A class presentation slide of radio-graphic systems for the course Clinical Engineering.

1. Radiographic System
Created by: Hasibul Hasan Hredoy
(A17MB4017)
Supervised BY:
Dr. JAYSUMAN BIN PUSPPANATHAN

2. What is
Radiographic
System?
• It is used to perform routine diagnostic x-ray
procedures provided by most hospitals,
clinics and emergency care centre.
Application:
• radiography
• orthopantomogram
• mammography
• Tomography

3. History:

4. Type:

5. Use of Xray in different tomography:
1. Conventional Radiology: Conventional radiology is primarily used for viewing bones, bone
fractures, tissues dense in calcium, dental X-rays, and the chest.
2. CT Computerized Tomography: A CT scan can show organs, the skeleton, tissues, and any
abnormalities within these systems. This type of image can show tumors and lesions in the
abdomen.
3. Angiography: To determine blockage of artery.
4. Mammography: To detect breast cancer in early stage.
5. Fluoroscopy:It shows a live image of a patient’s internal structures and can follow the path of
an injected contrast substance. For example, Heart beating, blood flow of heart etc

6. Dual Tomography:
• The combination of digital and analog tomography ( 2
tomography) is called dual tomography.

7. Components

8. Schematic Diagram
Example of X-ray image

9. Table Unit:
Rectangular steel or
metal alloy pedestal
base aims to give
supports to rectangular
tabletop.
Table-top movement
may be power-assisted
by motors and gears
housed within the table
base.
Tables can be equipped
with handgrips, head
clamps, compression
bands, and footrests

10. Bucky Film Tray and
Grid System
• Grids are higher yield
• Grids are used to remove scatter and improve
image contrast
• S/P = ratio of scatter to primary
• Radiation dose is increased with Grids in
order to maintain SNR
• Higher grid ratio results in higher selectivity,
higher Bucky factor, higher radiation dose to
patient and better image contrast.

11. X-RAY SYSTEM:
- Modifies incoming voltage and current (measured in 𝑚𝐴) to supply the x-ray tube
with enough power to generatean x-ray beam.
- Techniques:
Tomography:
• X-ray technique that produces slice images of the body.
• Used in order to study body part like, lung and chest, renal pelvis and ureter, and
middle ear.
COLLIMATORS:
- To protect the patient by confining the x-ray beam and decreasing scatter radiation.
- It is attached to the opening in the x-ray tube housing.

12. PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION X-ray enters into patient’s
body
Some x-ray are attenuated
— absorbed or scattered by
the tissue they pass
through.
The degree of attenuation
depends on thickness and
density of tissue.
not attenuated x-ray pass
through the patient and
reach the film cassette.
An intensifying screen is
placed on either side of the
film to convert the x-rays to
light, which exposes the
film.
Chemical processing of the
exposed film produces the
image. A silver-halide-based
emulsion in the film that
forms the actual image.
Film Radiography:

13. Digital
Radiography:
• Direct Detector
• X-ray converted directly into
electrical charges
• Indirect Detector
• X-ray converted into visible light
• The light then converted into
electrical charges

14. Direct detector
1. Amorphous selenium panels detect x-rays
2. Electron-hole pairs are produced on exposure.
3. These pairs are attracted to electrodes
4. Form a latent image that is read out from a thin-film transistor (TFT) array, creating an electronic
signal that is digitized.
Indirect detector
1. X-rays are captured by a fluorescent screen and are converted to visible light.
2. The light is transformed by Amorphous silicon panels (that use CsI and photodiodes array) to form
an image read out from a thin-film transistor (TFT) array, creating an electronic signal that is digitized
3. or optically coupled by charge-coupled device (CCD) into an electronic signal that is digitized.
The collection of these digital signals allows the radiographic image to be displayed on a computer
monitor and stored and processed by computers

15. How it is
done?
1. At first step, patient need to prepare by removing
jewelleries and changing into a hospital gown.
2. The patient lies on the table or stands next to the upright
unit. The technologist asked to remain motionless during the
whole procedure.
3. The operator checks the settings and prepare the machine
for taking image.
4. The operator takes the image by activating the x-ray beam
using an exposure switch.
5. For multiple images, operator does the same procedure
again.

16. Pros and
Cons
Pros:
• Better image quality
• Require less resources
• Less costly
• Noninvasive
Cons:
• Exposure to radiation
• Can cause cancer
• Can cause permanent
damage to living cells

17. Reported Problems
• Wires and cables may break, causing the tabletop to
jam.
• Rotating anodes become pitted.
• Fails to maintain standards.
• electronic circuit failures in collimators and
generators;
• collisions between components.
• Operator error.

18. Purchase Consideration
• It’s wise to consider following things before
purchasing
• Based on table
• Tilting
• Non tilting
• Table should be motorized
• For better resolution, a pixel size of at least 150 μm is
recommended
• Focal spot size- the smaller the better.
• Generator option should be considered.
• The following costs should be considered when
purchasing a radiographic table system:
• Special features (e.g., linear tomography, tilting)
• Service contract
• X-ray tube replacement
• Utilities
• Accessories (e.g., headrests, footrests, cassette
holders) that may be necessary for certain
procedures
• Contributions to overhead

19. MANUFACTURER
• ADANI
• Carestream Health Inc
• CMT Medical Technologies Inc
• Control-X Medical Inc
• Del Medical Imaging Corp
• Imaging Dynamics Co Ltd
• LISTEM Corp
• Lodox Systems (Pty) Ltd
• Medelex Inc
• SEDECAL USA Inc
• Summit Industries Inc

20. PLAN PREVENTIVE
MAINTAINANCE (PPM)
Cleanliness of:
- X-ray tube
- Rails and gears
- Collimator
- The tabletop
Functional Verification
- Table movement
- Image acquisition
Mechanical and Electrical Testing
-X-ray tube stand
-Tomography attachment

21. Literature Review:

22. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA