Radiological procedure CONTRAST MEDIA
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Contrast Media Presentation Uploaded by SONU SHARMA Student of B.Sc Radiography & Imaging Technology 3rd Year at Pt.B.D.Sharma University of Health & Science , P.G.I.M.S. Rohtak,Haryana,India.
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Contrast Media in Radiology
Contrast media are substances used to enhance the contrast of structures or fluids within the body during medical imaging. There are two main types - positive contrast agents that are high in atomic number like iodine and barium, and negative contrast agents that are low in atomic number like air. Positive contrast agents can be water soluble like iodine compounds used for intravenous injections, or water insoluble like barium sulphate used to study the gastrointestinal tract. While generally safe, contrast media do carry risks of minor or major reactions, with ionic contrast media having higher reaction probabilities than non-ionic varieties.
Radiology Contrast media and its Types
1. Contrast agents are substances that have different atomic numbers or electron densities than surrounding tissues, allowing visualization of internal organs on imaging.
2. Early contrast agents included barium sulfate, iodinated compounds, and air or CO2. Modern agents are classified as ionic or non-ionic monomers and dimers with varying osmolalities and viscosities.
3. Contrast agents are used with multiple imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound, and fluoroscopy. They are administered orally, intravenously, or directly into structures. The choice depends on the physical properties and safety of the specific agent and the anatomy being imaged.
Contrast Media
This document provides an overview of contrast media including its introduction, mechanism of action, basic chemistry and properties, classifications, commonly used preparations, pharmacodynamics, interactions with body systems, potential side effects and their management, and prevention strategies. Contrast media helps improve visualization of tissues during medical imaging by increasing beam attenuation. Iodine is commonly used as the contrast agent due to its high atomic number. Both ionic and non-ionic varieties exist with different properties. Potential side effects range from minor to severe reactions.
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CT Artifacts
This document defines and provides examples of common CT artifacts, including their causes and potential solutions. It discusses ring artifact caused by a miscalibrated detector element; noise (photon starvation) caused by low photon counts; metal artifacts from multiple factors like beam hardening; and beam hardening artifact from polychromatic X-rays. Motion artifacts from patient movement are also addressed. Solutions include recalibrating detectors, increasing mA or kV, and using techniques like faster pitch or cardiac gating.
Contrast Media
Contrast media are agents used to enhance the visibility of structures in medical imaging. There are several types including positive contrast media which make structures appear brighter on scans, and negative contrast media which make structures seem darker. Common contrast agents contain iodine and can be ionic monomers, ionic dimers, non-ionic monomers, or non-ionic dimers. While contrast imaging provides important medical information, the agents sometimes cause side effects from mild reactions like nausea to more severe issues like pulmonary edema. Care must be taken with patients having risk factors for complications.
Contrast media and drugs radiology pk
The document discusses various contrast media used in radiology including iodinated contrast media, barium sulfate, gadolinium, and ultrasound contrast agents. It provides classifications of contrast media based on their atomic number, water solubility, and excretion route. It describes the differences between high-osmolar and low-osmolar iodinated contrast media and their safety profiles. MRI contrast agents discussed include gadolinium chelates and their indications. The document also covers ultrasound contrast microbubbles and their encapsulation, as well as barium sulfate mixtures used for gastrointestinal imaging.
Contrast media
1) The document discusses the historical development of radiographic contrast media from its earliest uses in the late 19th century to the development of tri-iodinated benzene derivatives and modern low-osmolar non-ionic contrast agents.
2) It covers the ideal characteristics, classification, and basic chemistry of iodinated contrast media including differences between ionic and non-ionic monomers and dimers.
3) The risks of contrast media administration are discussed including predictable chemo-toxic reactions affecting tissues and organ systems as well as unpredictable anaphylactoid reactions.
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Contrast Media in Radiology
Contrast media are substances used to enhance the contrast of structures or fluids within the body during medical imaging. There are two main types - positive contrast agents that are high in atomic number like iodine and barium, and negative contrast agents that are low in atomic number like air. Positive contrast agents can be water soluble like iodine compounds used for intravenous injections, or water insoluble like barium sulphate used to study the gastrointestinal tract. While generally safe, contrast media do carry risks of minor or major reactions, with ionic contrast media having higher reaction probabilities than non-ionic varieties.
Radiology Contrast media and its Types
1. Contrast agents are substances that have different atomic numbers or electron densities than surrounding tissues, allowing visualization of internal organs on imaging.
2. Early contrast agents included barium sulfate, iodinated compounds, and air or CO2. Modern agents are classified as ionic or non-ionic monomers and dimers with varying osmolalities and viscosities.
3. Contrast agents are used with multiple imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound, and fluoroscopy. They are administered orally, intravenously, or directly into structures. The choice depends on the physical properties and safety of the specific agent and the anatomy being imaged.
Contrast Media
This document provides an overview of contrast media including its introduction, mechanism of action, basic chemistry and properties, classifications, commonly used preparations, pharmacodynamics, interactions with body systems, potential side effects and their management, and prevention strategies. Contrast media helps improve visualization of tissues during medical imaging by increasing beam attenuation. Iodine is commonly used as the contrast agent due to its high atomic number. Both ionic and non-ionic varieties exist with different properties. Potential side effects range from minor to severe reactions.
Presentation1, mr pulse sequences.
MRI pulse sequences are programmed sets of changing magnetic gradients used to generate images. There are several types of sequences, including spin echo, gradient echo, and inversion recovery sequences. Sequences are defined by parameters like time to echo, time to repetition, and flip angle. Functional techniques like diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion imaging, and fMRI are used to evaluate brain physiology rather than just anatomy. Echo planar imaging allows for very fast image acquisition, while other sequences like spin echo provide different types of tissue contrast.
CT Artifacts
This document defines and provides examples of common CT artifacts, including their causes and potential solutions. It discusses ring artifact caused by a miscalibrated detector element; noise (photon starvation) caused by low photon counts; metal artifacts from multiple factors like beam hardening; and beam hardening artifact from polychromatic X-rays. Motion artifacts from patient movement are also addressed. Solutions include recalibrating detectors, increasing mA or kV, and using techniques like faster pitch or cardiac gating.
Contrast Media
Contrast media are agents used to enhance the visibility of structures in medical imaging. There are several types including positive contrast media which make structures appear brighter on scans, and negative contrast media which make structures seem darker. Common contrast agents contain iodine and can be ionic monomers, ionic dimers, non-ionic monomers, or non-ionic dimers. While contrast imaging provides important medical information, the agents sometimes cause side effects from mild reactions like nausea to more severe issues like pulmonary edema. Care must be taken with patients having risk factors for complications.
Contrast media and drugs radiology pk
The document discusses various contrast media used in radiology including iodinated contrast media, barium sulfate, gadolinium, and ultrasound contrast agents. It provides classifications of contrast media based on their atomic number, water solubility, and excretion route. It describes the differences between high-osmolar and low-osmolar iodinated contrast media and their safety profiles. MRI contrast agents discussed include gadolinium chelates and their indications. The document also covers ultrasound contrast microbubbles and their encapsulation, as well as barium sulfate mixtures used for gastrointestinal imaging.
Contrast media
1) The document discusses the historical development of radiographic contrast media from its earliest uses in the late 19th century to the development of tri-iodinated benzene derivatives and modern low-osmolar non-ionic contrast agents.
2) It covers the ideal characteristics, classification, and basic chemistry of iodinated contrast media including differences between ionic and non-ionic monomers and dimers.
3) The risks of contrast media administration are discussed including predictable chemo-toxic reactions affecting tissues and organ systems as well as unpredictable anaphylactoid reactions.
contrast medium
This document provides an overview of radiographic contrast media. It discusses how contrast media enhance images by increasing the absorption of x-rays in certain tissues. It describes the ideal properties of contrast media and classifications such as iodinated versus non-iodinated, ionic versus non-ionic, monomer versus dimer. Examples are given for different types of contrast media including barium sulfate, iodinated monomers and dimers, oil-soluble agents, and MRI contrast agents containing gadolinium. The document covers the history, properties, advantages, disadvantages and examples of various contrast media used in radiology.
Mri artifacts
MRI artifacts can occur due to hardware issues, software problems, physiological phenomena or physical limitations of the MRI device. Common artifacts include chemical shift artifacts seen at fat-water interfaces, aliasing artifacts due to an undersized field of view, black boundary artifacts at tissue borders, and motion artifacts from patient movement. Understanding the sources and appearances of artifacts is important for technicians to maintain image quality and avoid confusing artifacts with pathology.
Basic Pulse Sequences In MRI
This document provides an overview of basic pulse sequences in MRI. It discusses introductory concepts like pulse sequences and parameters such as TR, TE, and TI. The two main pulse sequences covered are spin echo and gradient echo. Spin echo uses 90 and 180 degree RF pulses to generate an echo and compensate for T2* decay, while gradient echo lacks the 180 degree pulse. Fast spin echo is also summarized as a faster version of spin echo. Other sequences like inversion recovery, FLAIR, and steady state are briefly introduced along with their purposes and timing parameters.
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CT ITS BASIC PHYSICS
Computed tomography (CT) uses computer-processed X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body. CT works by rotating an X-ray tube and detectors around the patient, acquiring multiple transmission measurements at different angles to reconstruct a 3D image. Image reconstruction involves algorithms like back projection and filtered back projection that use the transmission data to calculate the attenuation coefficients of different tissues and generate tomographic images representing slices of the body. CT numbers, measured in Hounsfield units, provide standardized values related to tissue density and visibility.
CT artifact
Beam hardening artifact occurs when an X-ray beam passes through multiple materials of varying densities within a scan volume. This causes the beam to become harder as lower energy photons are preferentially absorbed, leading to streaks or shading in the reconstructed CT image. Photon starvation is another cause of streak artifacts, occurring when there is insufficient photon flux passing through areas of higher attenuation, such as across the shoulders. Adaptive filtering and modulating tube current based on attenuation can help reduce these artifacts. Ring artifacts from defective detector elements in older CT scanners appear as rings in the reconstructed images.
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Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud has degrees from several universities including a B.Sc from SUST in Khartoum, Sudan, an M.Sc from AAU in Khartoum and JUREI in Philadelphia, and a Ph.D from Ludes in Lugano, Swiss and SUST in Khartoum. The document provides a quick anatomical review of the digestive system including the alimentary canal and accessory glands. It then discusses digestive system radiography including indications for imaging the upper and lower GI tract, contrast media, and patient preparation for procedures like barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema.
CONTRAST MEDIA in diagnostic radiography
Contrast media are diagnostic agents used in radiology to enhance images. There are different types including barium sulfate, which is used to examine the gastrointestinal tract, and iodinated contrast media, which contains iodine and is preferred due to its high contrast density. Iodinated contrast media can be ionic or non-ionic, and classified further based on whether they contain ionic monomers, dimers, or non-ionic monomers and dimers. The classification depends on the iodine to particle ratio in solution.
TITLE -Radiopaque contrast media/PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Contrast media are used to enhance images from medical imaging scans. Positive contrast media like barium and iodine absorb more x-rays, appearing denser on images. Negative contrast media like gases absorb fewer x-rays, appearing darker. An ideal contrast medium would be non-toxic, concentrated in the desired area, and rapidly eliminated. Iodine is commonly used for CT scans while barium is used for imaging the gastrointestinal tract. Contrast media allow tissues to be differentiated for easier diagnosis.
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MRI contrast agents are compounds used to improve visibility of internal structures in MRI scans. The most commonly used agents contain gadolinium which shortens relaxation times of nearby protons, altering tissue contrast. Contrast agents must be able to interact with proton magnetic moments in tissues to change relaxation rates between tissues differentially. While generally safe, gadolinium-based agents rarely cause allergic reactions or nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney disease. Oral contrasts are also used to enhance gastrointestinal tract imaging.
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CT Generations and Artefacts
The document summarizes the history and development of computed tomography (CT) scanning technology. It describes the key events and innovations such as the development of the first CT scanner by Godfrey Hounsfield in 1972 (1), the introduction of whole body scanning in 1975 (2), and Hounsfield and Cormack being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979 (3). Subsequent generations of CT scanners incorporated improvements like faster scanning speeds, multiple detectors, and eliminating moving parts to enable ultra-fast scanning.
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This document provides information on small bowel enema/enteroclysis procedure. It discusses the indications for the procedure including partial small bowel obstruction and Crohn's disease. It outlines the preparation process and describes how to position the Bilbao Dotter tube through the nose into the duodenum. The document discusses performing the procedure with single or double contrast and imaging techniques. Potential findings and complications are also summarized.
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This document discusses barium follow through and small bowel enema examinations. It begins by explaining that barium is used as a contrast medium to visualize the small bowel on radiographs. It then describes the anatomy and divisions of the small bowel. The document outlines the procedures for barium follow through and small bowel enema, including patient preparation, technique, and potential findings. Complications are also briefly mentioned. In summary, it provides an overview of using barium and radiography to examine the small intestine.
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2. Five high risk factors for reactions to ionic contrast media are discussed. Ionic contrast agents contain both positively and negatively charged ions which can increase the risk of allergic-like reactions compared to non-ionic contrast.
3. Key details are provided for performing a single or double contrast barium enema examination including the indications, contraindications,
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The document discusses discography, a minimally invasive diagnostic imaging test where contrast material is injected into one or more spinal discs under x-ray guidance to help determine if a specific disc is the source of back pain. It covers the normal anatomy of discs, indications for the procedure, contraindications, techniques, potential findings, and risks. Discography provides information that can help evaluate patients with chronic back pain.
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Ct quality control
This document discusses quality control procedures for CT scanners, including checking image quality metrics like resolution, noise, and CT number accuracy using phantoms. Regular quality control is recommended to establish baselines, identify potential problems early, and reduce downtime. Various tests are described to check parameters like resolution, noise, CT numbers, distance measurement accuracy, slice thickness, table movement, and laser alignment using specialized phantoms and protocols.
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Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud has degrees from several universities including a B.Sc from SUST in Khartoum, Sudan, an M.Sc from AAU in Khartoum and JUREI in Philadelphia, and a Ph.D from Ludes in Lugano, Swiss and SUST in Khartoum. The document provides a quick anatomical review of the digestive system including the alimentary canal and accessory glands. It then discusses digestive system radiography including indications for imaging the upper and lower GI tract, contrast media, and patient preparation for procedures like barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema.
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This document discusses different types of contrast agents used in medical imaging. It describes:
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2. Iodinated contrast agents are most commonly used. They are classified as high-osmolar ionic monomers, low-osmolar ionic dimers and non-ionic monomers/dimers based on their molecular structure and osmolarity.
3. Important factors for contrast agents include water solubility, stability, biocompatibility, and renal excretion.
X ray attenuation
This document discusses the attenuation of x-rays as they pass through matter. It defines key terms like quantity, quality, intensity, attenuation, linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, and mass attenuation coefficient. It describes how the energy of x-rays, the density and atomic number of the absorbing material, and whether radiation is monoenergetic or polyenergetic affect attenuation. Higher energy x-rays or absorbers with lower density/atomic number experience less attenuation. Attenuation follows an exponential curve on semi-log graphs. Photoelectric interactions dominate at low energies while Compton scattering increases at higher energies. These principles underlie the contrast seen in x-ray images.
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4659568.ppt
This document discusses different types of microscopy and specimen preparation techniques. It describes how compound microscopes work using objective and ocular lenses to magnify images. Electron microscopes are able to achieve higher resolutions than light microscopes due to the shorter wavelength of electrons. Various staining techniques are covered, including Gram staining to distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and acid-fast staining for mycobacteria. Special staining methods are needed to visualize structures like capsules, endospores and flagella.
INTRAVASCULAR CONTRAST MEDIA [Autosaved].pptx
Contrast media are agents used to improve visualization of internal structures in medical imaging. They work by increasing the contrast between tissues. Contrast media can be classified as positive or negative based on whether they appear bright or dark on images. The main types of contrast media used are barium sulfate for x-rays and iodinated compounds for CT and angiography. Ultrasound contrast agents contain microbubbles that enhance backscatter and improve tissue contrast on ultrasound images. They allow better evaluation of organ perfusion and detection of abnormalities. Contrast media are important tools that improve diagnostic accuracy in medical imaging.
INTRAVASCULAR CONTRAST MEDIA.pptx
Contrast media are agents used to improve visualization of internal structures that otherwise cannot be seen clearly. There are two main types - positive contrast agents that are radiopaque, and negative contrast agents that are not. Iodinated contrast media are most commonly used today. They can be ionic monomers, ionic dimers, non-ionic monomers or non-ionic dimers. The ideal contrast medium has high solubility, stability, low toxicity and viscosity, and is excreted selectively like by the kidneys. Ultrasound contrast agents contain microbubbles that enhance echogenicity and improve tissue contrast. They act by resonating within the ultrasound beam. Newer agents use more stable low solubility gases and encapsulation to increase
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TITLE -Radiopaque contrast media/PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
TITLE -Radiopaque contrast media/PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
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Linga Mudra(Mark of Siva) generates excessive heat within the body
Benefits:
Linga mudra generates excessive heat within the body and is very useful for dealing with colds.
It also helps in boosting the immune system and makes the body more resistant to colds and similar infections.
The benefits of penis posture also extend to the respiratory system and it can help loosen the phlegm accumulated from the throat.
This posture also helps in weight loss.
Discomfort experienced in an air conditioned room is relieved by this mudra.
Difficulty in breathing can be relieved by this mudra.
Congested nose can be relieved by this mudra immediately and one can get good sleep.
It controls the flow of the menstrual cycle. Performing the Linga mudra with the Sun Mudra gives better results – both 15 minutes each, one after the other.
When navel center is shifted from its original place, comes back to its place by this mudra.
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A comprehensive understanding of the operations for management of Tonsillitis and areas requiring special attention would be important.
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Radiological procedure CONTRAST MEDIA
- 2. Contrast Media It is an agent that changes differential attenuation of x-ray by increasing or decreasing the density of the structure. It is commonly used to enhance the visibility of blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract etc.
- 8. Contrast media Iodine particle ratio Ionic monomer 3:2 Ionic dimer 6:2 Non ionic monomer 3:1 Non ionic dimer 6:1 Iodine -particle ratio = No. of iodine atoms per molecule of CM / no. of osmotic ally active particles per molecule of CM.
- 10. Negative C.M. Positive C.M. Which make image clearly visible and enhance contrast by decreasing Atomic No. and Atomic Weight. Organs become more radiolucent. X-rays penetrate more easily. Ex: Air,CO2 Which make image clearly visible and enhance conteast by increasing Atomic No. and Atomic weight. Substance absorbs x rays Organ become radiopaque Most common media I, Ba Example : Barium Sulphate ( Ba So4 ) Oily CM Iodinate CM (Water Soluble )
- 11. Image enhanced with Positive C.M. Image enhanced with Negative C.M.
- 14. Solubility Less Better Tolerance Less Better BBB effect Crosses Not Vascular effects More Less Viscosity Low High Diuretic Less Strong Opacification Better Less Bronchospasm No Yes Parameter Sodium Meglumine
- 19. Monomers Dimer Diatriazoic acid Iodamic acid Ioglicic acid Iothalamic acid Ioxithalamic acid Ioxaglic acid Iocarmic acid
- 30. MILD MODERATE SEVERE Nausea, Ltd Urticaria, Mild pallor, Limb pain Severe Vomiting, Extensive Urticaria Dyspnoea, Chest & abdominal pain Unconsciousness, Pulmonary edema, Cardiac arrest, Arrhythmias
- 41. Mild Moderate Severe ->O2 10 L/m by face mask. ->Metered dose inhaler (Albuterol 2-3 inhalation ) -> Epinephrine 0.1-0.3 ml SC ->Repeat for 10-15 min. ->Aminophylline 5mg/kg I.V. Slowly over 10-20 min. Epinephrine I.V.
- 43. Mild Severe ->Release any abdominal compression ->Elevate legs ->O2 10L/m ->Isotonic I.V. fluids administered rapidly Bradycardia Techycardia ->Atropine 0.6-1 mg I.V. slowly ->Repeat after 2-5 min. ->Max dose 3mg. ->Epinephrine 1-3 ml I.V. ->Dopamine ->Max dose 10ml
- 44. Mild Severe -> Turn patient to one side to avoid aspiration ->Be sure airway should be open and clean -> Pure O2 10 L/m ->Diazepam – 5mg I.V. slowly ->Prevent aspiration -> O2 inhalation 10 L/m Hypertensive Crisis -> O2 10L/m ->Tab. Nitroglycerine- 0.4 mg sub-lingually If No Response -> Capsule Nifedipine 10mg Sub-ling. ->Monitor B.P. closely -> Phentorlamine 5 mg I.V ( Pheochromocytome) ->Furosemide 40 mg I.V.