radar is about radio detection and ranging.it detects the far objects ,places and identify the distant targets and human beings in any resuce condition.

1. RADAR
A.Prashanthi
22315A0428
ECE-E

2. CONTENT
 Introduction
 What is radar?
 Principle of radar
 Types
 Doppler effect
 Application
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
 Radar is an acronym for radio detection and ranging.
 The first radar was the telemobilescope.
Telemobilescope (The first form of RADAR)
 Radar is the detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range
(distance),altitude,direction of movement and speed of the object.
 It was mainly implemented to detect ships and avoid collisions.

4. WHAT IS RADAR?
o Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of
the distinct objects such as aircrafts,ships,spacecrafts,vehicles,people
etc.
o It detects the targets under difficult conditions such as
rain,fog,snow,day and night.

5. Components of radar
 Receiver
 Antenna
 Duplexer
 Indicator(or) Display
 Transmitter

6. Principle of radar
Transmitter
Display
Receiver
Duplexer
Transmitted signal
Echo signal
Target
Distance
Range to target R=c*t/2
Antenna
BASIC RADAR SYSTEM

8. Types
 Pulsed radar
 Cw radar
 MTI radar

9. PULSE RADAR

10. Advantages
 Accurate measurement of relative velocity of the target.
 It is used at low transmitting power.
 Low power consumption and compact in size.
Disadvantages
 It doesn’t give information about range.
 If there are large number of targets ,it does not give accurate results.

11. Cw radar

12.  The frequency shift in the received echo signal in the radar due to the
moving target is called as doppler effect.
 The doppler frequency shift is given:
fd=2Vr𝜆
Where,
fd=Doppler shift frequency
Vr=Relative velocity of the target
𝝀 = Wavelength of the transmitted wave.
DOPPLER EFFECT

13.  When target is stationary a frequency of the received echo signal is constant.
 When target is moving the frequency of the received echo signal are found to be different
from the transmitted frequency.
Moving Away from radar fr=ft-fd
 If target is moving towards the radar then
fr=ft+fd (increased frequency)
 If target is moving away from the radar then
fr=ft –fd (decreased frequency)
 If the target is moving towards the radar or away
from the radar there exist “FREQUENCY SHIFT”.
Moving towards radar fr=ft+fd

14. Advantages:
o It is simple in design and operation
o
o Gives an accurate measurement of the range.
o Range can be increased by increasing transmitted power .
Disadvantages:
o It cannot measure the velocity of moving targets but only measures the range.
o Clutters can cause several problems.
o Moving target cannot be detected.

15. MTI RADAR
 MTI Radar means moving target indicator. It determines moving target
velocity.
 It uses doppler effect.
Principle:
 It uses doppler effect for its operation. It eliminates clutter due to the
stationary objects and identifies moving targets.
 It compare set of received echoes with previous received echoes and
cancelling out the stationary echoes.

16. Principle:

17. MTI RADAR

18. APPLICATIONS
Military applications
 To control guided missiles and weapons.
 To aim enemy aircrafts and ships.
 For airport control.
Scientific applications
 For tracking and guiding
 To study nature of stars and planets
 Microwave spectroscopy.

19. Applications
• Navigational aids using radar.
• Tracking space craft.
• Weather forecasting
• The police to detect over speed drivers.
• Used in automobiles, missiles ….etc.

20. Frequency bands

21. Conclusion
 Radar system plays important role in modern communication .It can be used in applications in
the air,over water and on the surfaces.
 Radar is used to find velocity,range and position of the object.Advantage of radar is that it
provide superior penetration capability through any type of whether condition.
 It helps in guarding the nation from the enemies and provides security and safety.
 Lidar is advanced type of radar which uses visible light from laser.

22. REFERENCES
https://www.radartutorial.eu
https://en.m.Wikipedia.org
https://www.researchgate.net
www.textbook.com