This is a consolidated version of slides I shared over the course of three presentations as a research archivist for the Legacy of Slavery in Maryland research project for the Maryland State Archives. It also includes slides my colleague used on one occasion regarding United States Colored Troops.
Awaaz - Voices from the South Asian DiasporaDipesh Pabari
Diana Athill now 88 was regarded as one of the finest editors in London. She worked for the BBC throughout the Second World War and then helped Andre Deutsch establish the publishing company that bore his name.
In her book ‘stet’ she describes how she heard a man say that humankind is seventy per cent brutish, thirty percent intelligent and though the thirty percent is never going to win, it will always be able to leaven the mass just enough to keep us going. She went on to say that ‘intelligence’ means not just intellectual agility, but whatever it is in beings that makes for readiness to understand, to look for the essence in other beings and things and events, to respect that essence, to collaborate, to discover, to endure when endurance is necessary, to enjoy: briefly, to co-exist. Finally after many years as an editor, as she finally set to “scribble” her book ‘stet’ she looks back and says “it gave so many kinds of enlargement, interest, amusement and pleasure to my days. It was a job on the side of the thirty percent. We at Awaaz are on the same side.
Awaaz - Voices from the South Asian DiasporaDipesh Pabari
Diana Athill now 88 was regarded as one of the finest editors in London. She worked for the BBC throughout the Second World War and then helped Andre Deutsch establish the publishing company that bore his name.
In her book ‘stet’ she describes how she heard a man say that humankind is seventy per cent brutish, thirty percent intelligent and though the thirty percent is never going to win, it will always be able to leaven the mass just enough to keep us going. She went on to say that ‘intelligence’ means not just intellectual agility, but whatever it is in beings that makes for readiness to understand, to look for the essence in other beings and things and events, to respect that essence, to collaborate, to discover, to endure when endurance is necessary, to enjoy: briefly, to co-exist. Finally after many years as an editor, as she finally set to “scribble” her book ‘stet’ she looks back and says “it gave so many kinds of enlargement, interest, amusement and pleasure to my days. It was a job on the side of the thirty percent. We at Awaaz are on the same side.
Two New Applied Kinesiology Textbooks (the 2nd Editions) -- Just Published IN...DrScottCuthbert
Applied Kinesiology and Evidence-Informed Medicine have been combined in two new textbooks that will vastly improve your working knowledge of AK. These textbooks' images, text, graphics, charts and tables are all in color. Your most updated evidence-base for AK and manual muscle testing looks like a medieval manuscript of beautiful colors! These texts offer practical, comprehensive coverage of the AK approach to holistic health care. Muscle testing -- describing the science and the clinical art is broadly updated -- leading to the importance of structural balance.
SlaveryEssential to economic development of America· Mostly .docxedgar6wallace88877
Slavery
Essential to economic development of America
· Mostly from Gulf of Guinea in West Africa
· Brought against their will – involuntary immigrants
· By 1660 they were separated by law
Spanish used slavery in their colonies
English had no tradition of slavery
Indentured Servants
Well suited for plantations who needed labor
· Signed up and passage paid to New World
· Worked for 3-7 years
· Also used convicts
Black Servants
Entered Jamestown in 1619
· Treated as indentured servants
1624 New Amsterdam
· New York high numbers with a few slaves but treated as servants and often gained freedom
Indentured servants cheaper than African slaves
· All newcomers had short life expectancies
The Emergence of Slavery
In Chesapeake and South changing laws:
· Servants for life
· Children had status of mother = enslaved
· 1662 Virginia harsh punishment for sex between blacks and whites
· 1682 Christianity not reason to free black servant
Role of Race
· Could make Africans slaves since not protected by English law
· Harder for Africans to escape than white servants
· In economic interest of tobacco planters to make them permanent slave labor
The African Slave Trade
Some whites captured slaves
· Slaves traded for manufactured goods
· Business transactions; not racially oriented
· British, Swedes, Danes, Germans, Brandenburgers
· Slaving was cooperative between Europeans and African
· Mixed-race intermediaries
· Slaves usually captured by enemy tribes
· Voyage to New World for slaves
· Most inhumane aspect of slave trade
· Crammed into ships
· Preceded and followed by overland marches
· High death rates
10 million slaves taken to New world
· 400 thousand to North America
From lands bordering Gulf of Guinea
· Many different language groups
· Stopped at West Indies first to season
Slavery
Emancipation in early Republic
· North uses gradual emancipation
· South sees some support for emancipation
Southerners on slavery and abolition
· South fears moral consequences
· South sees blacks as inferior
· South fears large black population
· South sees themselves as protectors
American Colonization Society
· Encourages owners to free slaves
· Encourages emigration to Liberia (1821)
· Unrealistic due to numbers
· Little support among African Americans
December 1831
· Virginia considers gradual abolition
· Seriously debates issues
· Loses by fairly close margin
· Last rational southern debate on issue
Fear of rebellion
· Haiti revolt, 1798
Nat Turner’s Rebellion – Virginia 1831
· Turner: literate, religious fanatic, slave
· Turner’s visions inspire revolt
· Rebels kill 60 whites; revolt ends
· South becomes terrified of revolts
South protects “peculiar institution”
· South insulated from outside ideas
· South depicts slavery as a positive good
· South reforms slave codes
Suppression
· Distribution of abolitionist literature forbidden
· Passage of “gag rule” in House of Representatives
Slavery as a “positive good”
· “superior labor system”
· John C. Calho.
SlaveryEssential to economic development of America· Mostly .docxjennifer822
Slavery
Essential to economic development of America
· Mostly from Gulf of Guinea in West Africa
· Brought against their will – involuntary immigrants
· By 1660 they were separated by law
Spanish used slavery in their colonies
English had no tradition of slavery
Indentured Servants
Well suited for plantations who needed labor
· Signed up and passage paid to New World
· Worked for 3-7 years
· Also used convicts
Black Servants
Entered Jamestown in 1619
· Treated as indentured servants
1624 New Amsterdam
· New York high numbers with a few slaves but treated as servants and often gained freedom
Indentured servants cheaper than African slaves
· All newcomers had short life expectancies
The Emergence of Slavery
In Chesapeake and South changing laws:
· Servants for life
· Children had status of mother = enslaved
· 1662 Virginia harsh punishment for sex between blacks and whites
· 1682 Christianity not reason to free black servant
Role of Race
· Could make Africans slaves since not protected by English law
· Harder for Africans to escape than white servants
· In economic interest of tobacco planters to make them permanent slave labor
The African Slave Trade
Some whites captured slaves
· Slaves traded for manufactured goods
· Business transactions; not racially oriented
· British, Swedes, Danes, Germans, Brandenburgers
· Slaving was cooperative between Europeans and African
· Mixed-race intermediaries
· Slaves usually captured by enemy tribes
· Voyage to New World for slaves
· Most inhumane aspect of slave trade
· Crammed into ships
· Preceded and followed by overland marches
· High death rates
10 million slaves taken to New world
· 400 thousand to North America
From lands bordering Gulf of Guinea
· Many different language groups
· Stopped at West Indies first to season
Slavery
Emancipation in early Republic
· North uses gradual emancipation
· South sees some support for emancipation
Southerners on slavery and abolition
· South fears moral consequences
· South sees blacks as inferior
· South fears large black population
· South sees themselves as protectors
American Colonization Society
· Encourages owners to free slaves
· Encourages emigration to Liberia (1821)
· Unrealistic due to numbers
· Little support among African Americans
December 1831
· Virginia considers gradual abolition
· Seriously debates issues
· Loses by fairly close margin
· Last rational southern debate on issue
Fear of rebellion
· Haiti revolt, 1798
Nat Turner’s Rebellion – Virginia 1831
· Turner: literate, religious fanatic, slave
· Turner’s visions inspire revolt
· Rebels kill 60 whites; revolt ends
· South becomes terrified of revolts
South protects “peculiar institution”
· South insulated from outside ideas
· South depicts slavery as a positive good
· South reforms slave codes
Suppression
· Distribution of abolitionist literature forbidden
· Passage of “gag rule” in House of Representatives
Slavery as a “positive good”
· “superior labor system”
· John C. Calho.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Slave Freedom Petitions and United States Colored Troops in Maryland
1. Pistols and Petitions: Queen Anne’s SlavePistols and Petitions: Queen Anne’s Slave
Self-Emancipation in the 19Self-Emancipation in the 19thth
CenturyCentury
By: Alex Champion and Tanner Sparks
Maryland State Archives
Legacy of Slavery in Maryland Department
2. Legacy of Slavery in MarylandLegacy of Slavery in Maryland
• Three year US Department of Education Office of PostsecondaryThree year US Department of Education Office of Postsecondary
Education Underground Railroad Educational and Cultural ProgramEducation Underground Railroad Educational and Cultural Program
grant that began in 2010.grant that began in 2010.
• The goal of the grant is to study, promote, and document theThe goal of the grant is to study, promote, and document the
experiences that have shaped Maryland’s African Americanexperiences that have shaped Maryland’s African American
population relating to five Eastern Shore counties in Maryland:population relating to five Eastern Shore counties in Maryland:
–– Caroline, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Anne’s, and TalbotCaroline, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Anne’s, and Talbot
3. Goals of PresentationGoals of Presentation
• Freedom Petitions: Queen Anne’s slaves freed
themselves from bondage within Maryland’s
legal framework.
• U.S. Colored Troops: Slavery transformed in
Queen Anne’s County when slaves were
presented the opportunity to enlist in the
Union army.
4. Queen Anne’s CountyQueen Anne’s County
• Q.A. County Census
1790 – 15,463 total (6,674 Slaves)
828 Slaveholding families (18 slaves on average per
family)
1820 – 14,952 total (5,588 Slaves, 2,138 Free)
1850 – 14,484 total (4,270 Slaves, 3,278 Free)
1860 – 15,961 total (4,174 Slaves, 3,372 Free)
573 Slaveholders (28 slaves on average per family)
- Census data was accessed from the University of Virginia Historical Census
Browser.
5. Litigiousness is a Virtue
Maryland Slave Freedom
Petitions of the 19th
Century
6. 17th
Century Slave Laws
• 1663/1664 – Legalization/institutionalization of slavery – Free white
women who marry black slave also become slaves for the duration of
his servitude (and their children until age 31)
• 1681 – Children born to free black women or mulattoes of white
women are free; Owners or priests who facilitate interracial unions
would be fined 10,000 pounds of tobacco and the white woman is
freed from service
7. 18th
Century Slave Laws
• 1715 - Slaves forbidden to leave ten miles from home without a note
1717 – “Whereas it may be of very dangerous Consequence to admit and
allow as Evidences in Law…”
8. 18th
Century Slave Laws
• 1783 - Slaves of non-permanent residents will be manumitted (amended
periodically to treat VA., PA, DE, and D.C. differently)
• 1790 – Elderly or infirmed slaves cannot be freed unless sustained
• 1801 – Slaves may give testimony against other blacks
10. Maryland Laws…
• …discouraged black immigration
• …incentivized race and class separation
• …limited freedoms of all blacks
• …legitimized freedom’s matrilineal descent
• …relied heavily on testimony
11. Henny Hemsley
• Queen Anne’s County Court, May 1815 by
her attorney William Carmichael
• “entitled to their Freedom being
descended on the Female line from a free
woman named Susan”
• George Walls of Kentucky argued
otherwise
12. Hemsley Family tree
Susan Hemsley
[Captain
James Sweat?]
Henny Hemsley
Susan Hemsley Juliana Hemsley Priscilla Hemsley
13. Kidnapping of Susan Hemsley
• Deponent Greenberry Griffin claimed
Captain James Sweat kidnapped Susan
Hemsley in 1783
15. Verdict
• Jury determines Henny and her children
"on the day of pr[o]ffering their petition in
this cause were free and of free condition.“
• Walls’ attorney files two exceptions
• Court of Appeals for the Eastern Shore
reverses one, retrial is called June, 1817
16. Certificates of Freedom
• 1805 - “great mischiefs have arisen from slaves coming into possession of
the certificates of free negroes, by running away and passing as free, under
the faith of such certificates… ”
• Only record of their re-trial appears to be their 1836 certificates
17. Indian Moll, Philemon Lloyd
Chew’s servant
• 18 slaves, four freedom petitions
• 1794 – Carver v. Chew
• 1799 – Creek v. Wilkins
• 1800 – Baker and others v. Paca
• 1803 – Moody v. Jones
18. **<Rachel Baker>**
James Isaac Esther
Betty John Tom Phoebe
Benjamin
Caty
**<Robert Moody>**
**<Margaret Creek>**
**<Tom Carver>**
20. Negro Tom Carver v. Samuel Lloyd Chew
• General Court of the Western Shore, 1794:
Attorney Gabrial Duvall
• Chew owned 41 slaves in 1790
• Testimony from dozens of QA, AA persons
• Daniel Dulaney, Philemon Lloyd Chew, Samuel
Chew, Mary Hepburn (Chew), many interrogated
by William Paca
• Used by 1st
-cousin-once-removed Robert Moody
to establish “pedigree”
21. Testimony
• Richard Grason, 63: Lived and worked in area
• Ann Maria Chew, 55: Knew a Margaret with Dulaneys in
Annapolis, dismissed for misconduct
• Richard Tilghman, Jr.
• John Blake, 60: “cook wench” named Moll, no idea about
“Chew Island” or children left there, mother referenced
excellent food and entertainments, family’s own slave
called “Indian Will”
• Ann Mason: Midwife, familiar with people on Wye but no
work there, recently offered payment by mulattos for
information
• Elizabeth McClemmon: Servant, asked about Mrs.
Dulaney’s slave clothes register
22. Testimony
• Edward Coursey, 39
• Mrs. Wederstauds, 52: Heard of an Indian woman
named Moll on Wye
• Daniel Dulaney: Describes inheritance scenario
• John Bracco, 74 (Talbot): No knowledge on Chew or
Dulaney’s Island of slaves belonging to Paca and
Bordley
• John Plummer, 69: Overseer, knew an “Indian Jonney,”
• John Roberts: Carpenter/skipper Juinny/Jenny and his
wife Rachel
• Lewis Scrivener, 50: Overseer, knew Margaret and son
Tom Sampson, changed to “Carvery or some such
name,” also a Black Lucy, Indian Lucy, wife of free Will
Creek
23. Testimony
• William Paca: Late brother in law
Philemon Lloyd’s records make no
mention of a slave entitled to freedom
• John Thomas, son of Ann and nephew of
Mary Hepburn
• Elizabeth Chew: Margaret was pregnant
when Sam. Chew inherited her following
Mr. Dulaney’s death
24.
25. **<Rachel Baker>**
James Isaac Esther
Betty John Tom Phoebe
Benjamin
Caty
**<Robert Moody>**
**<Margaret Creek>**
**<Tom Carver>**
26. Negro Margaret Creek v. William Wilkins
• Baltimore County, 1797
• Dramaturgical rejection by Wilkins
• Jury,1799: “free woman of free condition”
• Awarded 1,783 pounds
• Wilkins filed exceptions
27. **<Rachel Baker>**
James Isaac Esther
Betty John Tom Phoebe
Benjamin
Caty
**<Robert Moody>**
**<Margaret Creek>**
**<Tom Carver>**
29. Rachel Baker and others v. John Paca
• Queen Anne’s County, 1802Queen Anne’s County, 1802
• John: 118 slaves in 1800John: 118 slaves in 1800
• 15 slaves filed suit, led by Rachel Baker15 slaves filed suit, led by Rachel Baker
• Jury, 1802 freedom awarded and givenJury, 1802 freedom awarded and given
$32.48 1/3$32.48 1/3
30. Robert Moody v. Richard I. Jones
• Court of Appeals for the Eastern Shore Judgments
record June 1812, originates QA May 1812
• Jones: 62 slaves, ferry from Broad Creek KI to Annapolis
• Filed after Baker, same lawyer William Carmichael, more
evidence
• Won freedom and $105.63 1/3
• Four exceptions: Likely the three petitions, Moody’s
pedigree
33. Goals of Presentation
Freedom Petitions: Queen Anne’s slaves freed
themselves from bondage within Maryland’s
legal framework.
• U.S. Colored Troops: Slavery transformed in
Queen Anne’s County when slaves were
presented the opportunity to enlist in the
Union army.
34. U.S. Colored Troops Pension Records
• Of the nearly 210 files, approximately 50 had some known
affiliation with the five counties of focus on Maryland’s
Eastern Shore.
– Photocopied from the National Archives
• Pension records consist of general affidavits, widow’s
pensions, death records, and questionnaire’s.
35. U.S. Colored Troops
• The Bureau of Colored Troops established on May 22, 1863
– Separate entity of the War Department
• By September 11, 1863, the War Department Adjutant
General’s Office gave permission to Colonel William Birney
to begin raising a regiment of Colored troops
– To serve three year terms or for the duration of the war
• Regiment became known as the 7th
Regiment United States
Colored Troops
36. U.S. Colored Troops
• Act of 1864, Chapter 15, Section 4 - The sum of $100 shall be
paid to the owner
• Manumitted Negro paid $50 when mustered in and the same
when honorably discharged
• Each volunteer would be credited to the county or city quota
37. John W. Smith
• Born a slave circa 1845
around Centreville
• Owned by John K.B. Emory
and Peregrine Wilmer
• Enlisted as a private in
Company E of the 19th
U.S.C.T.
• 19th
regiment mainly
composed of men from
Southern Maryland and the
Eastern Shore.
39. John W. Smith
• “Whereas my slave John Smith 2nd
has enlisted in the service of the United
States…in consideration thereof I Pere Wilmer of Queen Anne’s County…
do hereby in consideration of said enlistment, manumit, set free, and
release the above named John Smith 2nd
from all service…his freedom to
commence from the 8th
Jany 1864. The date of his enlistment as aforesaid in
the 19th
Regiment of Colored Troops…”
40. John W. Smith, Bounty Roll
• Name of soldier, company, regiment, county or city credited,
amount paid at enlistment and discharge, slave owner, and
amount paid to slave owner.
41. 1890 Law
• The Dependent and Disability Pension Act – Signed
into law by President Benjamin Harrison
• The Act also provided pensions for minors,
dependent parents, and widows of veterans.
42. John W. Smith, General Affidavit
• Smith states that “one of my
master” told him he was
born around 1840.
• According to a Bible, he
was born “on March 15th
,
1844.”
• He felt it was 1844 because
his sister was said to be born
around 1840.
45. John W. Smith, Letter in 1891
• “was transferred to the Navy
in 1864 and served on Board
of the United Steamer
Potomsco and discharged in
1865 from the guard ship
Princeton at Philadelphia.”
• “I enlisted on 15th
Day of
May 1875 Co. G. 10th
U.S.
Cavalry”
• “Discharge on the 14 Day of
May 1880.”
47. Robert Riley
• Born a slave around April of 1837
• Owned by Valentine B. Clements
– Clements was a farmer around Queenstown
• Clements manumitted Riley
– Was not official until September 8, 1864
• Enlisted as a private in Company B of the 7th
regiment
on September 23, 1863 and mustered in 3 days later
48. Robert Riley, Manumission
• “Whereas my slave Robert Ryley has enlisted in the service of the
United States now in consideration thereof I, V.B. Clements of Queen
Anne’s County…in consideration of said enlistment, manumit, set free,
and release the above named Robert Ryley…his freedom to commence
from the date of his enlistment as aforesaid in the 7th
Regiment…”
49. Robert Riley, Bounty Roll
• Name of soldier, company, regiment, county or city credited,
amount paid at enlistment and discharge, slave owner, and
amount paid to slave owner.
54. Legacy of Slavery in MarylandLegacy of Slavery in Maryland
• www.mdslavery.net
• Interactive Maps
• Case Studies
• Database
• Flee! Exhibit
• Facebook/Twitter
• Resources
Editor's Notes
Background is of 28 fugitive slaves escaping the Eastern Shore of Maryland.
Chapter 15, Section 4
Hyperlink Google Earth File
Riley moved back to Queen Anne’s County in the late 1880s with his family. They resided in a place called Brownsville.
Riley died on December 24, 1913. Born in April of 1837. Buried in Centreville, Maryland on December 26, 1913. Mrs. Robert Riley provided the information and she was unsure where his parents names and where they were born.