Fish culture zool4140 (dr. samee) handout

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Dr. M. Samee Mubarik
Introduction of Course
Course Code: ZOOL4140
Course Title: Fish Culture
Credit Hours: 3(2-1)
Class: BS/M. Sc. Zoology (M&E)
Session: Fall, 2020-2021
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Samee Mubarik
Contact #: +92-300-6644884
Email: sameech2002@yahoo.com
samee.mubarik@ue.edu.pk
Division of Marks
Total Marks: 60
Theory: 40
Practical: 20
Division of Theory Marks
Mid Exam: 12 (30%)
Final Exam: 20 (50%)
Assignments: 08 (20%)
Course Contents
• Weekly Lecture Plan Provided

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Definition of Fish
• Bilaterally Symmetrical
• Cold blooded (poikilothermic)
• Gill breathing
• Water living
• Vertebrate
Other meanings of Fish
• FISh (programming language), an array
programming language
• Fish (cryptography) (sometimes FISH), the
British codeword for World War II German
stream cipher teleprinter secure
communications devices
• FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization, a
technique used in genetics to detect DNA
sequences)
• To hunt and to eat the fish of the sea is made lawful for you, a provision for you and
for seafarers; but to hunt on land is forbidden you so long as ye are on the
pilgrimage. Be mindful of your duty to Allah, unto Whom ye will be gathered (Al-
Maeda [5:96] ).
• Ask them (O Muhammad) of the township that was by the sea, how they did break
the Sabbath, how their big fish came unto them visibly upon their Sabbath day and
on a day when they did not keep Sabbath came they not unto them. Thus did We try
them for that they were evil-livers. (Al-Araf [7:163] )
• And when they reached the point where the two met, they forgot their fish, and it
took its way into the waters, being free. (Al-Kahf [18:61] )
• He said: Didst thou see, when we took refuge on the rock, and I forgot the fish - and
none but Satan caused me to forget to mention it - it took its way into the waters by
a marvel. (Al-Kahf [18:63])
• And the fish swallowed him while he was blameworthy. (As-Saaffat [37:142] )
• But wait thou for thy Lord's decree, and be not like him of the fish, who cried out in
despair. (Al-Qalam [68:48])

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• Freshwater fishes are 198 species are present
in Pakistan belonging to following different
orders
– Cypriniformes
– Characiformes
– Siluriformes
– Perciformes
Puffer Fish
Gumbozia
1. Ecological Importance of Fish
• As fish lives in water
• Water Surface 70%
• Land Surface 30%
• Salt Water Volume (Marine & Sea) 97.2%
• Fresh Water Volume 2.8%

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FISHERIES RESOURCES OF
PUNJAB
(AREA IN HECTARES)
RIVERS AND MAIN TRIBUTARIES Max. 2,940,000
Min. 713,000
CANALS 22,400
DAMS 24,960
RESERVOIRS 40,840
(ATTACHED WITH BARRAGES)
LAKES & WATER LOGGED AREAS 47,400
Source: Fisheries Sector Study 1987
SMALL DAMS 7,000
PRIVATE FISH FARMS 24,190
(Till June 2015)
Reference: Dr. Muhammad Ayub, DG, Department of Fisheries, Punjab
(During
Monsoon)
Fish Body Shape
There is a tremendous diversity of fish in the world. Each species is
adapted to life in a specific habitat.
• Catla catla
• Labeo rohita
• Cirrhinus mrigala
Major Carps

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Common Fish Species in Pakistan
Sr. No Species (Local Name)
1. Tor putitora Mahaseer
2. Catla catla Thaila
3. Labeo rohita Rohu
4. Cirrhinus mrigala Mori
5. Cyprinus carpio Gulfam
6.
Tilapia mosambica/
Oreochromus niloticus
Chirra
7. Wallagu attu Malli
8. Labeo gonius Sariha
9. Notopterus spp. Pari
10. Ompok bimaculatus Palu
Sr. No Species (Local Name)
11. Bagarius bagarius Mujahid
12. Crosochilus diplochilus Bhangan
13. Heteropneustes fossilis Lohaat
14. Labeo calbasu Kalbans
15. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver carp
16. Channa marulius Soal
17. Ctenophryngodon idella Grass carp
18. Channa punctatus Dola
19. Mastacembulus armatus Baam
20. Eutropchthys vacha Jhali
21. Rita rita Desi Khagga
22. Carassius auratus Paplate
23. Sperata sarwari Singahri
24. Clupisoma garua Bachwa
25. Cirrhinus reba Sonni
Photo Credit: DG, Department of Punjab Fisheries

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Types of Fish Culture
2.1. Depending upon stocking density
2.2. Depending upon gender
2.3. Depending upon Species
2.4. Depending upon Facilities
2.5. Integrated Fish Culture
2.1. Depending upon stocking density
2.1.1. Conventional Fish Culture
2.1.2. Extensive Fish Culture
2.1.3. Semi-intensive Fish Culture
2.1.4. Intensive Fish Culture
2.1.5. Super-Intensive Fish Culture
Extensive Fish
Culture
Semi-Intensive
Fish Culture
Intensive Fish
Culture
• Poor Management
Skills
• Stocking Density
(n<1000)
• Input low
• Underdeveloped
Countries where
labour is cheap
• Income Low
• Good Management
Skills
(n=1000)
• Input Medium
• Developing Countries
where labour is cheap
• Income High
• Higher Management
Skills
(n>1000)
• Input High
• Developed Countries
where labour is not
cheap
• Income very High

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2.2. Depending upon gender
2.2.1. Mixed Sex Culture
Type of fish culture in which both gender (male &
female) of any fish specie are cultivated
2.2.2. Mono Sex Culture
Type of fish culture in which only one gender (Either
male/female/hybrid) of any fish specie are be cultivated
2.3. Depending upon Species
2.3.1. Mono Culture
Type of fish culture in which only one specie of any fish is
cultivated (ex. Labeo rohita or Catla catla etc)
2.3.2. Poly Culture
Type of fish culture in which two or more than two fish
species are cultivated either indigenous or exotic species
(ex. 1. Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala or
2. Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus, Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella)
2.3.3. Composite Culture
Type of fish culture in which two or more than two fish
species are cultivated i.e. indigenous & exotic species
(ex. Labeo rohita, Catla catla, & Oreochromis niloticus)
2.4. Depending upon Facilities
2.4.1. Pond Culture
Type of fish culture in which earthen ponds are used for
cultivation is called
2.4.2. Raceway Culture
Type of fish culture in which raceways are used for cultivation is
called
2.4.3. Cage Culture
Type of fish culture in which cages are used for cultivation is called
2.4.4. Enclosure
Type of fish culture in which enclosure are used cultivation is
called
2.4.5. Pen Culture
Type of fish culture in which pen/strings are used cultivation is
called
2.4.6. Aquaponic
Type of fish culture in which artificial structure are used
cultivation of fish is called
2.4.7. Aquaculture
Type of fish culture in which fish along other organism are
cultivated is called

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Murree Trout Head Jinnah Barrage Head QadirAbad Leader Bypass Channel
Raceway Culture
Pond Culture
Cage Culture Boat Cage Culture Enclosure
Pen Culture Aquaponic System Aquaculture
2.5. Integrated Fish Culture
2.5.1. Poultry Cum Fish Culture
Type of fish culture in which fish are cultivated alongwith poultry
farming is called
2.5.2. Dairy Cum Fish Culture
Type of fish culture in which fish are cultivated alongwith dairy
farming is called
2.5.3. Rice Cum Fish Culture
Type of fish culture in which fish are cultivated alongwith rice
farming is called
2.5.4. Pig Cum Fish Culture
Type of fish culture in which fish are cultivated alongwith pig
farming is called
2.5.5. Duck Cum Fish Culture
Type of fish culture in which fish are cultivated alongwith duck
farming is called

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3. Construction and lay out of fish pond
• Inlet
• Outlet
• Monk
• Dike
• Pond Depth
• Water Level
• Basin Slope

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3.1. Types of Pond
3.1.1. Water Supply
– Spring water pond
– Sky Pond
– River Pond
3.1.2. Existence
– Perennial Pond
– Seasonal Pond
3.1.3. Drainage
– Drainable
– Non-drainable
3.1.4. Construction
– Embankment or Barrage Pond
– Excavated or Contour Pond
– Elevated Pond
– Excavated cum Elevated Pond
3.1.5. Usage & Function
– Spawning Pond (0.5m)
– Nursery Pond (0.5m)
– Rearing Pond (1.5m)
– Stocking/Foraging Pond (+1.5m)
– Finfish
– Shellfish pond
Types of Pond (Conti…..)
4. Requisite conditions for site selection
suitable for fish culture
4.1. Selection of Site
– Transportation
– Flood Area
– Industrially Polluted Area
– High Density Forest
– Eroded Area
– Big Road
– Electricity Poles
– Availability Cheap Labour
– Electricity
– Fish Seed
– Fertilizer
– Extension Services

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4.2. Topography
– Surface Feature of Area
– Flat Area with gentle Slop (0.5-1.0%)
– Slop more than 5% should be avoided
4.3. Soil Quality
– Clay
– Silt
– Sand
– Good soils are heavy clay, silt clay, clay loamy &
water logged
4.4. Water Quality
– Colour
– Odor
– Temperature (Temp.) 12-18/25-35 ◦C
– Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 5 mg.L-1/0.0005 %
– Light Penetration (LP) 10-12cm
– pH 7.5-8.5
– Total Alkalinity (TA) 200 mg.L-1
– Total Hardness (TH) 200 mg.L-1
– Total Solids (TS) 200 mg.L-1
– Ammonia (TA) µg.L-1
– Heavy Metal µg.L-1
List of Model Fish Farms
1. Mian Fish Farm, Mian Mohsin Chak #. 144 R.B.
2. Ch. Faqir Muhammad Fish Farm, 190 R.B.
3. Kajwani Fish Farm, Kajwani Sugar Mills Tandianwala,
Faisalabad
4. Anwar Fish Farm, Chak # 40 G.B.
5. Tufail Fish Farm, Chak # 113 G.B.
6. Crescent Fish Farm, Crescent Jute Mills, Faisalabad
7. Crescent Fish Farm, Crescent Sugar Mills, Nishat Abad
8. Adnan Fish Farm, Mian M. Adnan, Chak #. 144 R.B., Fsd
9. Mian Fish Farm, Mian M. Hussain, Chak #. 214 R.B., Fsd
10. Waraich Fish Farm, M. Ashad Waraich, Chak #. 462 G. B.,
Fsd
Total # of Fish Farms Total Area (Acres)
114 460

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5. Criteria for Selection of Fish Suitable for Fish Farming
5.1. High growth rate (FCR)= FG/AW
5.2. Ability to use natural food of pond and accept artificial feed
5.3. Hard and disease resistant
5.4. Successfully reproduce under rearing conditions
5.5. Able to live in confined space, companionable and compatible
(polyculture or composite culture)
5.6. Non-predaceous, planktophagous and preferably herbivorous
5.7. Low bone to flesh ratio
5.8. Acceptable to consumer
6. Natural food and growth
• Food
• Feed
• Diet
• Nutrient
• Ingredient
• Nutritive & Energy value
6.1. Natural fish food and growth of cultivated fishes
• Mud
Aminoacids, microorganisms & organic product of decay
• Detritus
plant debris, organic material, animal excreta
• Plankton
Tiny organisms, divided on basis of community
Phytoplankton
Plant origin, Immobility, mercy of water movement e.g.
Unicellular algae, diatoms & Desmids
Zooplankton
Animal origin, motile, free swimming e.g. Protozoans,
rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, crustaceans larvae
Conti……….

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6.2. Plankton ecologically can divided
– Heleoplankton
Pond Plankton
– Limnoplankton
Lake Plankton
– Rheoplankton or Potamoplanton
running water plankton
– Hypalmyroplankton
Estuarine Plankton
– Halioplankton
Marine Plankton
Conti……….
6.3. Aufwuch/Periphyton
– Periphyton
community developing on the surface of submerged
substrate
– Epilithic
community developing on the surface of rocks or
stone
– Epiphytic
community developing on the surface of plants
– Epizooic
community developing on the surface of shells &
hard part of animals e.g. rotifers & blue green algae
Conti……….
• Benthos
Organisms attached to or resting at bottom or living at
bottome.g. insect larvae, worms, small crustaceans & molluscs
• Neuston
Organisms resting or swimming on the surface of water
e.g. floating algae, macrophytes like duckweed and Insects
(Epineuston: on surface e.g. Hydrometra & Hyponeuston: Beneath
surface e.g. Pupae of Mosquito)
• Nekton
Large animals able to navigate at will e.g. prawn, shrimp,
crabs & fish
• Aquatic plants
filamentous algae & high plants of floating, submerged
& emergent type
Conti……….

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Fish Feeding Types
• Mud Feeders
Ingest finely divided silt at bottom, e.g. Prochilodus sp.
• Detritivores
Ingest detritus, valuable source of nutrients from
decomposed organic particles including micro-organisms e.g.
Cyprinids & Tilapia sp.
• Scavengers
Feed on dead or decay organism e.g. Myxine sp.
• Herbivores
– Grazers: scrape or rasp algae from algae bottom e.g.
Plecostomus
– Browsers: feed on regularly on leaves, stems of higher
plants & filamentous algae e.g. Ctenopharyngodon
– Phytoplanktivores: primarily feed upon phytoplankton e.g.
diatoms
Conti……….
• Carnivores (live animal Prey)
– Zooplanktivores
Feed on zooplankton either pick individuallyor by gill racks filtratione.g. Engraolis
– Benthivores
Feed on insect larvae, annelid worms, small crustaceans & molluscs
– Aerial Feeders
Feed on flying insect or resting above the water surface e.g. Salmonids &
Toxotes sp.
– Piscivores
Feed exclusively on fish e.g. Nandus sp.
– Cannibilitics
Feed on young ones of their own specie . too e.g. Channa sp.
– Specialized Carnivores (feed but do not kill the host)
I) Parsitic feed on blood of host catfish e.g. Lamrey sp.
II) Scale Eaters feed on plucked scales of fishes (Lepidophagy) e.g. Exodon sp.
IIIFin Biters feed on pieces they bite from the fins of other fishes e.g.
Belanophago sp.
• Omnivores
feed on variety of food including plants & animals
Food and feeding of fish, types of
ingredients used in fish feed
• Food Ingredients
– Fish Meal
– Blood Meal
– Rice Polish
– Maize Glutein (30-60 % CP)
– Soyabean Meal
– Sunflower Meal
– Molluscs
– Insects
etc

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7. Fish feed composition, preparation and
preservation
• Crude Protein (CP %) Essential AA
• Crude Fat (CF %) Essential FA
• Carbohydrates (Carb %)
• Vitamin
• Mineral
• Energy Value (K.cal)
Fish Feed Formulation
• Square Method
• Algorithmic Method
30 % Crude Protein (CP) Fish Supplementary Diet by taking animal and Plant sources (50 /50).
Source of
Ingredients
CP % in
Ingredients
Diet 1 Diet 2
% of
Ingredients
taken
CP % taken
from
Ingredients
CP%
in Diet
% of
Ingredients
taken
CP % taken
from
Ingredients
CP% in
Diet
Fish Meal 48 32 32×48/100= 15.36 32 32×48/100= 15.36
Maize Glutein
CP30/35%
30 20 20×30/100= 6.0 16 16×30/100= 4.8
Sunflower Meal 25 20 20×25/100= 5.0 18 18×25/100= 4.5
Soya bean Meal 25 10 10×25/100= 2.5 18 18×25/100= 4.5
Rice Polish 12 12 12×12/100= 1.44 10 10×12/100= 1.2
Vitamin &
Mineral/
Antioxidant/
Flavors/Vaccines
0 2 2×0/100= 0 2 2×0/100= 0
Oil Binders 0 4 4×0/100= 0 4 4×0/100= 0
Total 100 30.30 100 30.36
7.Breeding of Cyprinids
• Gender of Fish
• Maturity of Fish
• Egg Laying Capacity
• Breeding Season

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Reproductive behavior of fish, GSI (G/B)
• Breeding Requirement
– Light (Photo-period)
– Rainfall
– Temperature
– Flow Rate
– pH of water
– EC of water
Artificial breeding of Fish
• Reproductive Physiology of fish
• Hypophysation
• Induced Spawning
Endocrine Cascade
• Brain releases
messengers
• Pit releases
gonadotropins
• Gonads release
steroids
• Gonad forms gametes

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Hypophysation of Cyprinids
Induced Spawning of Cyprinids
• Brood Stock Management
• Artificial or Natural Spawning
• Egg Stripping
• Egg Fertilization
• Egg enumeration
• Egg Development
• Egg Incubation
• Egg Care
Brood Stock
• Def: Parent spawners used for collection of
gametes (Captive or Wild Brooders)
• Natural Environment
• Some are mouth breeder or pond breeder
• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) or
Pituitary Extract or Ovaprim or Ovatide
(0.5ml/kg)

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Stripping & Egg Fertilization
Hand/Air Pressure/Surgical Stripping
• Hand Stripping
– Hold a female with vent oriented over a collecting pan
– Eggs will flow out free by gently pressing the abdomen
from anterior to posterior side
– Holding a male & gently pressing the abdomen from
anterior to posterior and spray the milt on eggs
– But first strip away from eggs to eliminate urine
– Add small amount of clean water into pen
– Mix the milt & eggs with the help of hen fur to avoid
rupturing of eggs and provide max. fertilization chances
Induced Breeding of Rita rita
(Desi Khagga)
Rita rita Induced Spawning Egg Stripping
Sperm Collection
Fertilized egg Embryo
8. Sources of Fish Seed
Wild Seed Artificial Seed
Source: River
Seed Quality: Great
Seed Diversity: Variety
Seed Health: Good
Seed Availability: Seasonal
Seed Cost: High
Seed Transportation: Difficult
Seed Management: None
Source: Govt./Pvt Hatchery
Seed Quality: Comprised
Seed Diversity: Equal
Seed Health: Good
Seed Availability: All Year Around
Seed Cost: Cheap
Seed Transportation: Easy
Seed Management: Difficult

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Development
Paper Discussion
9. Biological means of increasing fish
production
• Organic Fertilizers
• Integrated Fish Culture
• Polyculture/Composite Culture
• Aquaponics
• Aquaculture

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Organic fertilizers, their application
and impact on fish and water quality
• Poultry Manure (Poultry dropping)
• Cowdung
• Domestic Waste
Inorganic fertilizers and their application
and impact on fish and water quality
• Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)
• Single Super Phosphate (SSP)
• Triple Super Phosphate (TSP)
• Ammonium Phosphate
Pros & Corns of Organic & Inorganic Fertilizer
Organic Fertilizer /Manure Inorganic
• Cheaper Source
• Easily Available
• Less Toxic
• May have pathogenic agent
• Decomposition
• Costly
• Seasonal Availability
• Very Toxic in large quantity
• No Pathogenicity
• Readily available Nutrients

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10. Maintenance and improvement of pond
• Aquatic Vegetation Control
• Fish Predators
• Pond Structure & Shape
• Liming
• Carrying Capacity
12. Fish Diseases
common in captivity but minor in natural environment
• Infectious Diseases
– Viral
– Bacterial
– Fungal
– Protozoan
– Crustacean
• Non-infectious
– Abiotic
– Biotic

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Symptoms of Fish Diseases
• Discoloration of body
• Rapid secretion of grey coloured slime on the
body
• Appearance of white, brown or black spots on
the body
• Growth of fungus
• Irritation, due to which rubs its body with stones
• Folding of fins & lingering at bottom
• Increase in breathing frequency
• Whirling or tumbling movements
• Diseases of internal organs cause swelling of
abdomen
• Fish population stop eating
Prophylactic measures
• Pond water supply
• Excessive growth of plants & siltation to be removed
• Pond & tank must be dried out at least once in two
years
• Disease free fingerling should be selected
• Overcrowding should be avoided
• Disease outbreak, dead or seriously infected fish
must be destroyed
• Excessive & rough handling should be avoided cause
stress to fish
• Disinfection of pond is advisable by quick lime
(500kg/ha)
Viral Diseases
• Viruses smallest microorganism ranging from
25-300 nm in size only be seen by EM.
• Multiply locally in the host & form inclusion
• with a secondary bacterial or fungal infection
• Few cases, vaccines & antibiotic drugs mixed
with food have shown to effective in
protecting fish
• Such measures on commercial scale are not
only laborious but uneconomical

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Lymphocystis
Proliferous growth of
connecting tissues in skin,
cell may grow 50,000 times
in size, no mortality,
disfigurement of shape
• Symptoms:
Tumours or Warts on
the body
• Treatment:
No Cure, effected
fish should be
destroyed
Warts
Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS)
In rainbow trout farming,
confined to Europe,
mortality rate high
• Symptoms:
Usually kidney & liver
infected; belly swells & foul
smelling yellowish fluid
found in visceral cavity
• Treatment: No Cure,
infected fish should be
destroyed
Viral Haemorrhagic
Septicaemia
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)
Contagious to salmonids &
confined to USA, JAPAN,
EU
• Symptoms: Revolves,
disorderly swim, finally
rest at bottom, cavity
filled with white fluid,
dragging threadlike
mucus feces
• Treatment: No cure,
bury or burn infected
fish
Infectious Pancreatic
Necrosis

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Infectious Haemopoietic Necrosis (IHN)
Infect fry of salmonids,
highly lethal, mostly in N.
America & Japan
• Symptoms: Dull, whirling
& mad swimming, belly
inflate, internal
hemorrhage, thread like
mucus excudes from
anus
• Treatment: No cure,
bury or burn infected
fish
Necrosis
Bacterial Diseases
• Minute organism 0.3-0.5 micron, divided into
two groups
– Gram Positive which retain the stain (appear dark
blue or purple colour)
– Gram Negative which don’t retain the stain
(appear pink or red colour)
• Bacterial diseases most common in
temperate, tropical or subtropical
• Control is difficult in pond
• Symptoms highly variable depending on
Water Temp., pH etc.
DROPSY
Most & serious epidemic
diseases, usually affecting carps
caused by Aeromonas punctata
may act with other bacteria
Pseudomonas sp, co-agents
• Symptoms: Scales protrudes
out, inflammation of intestine,
belly swell look like balloon,
fins are partly destroyed
• Treatment: mainly
prophylactic, antibiotic drugs
Chloramphenicol 50-70 mg/kg
directly injected or added in
food.
Dropsy

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Furunculosis
Salmonidae fishes infected
mainly through digestive tract
through wounds on the body
surface by Aeromonas
salmonicida. Bacteria breed in
blood vessels.
• Symptoms: Furuncles or
blisters on skin, small fishes
may die without showing
any external signs
• Treatment: Sulfamerazine
(6g/kg) administration in
blood or Terramycin 3g/45kg
of fish.
Furunculosis
Vibriosis
Common in estuaries & marine
environment, caused by Vibrio
angullarium, reported in
freshwater in Norway too.
• Symptoms: Dull movement,
loss of appetite, local
swelling of muscles, necrosis
of kidney, bleeding at bases
of fins
• Treatment: Oxytetracycline
@ 50-70 mg/kg/day for 10
day Sulfisoxazole @ 200
mg/kg/day
Vibriosis
Tail rot or Fin rot
Contagious disease of
freshwater pond &
causes considerable
damage by
myxobacterium
• Symptoms: White line
on the margin of fins,
fin rot out and drop tail
is gradually torn away
• Treatment: Copper
sulphate 500 ppm 1-
2min dip
Necrosis

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Fungal Diseases
• Microorganisms lives as saprophytes on
decaying matter or as parasites on other
plants or animals
• Vegetative part of complex filament called
hyphae loosely entangled to form web like
mass called mycelium
• Hyphae penetrates the host of the body
Saprolegniosis
Common in freshwater eggs,
larvae and fishes including
carps, catfishes & murrels
caused by Saprolegnia diclina,
S. ferax & S. parasitica
• Symptoms: Tuft or white
threads or cotton like
growth on skin, fins, eyes,
gills or mouth, weakness
and fish die due to internal
organs damage
• Treatment: Salt 3% solution
dip (10g/L) for 20 mins,
Copper Sulphate (5g/L) 1
min dip
Saprolegniosis
Branchiomycosis
Gill rot disease caused by
Branchiomyces sangguinis
& B. demigrans where rich
organic matter e.g. dung
• Symptoms: pale gills of
fish show deep red
patches, necrosis,
hyphae grow in blood
vessels of gill, circulation
stop & suffocation death
• Treatment: Salt 3-5%
solution dip (30g/L) for
20 mins, Potassium
permanganate (1g/10L)
10-30 min dip
Branchiomycosis

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Icthyophonus
Yellowish brown fungus,
mainly in marine some in
freshwater attack
internal organs
Icthyophonus hoferi
• Symptoms: no external
symptoms, tumbling
movement, slow death
• Treatment: No Cure
Icthyophonus
Protozoan Diseases
• Microscopic unicellular
• free living
• other parasitic
• Majority of diseases are protozoan
Trypanosomiais
Trypanosoma spp. (one
flagellum) & Cryptobia spp.
(biflagellates) found in the
blood vessels through
leeches
• Symptoms: Slow
movement, loss of
appetite, fish grows thin &
finally die with Weakness
• Treatment: No Cure,
control of leeches prevent
further infection
Trypanosoma
Cryptobia

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Icthyobdiasis
Worldwide, common both in
cold & warm water, tropical
area above 25◦C don’t suffer,
caused by Icthyobodo necator,
parasite to skin & gill & destroy
epithelial lining
• Symptoms: Light blue or
grey coating on the skin no
external symptoms, fins
folded up, affected gill
tissue turn brown
• Treatment: 3% Salt for 10
min or formalin (15-50
ppm)
Icthyobdiasis
Hexamitiasis
Damages the intestine of
salmon & trout, cause heavy
mortality of trout fingerling in
hatcheries by
Hexamitus salmonids
• Symptoms: no external
symptoms, if acute
infection fish exhibits
whirling motion & greatly
emaciated
• Treatment: Oral
administration 0.2%
calomel (mercurus
chloride)
H. salmonids
Velvet
Fresh, brackish & marine water by
dinoflagellate Oodinium
limneticum attack gill & skin,
numerous number form a fine
bright yellow film called velvet
• Symptoms: Body cover
by yellow patches,
rapid breathing, scrap
wildly
• Treatment: Acriflavine
(1g/L) on
teaspoon/4.5L
O. limneticum

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Trematode Parasites
Treamatodes or flukes two
groups (monogenetic: simple
life cycle; digenetic: usually two
host to complete life cycle)
a. Gyraodactylosis
b. Dactylogyrosis
c. Clinostomiasis
• Symptoms:
Hypersecretion of
mucus, rapid breathing
• Treatment: 5% Salt for
15 mins
Gyraodactylosis Dactylogyrosis
Clinostomum marginatum
Life Cycle
Cestode Parsites
Tape worms, long flat & ribbon
like animals, head or scolex
equipped with sucker & hooks,
Ligula intestinalis yellowish
white, 15-24 cm size in wild
fish
• Symptoms: Belly
swollen may burst if
infection if high
• Treatment: di-n-buty
tin oxide @ 250mg/kg
diet of brood stock
L. intestinalis

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Nematode Parasites
Round worms, elongated,
unsegmented with smooth
glistening surface belong to
genera
a) Camallanus
b) Philometra
• Symptoms: Larval
stages, adult intestine
& reproductive organs
• Treatment:------- Camallanus Philometra
Acanthocephalan Parasites
Spiny headed worms
characterized by retractile
proboscis armed with a
number of hooks for
attachment in intestine
• Symptoms: due to
blockage of intestine,
belly swollen, stop
feeding
• Treatment:------ Acanthocephalan
Annelid Parasites
Leeches belonging Piscicola,
Helmiclepsis and
Cystobranchus feed on blood
and carry blood parasites e.g.
Trypanosma sp.
• Symptoms: Lesions on
the body at point of
attachment and open
way for bacterial &
fungal infection
• Treatment: Lysol (50%
cresol + 50% Coap),
1ml/5L dip Piscicola Helmiclepsis Cystobranchus

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31
Copepod Parasites
• Small crustaceans
• majority free living
• Cladocerans, Rotifers & Protozoans,
• constitute important zooplanktonic fauna,
• 1500 spp parasitic to fish skin & gill e.g.
– Argulus
– Lernaea
– Ergasilus
Argulosis
Argulus sp., commonly know ‘fish
lice’ greenish yellow colour eight
legs, can swim through water, Louse
has two large suckers, feed on blood
& body fluids, sting wounds open
way for bacteria & fungal infection,
Labeo rohita most susceptible spp.
• Symptoms: Sting blotches,
wound inflammation with
profuse secretion, scratch
themselves
• Treatment: Bath in lysol or
potassium permagnate
(1mg/L) for 30-40 sec.,
Bromex @ 0.2 ppm in diet
Argulus (Fish Lice)
Lernaesis
Lernaea sp. Commonly called
anchor worm, attached by
anchor like appendage present
on head, suck blood
• Symptoms: Lesions
Lethargy, emaciation,
slow growth rate,
anaemia finally death
• Treatment: Bath in
lysol or potassium
permagnate (1mg/L)
for 30-40 sec., Bromex
@ 0.2 ppm in diet
Lernaea sp.

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32
Ergasilosis
Egrasilus 4 sp. in Asia, attck on
gills of freshwater fishes, pear
shaped look like free living
cyclops having large hook shape
antenna
• Symptoms: Lesions
Lethargy, emaciation,
slow growth rate,
anaemia finally death
• Treatment: Bath in lysol
or potassium
permagnate (1mg/L) for
30-40 sec., Bromex @
0.2 ppm in diet
Ergasilosis
Non-Infestious Diseases
• Anoxia
• Gas Bubble Disease (Hypoxia)
• Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
• Dietary
• Intoxicantions
• Toxic Algae
Anoxia:
– A frequent problem in the tropical ponds
– Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 5ppm is sufficient
– Less than 3 ppm DO, fatal for many sp. of fishes
• Symptoms: Fish comes up in stress, swims at
surface of water with their head protruding and
gulping air over gills, fish die due to asphyxiation
• Remedy: Fresh water supply
– Beating water with bamboo
– Aeration by mechanical devices
– Turbulence or agitation of water by pumping water
from bottom & splashing back on the surface
– Removing algal mat from surface
– Thinning of fish Population

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33
Gas Bubble Disease (Hypoxia)
– Excess saturation of gases (O2, N2 & CO2)
– Above than 110% is problematic may cause embolism
– Gas bubbles in blood capillaries cause hindrance to
circulation of blood
• Symptoms: Loose connective tissue surrounding
eye ball, it results into the protrusion of eye ball
called pop-eye
– Small bubbles beneath skin, on fin, around the eye, in
stomach & intestine
– Bleeding may occur due to occlusion of blood
capillaries
– Bubble reach brain or heart sudden death may occur
• Remedy:
– Well agitation to lower the saturation of gases below
110%
– Infected fish should be transferred to other pond
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
– Acidic water are not suitable for fish rearing
– A greater pH 7.5-8.5 is best
• Symptoms:
• If pH goes down, fish shows signs of acidaemia
• Fish may perform rapid movement & tendency to
jump out of water
• Remedy:
– pH level must be normalized with judicious
application of powdered calcium carbide
Dietary Diseases
– Dietary diseases caused due to nutritional
deficiencies
• Symptoms:
– Anemia due to varied vitamin
– Thyroid tumor or goiter deficiency of Iodine
– Muscle and liver lesion deficiency of Vitamin E
– Dietary gill diseases deficiency of pantothenic acid
– Blue slim disease of trout deficiency of biotin
– Lipoid degeneration from over feeding of poorly
balance diet
– Remedy:
– Poorly balance diet with additive vitamins &
minerals

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Intoxications & Toxic Algae
– Heavy metals such as Zinc, Copper, Mercury,
Nickel, lead, Iron
– If water is hard & pH of 8.0, heavy metals will
precipitate as carbonates & sulphates
– Water is soft with low pH, the metals in their ionic
forms will prove toxic to fish
Algae blooms cause suffocation
Extracellular toxic of algae lead mortality of fish
13. Handling and harvesting of fish
• Fishing/Harvesting mean removals of fishes
from water. Equipments for fishing are called
fishing gears.
Maximum Sustainable Yield
• Based upon:
• 1. the harvest rate
• 2. the recruitment rate of new (young) fish into
the population
• a population can be harvested at the point in
their population growth rate where it is highest
(the exponential phase)
• Harvesting (output) balances recruitment (input)
• Fixed fishing quotas will produce a constant
harvesting rate (i.e. a constant number of
individuals fished in a given period of time)

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Structure of Local Fish Market
Fisherman catch
Itinerant Fish trader Merchant
Consumer
Fishing Village
Collecting Centres on the lake shore
Major wholesale centre
Other parts of the nation
Processed Fish
Processed and stored Fish
Fishing methods in Pakistan could be
classified into many types namely;
Gill net Active netting
Trammel net Passive netting
Cast net Active netting
Beach seine net Passive netting
Hand net Active netting
Lift net Active netting
Drift net Active netting
Gill or Fixed nets
Gill nets are walls of
netting which may be set
at or below the surface, on
the seabed, or at any
depth in between.
Gill netting is probably the
oldest form of net fishing,
having been in use for
thousands of years.

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36
Trammel Nets
Cast Net
Beach Seine Net

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37
Hand Net
Lift Net
Drift Net

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38
Selection of Mesh Size
• A mesh is composed of four knots and four
bars. It must be the right size for the target
species of fish. Knowledge and experience of
fishing is essential for selecting the right mesh
size.
WHO standards for fish products
• Private standards and related certification schemes are becoming significant features of
international fish trade and marketing.
• They have emerged in areas where there is a perception that public regulatory frameworks
are not achieving the desired outcomes, such as sustainability and responsible fisheries
management.
• Their use is also becoming more common in efforts to ensure food safety, quality and
environmental sustainability in the growing aquaculture industry.
• Private standards are now a key mechanism for large-scale retailers and commercial brand
owners wishing to translate requirements – both product and process specifications – to
other parts of the supply chain.
• perspective of the firm, private standards and the certification sitting behind them can serve
as mechanisms for safety and quality assurance.
• They can also facilitate traceability, standardization of products from a range of international
suppliers, and transparency of production processes.
• Attachment to an environmental standard or ecolabel provides retailers and brand owners
with insurance against boycotts from environmental groups and negative media coverage.
• Moreover, it also helps them tap into and grow consumer demand for ethical products.
• Consequently, the fisheries procurement policies of most large retailers typically include a
significant sustainability component, often with targets for wild-caught fish to be certified to
an ecolabel, and for farmed fish and seafood to be certified to an aquaculture certification
scheme.
• Suppliers working at the post-harvest level are increasingly required to be certified to a
private food safety management scheme.
References:
• Ali, S.S. 2012. Freshwater Fisheries Biology. Naseem Book Depot Publisher.
Hyderabad. Pakistan. P. 330.
• Huet, M., 1986. Text book of fish culture: Breeding and cultivation of fish.
2nd Edition. Fishing News Book ltd. England
• Jhingran, V.G., 1983. Fish and fisheries in India. 2nd Edition. Hinduston
Publishing Corporation, New Dehli
• http://www.guidedways.com/search-keyword-fish-translator-4.htm
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1948e/i1948e00.htm

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Final Paper Discussion

Fish culture zool4140 (dr. samee) handout

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Fish culture zool4140 (dr. samee) handout