx;k¡] tgkt] joM+ dh V;wc] ydM+h ds
yës bR;kfn½ dks Øk¶V dgk tkrk gSA ;g nksuksa midj.k dk;Z ç.kkyh] mi;ksx o
fMtk;u esa fHkUu gSA ijUrq eNyh ekjus esa bu dk ,d lkFk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk
vko’;d gksrk gSA
jktLFkku esa gj çdkj ds ty{ks=ksa esa eRL; vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr fcuk
vuqKki= ds eNyh idM+uk o ekjuk fu"ks/k gSA ijEijk ds #i eas Hkh fdlh dks eNyh
vk[ksV dk vf/kdkj ugh gSA futh ty{ks=ksa dks NksM+dj vU; ty{ks=ksa esa eRL; fu;e
ds vUrxZr mRikndksa dks eRL;k[ksV esa Hkkx ysus okys eRL; Jfedkasa dk ijfeV ysuk
iM+rk gSA bu ty{ks=ksa esas ç;qä fd, tkus okys tkyksa dh U;wure eS'k ckj fu/kkZfjr
gksus ls eRL; vf/kdkfj;ksa dk i;kZIr fu;a=.k jgrk gSA leLr çdkj dh ukoksa dks
ykblsUl tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj ifjogu foHkkx ds ikl gSA ijUrq o"kZ 1995&96 esa
jktLFkku ukS pkyu fofue; vf/kfu;e] 1956 dh /kkjk 3 o 7 ds micU/kksa esas NwV nsrs
gq, eNyh idM+us ds dke vkus okyh ukoksa ¼tks eksVj ukSdk u gks½ ds iathdj.k o
çek.k i= tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj eRL; foHkkx dks fn, x, gSA
24- Øk¶V
bu dk mi;ksx eRL; vk[ksV ds vfrfjDr ty ifjogu esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
bUgsa pykus ds rjhds ds vk/kkj ij fuEukafdr nks Hkkxksa esa j[kk tkrk gS&
¼1½ ekuo 'kfä ls pfyr (Un-mechanised) % ;g midj.k pIiw ;k gok ls
Hkjh iky ls pyk, tkrs gSA fofHkUu çdkj dh ukosa] ukSdk] ydM+h ds yës] ck¡l ls cus
ctjs] gok ls Hkjh V;wc bR;kfn blh oxZ esa 'kkfey fd;s tkrs gSA vkerkSj ij

49
vUr%LFkyh; eRL; ty{ks=ksa esa bUgha midj.kksa dk lokZf/kd o O;kid mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
¼2½ bZ/ku ls pfyr (Mechanised) % ;g midj.k fdlh batu esa bZ/ku ds
}kjk pyk;s tkrs gSA batu dks midj.k ds ckgj (Out board) vFkok Hkhrj (In
board) dh vksj yxk;k tkrk gSA ikuh ds cM+s tgkt] eksVj cksV bR;kfn blh oxZ esa
'kkfey fd;s tkrs gSA
Øk¶V dks isans dh vkÑfr ij fuEu çdkj ls oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gS&
fooj.k lery isank
(Flatten bottom)
xksy isank
(Rounded bottom)
uqdhyk isank
(Keeled bottom)
isank lery xksy uqfdyk
Xkfr /kheh /kheh rst
mi;ksx 'kkUr ekSle esa]
de xgjs ikuh esa
v'kkUr ekSle esa]
vf/kd xgjs ikuh esa
'kkUr ekSle esa]
vf/kd xgjs ikuh esa
fuekZ.k lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij ukoksa dks uhps fn;s vuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k tk
ldrk gS &
1- ydM+h ls fufeZr & ukoksa ds fuekZ.k esa ydM+h dk mi;ksx lfn;ksa ls gksrk jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa ydfM+;ksa dh yxHkx 5000 ls Hkh vf/kd fdLesa ik;h tkrh gSA ijUrq buds
fuekZ.k esa yxHkx 200 fdLe dh ydfM+;k gh mi;ksxh ik;h x;h gSA vkerkSj ij
lkxoku] 'kh'ke] ccwy] vke o uhe dh fofHkUu fdLesa gh çeq[krk ls dke vkrh gSA
ukoksa ds fuekZ.k esa ydM+h ds fdLe ds p;u esa miyC/krk] etcwrh]
>Vdk o ruko lgus dh {kerk vkSj Qaxl] cSDVhfj;k o ,Yxh ds vkØe.k ls
çfrjks/kd {kerk dks /;ku esas j[kk tkrk gSA ;g lw[kus ij ueh lks[kus ij ugh Qwys
vkSj vkfFkZd –f"V ls Hkh ykHknk;d gksA
bl ds fuekZ.k esa ydM+h ds mi;ksx ls vxzfyf[kr ykHk gS & ¼1½ bu esa
vpkud >Vdk lgus dh 'kfä vkSj mRiykou {kerk vf/kd gksrh gS] ¼2½ ;g çpqj
ek=k esa loZ= miyC/k gks tkrh gS] ¼3½ bl ls fuekZ.k dk;Z ljy gksrk gS, vkSj ¼4½
bl ij tax ugh yxrk gSA
ydM+h ds mi;ksx ds nks"kksa dks vkxs crk;k x;k gS & bl esa ueh dks
lw[kus dh vf/kd {kerk gksus ls cukoV esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gS] ¼2½ bl ij Qaxl]

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