Qualities of Good Writing
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This is our Preliminary Lesson in Communication Arts 2. I Hope this will help you cope your research problem! Hope you'll learned from this. God Bless.
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Mechanics of writing
1. The document provides guidelines on capitalization, punctuation, and paragraph structure. It outlines 10 rules for capitalization and punctuation including when to use commas, periods, question marks, quotation marks, colons, hyphens, parentheses, apostrophes, semicolons, and spelling rules.
2. It describes the key components of a paragraph: an introductory topic sentence, supporting body sentences, and a concluding sentence that summarizes or transitions to the next paragraph. Each section should fully develop a central idea.
3. Proper use of capitalization, punctuation, and paragraph structure are fundamental for clear written communication.
Summary writing
This document provides guidance on summary writing for an English class. It explains that being able to summarize passages, notes, or graphs is an important skill. Summaries can take different forms, such as mind maps, flow charts, or paragraphs. The document outlines the steps to write a summary, which include reading carefully, underlining main ideas, rewriting the main points in one's own words, and indicating the word count. When summarizing, one should not include opinions, unnecessary details, or examples, and should preserve the original tone.
Punctuation
The document discusses various punctuation marks and their proper usage. It provides rules for common punctuation marks including periods, commas, colons, semicolons, question marks, exclamation points, quotation marks, parentheses, apostrophes, hyphens, and dashes. Correct punctuation is important for disambiguating meaning and structuring written language. An example is given showing how punctuation can change the meaning of a sentence from having two different interpretations.
NARRATION (PRESENTATION)
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The document provides instructions for writing an argumentative essay. It explains that the goal is to convince the reader of one's opinion on a controversial issue. The essay should present one side of the issue with arguments backed by statistics, examples, facts, and expert opinions. A standard format is an introductory paragraph with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs with evidence to support the thesis, and a conclusion paragraph that restates the thesis and arguments. The conclusion should also include a "clincher" technique to encourage further thought.
Summary writing
The document provides an overview of how to write a concise summary. It defines a summary as a shortened passage that retains the essential information of the original in the writer's own words. It lists the key characteristics of a good summary as being understandable without reference to the original, faithfully reproducing only the original ideas, and being brief without unnecessary details. The document outlines techniques for writing summaries, such as paraphrasing the original text in one's own words, condensing details, and finding the topic sentence and main ideas to create an outline. It describes the steps to write a summary as reading the original carefully, understanding the central ideas, writing one-sentence summaries of each section, forming a thesis statement, and drafting and
Sentence structure powerpoint
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Narrative essays
This document discusses the elements and structure of a narrative essay. A narrative essay tells a story using elements like setting, characters, plot, theme, and mood. It should include an introduction with a hook and thesis to set up the story, a body organized chronologically with transitional sentences connecting events, and a conclusion that finishes the story and provides a lesson or revelation. An effective narrative essay incorporates these story elements and structural components to engage the reader.
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Mechanics of writing
1. The document provides guidelines on capitalization, punctuation, and paragraph structure. It outlines 10 rules for capitalization and punctuation including when to use commas, periods, question marks, quotation marks, colons, hyphens, parentheses, apostrophes, semicolons, and spelling rules.
2. It describes the key components of a paragraph: an introductory topic sentence, supporting body sentences, and a concluding sentence that summarizes or transitions to the next paragraph. Each section should fully develop a central idea.
3. Proper use of capitalization, punctuation, and paragraph structure are fundamental for clear written communication.
Summary writing
This document provides guidance on summary writing for an English class. It explains that being able to summarize passages, notes, or graphs is an important skill. Summaries can take different forms, such as mind maps, flow charts, or paragraphs. The document outlines the steps to write a summary, which include reading carefully, underlining main ideas, rewriting the main points in one's own words, and indicating the word count. When summarizing, one should not include opinions, unnecessary details, or examples, and should preserve the original tone.
Punctuation
The document discusses various punctuation marks and their proper usage. It provides rules for common punctuation marks including periods, commas, colons, semicolons, question marks, exclamation points, quotation marks, parentheses, apostrophes, hyphens, and dashes. Correct punctuation is important for disambiguating meaning and structuring written language. An example is given showing how punctuation can change the meaning of a sentence from having two different interpretations.
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A brief presentation on narration or reported speech. Describes the change of verbs and tense with examples. Also know what is 1st Person, 2nd Person, and 3rd Person.
by Ankush
Writing an argumentative essay
The document provides instructions for writing an argumentative essay. It explains that the goal is to convince the reader of one's opinion on a controversial issue. The essay should present one side of the issue with arguments backed by statistics, examples, facts, and expert opinions. A standard format is an introductory paragraph with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs with evidence to support the thesis, and a conclusion paragraph that restates the thesis and arguments. The conclusion should also include a "clincher" technique to encourage further thought.
Summary writing
The document provides an overview of how to write a concise summary. It defines a summary as a shortened passage that retains the essential information of the original in the writer's own words. It lists the key characteristics of a good summary as being understandable without reference to the original, faithfully reproducing only the original ideas, and being brief without unnecessary details. The document outlines techniques for writing summaries, such as paraphrasing the original text in one's own words, condensing details, and finding the topic sentence and main ideas to create an outline. It describes the steps to write a summary as reading the original carefully, understanding the central ideas, writing one-sentence summaries of each section, forming a thesis statement, and drafting and
Sentence structure powerpoint
This document provides information on how to vary sentence structure to make writing more interesting. It discusses using simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. Simple sentences contain one independent clause, while compound sentences contain two independent clauses joined with a conjunction. Complex sentences have one independent clause and one dependent clause. Compound-complex sentences contain two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. The document provides examples of each sentence type and guidelines for using commas with different clauses.
Narrative essays
This document discusses the elements and structure of a narrative essay. A narrative essay tells a story using elements like setting, characters, plot, theme, and mood. It should include an introduction with a hook and thesis to set up the story, a body organized chronologically with transitional sentences connecting events, and a conclusion that finishes the story and provides a lesson or revelation. An effective narrative essay incorporates these story elements and structural components to engage the reader.
Writing body paragraphs
The body paragraphs in an essay should develop the topic, prove points, and have a consistent pattern. A paragraph contains a topic sentence stating the main idea, supporting sentences with details and examples, and optionally a concluding sentence summarizing the key points. Topic sentences should be complete sentences that are neither too broad nor narrow in scope. Supporting sentences explain, prove, or expand on the topic sentence with facts, examples, statistics or quotations. A concluding sentence restates the main idea or summarizes the key points of the paragraph.
Paraphrasing techniques
This document discusses techniques for paraphrasing text, including:
1. Rewriting text in your own words while keeping the main ideas. This involves changing clauses to phrases, quoted to indirect speech, active to passive voice, synonyms, and word forms.
2. Combining techniques like changing to a phrase and adding synonyms.
3. Interpreting the underlying meaning of statements.
4. Changing transitions between ideas.
The goal of paraphrasing is to restate information without copying directly from the original source.
Paragraph structure
Here are some key resources on writing paragraphs that may help you with your essay:
- The first link provides a helpful overview of the components of a paragraph (topic sentence, details, conclusion) and examples of well-written paragraphs. This is a good place to review the basic structure.
- The second link focuses specifically on writing effective topic sentences. Having a clear topic sentence to establish the main point is crucial.
- The third link provides a step-by-step process for paragraph planning and construction. It emphasizes mapping out the key points before writing.
Some main things to keep in mind:
- Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence up front stating the main idea.
- Use relevant facts
Unity, coherence, emphasis
The document discusses different ways to achieve unity and coherence in sentences. It provides tips for consistent use of tenses, number, person, subject, voice, mood, and language. It also explains how to avoid misplaced and dangling modifiers. Finally, it discusses different orders for organizing paragraphs, such as chronological, spatial, and order of importance.
Modifiers
This document provides instruction on different types of modifiers including adjectives, adverb clauses, infinitive phrases, and prepositional phrases. It explains the key characteristics of each modifier type and provides examples. Students are directed to complete practice exercises in their packet covering each modifier type, with links provided to additional explanatory materials. The goal is for students to learn to identify and properly use 8 different modifier types.
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This document discusses sentence structure and the four main types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. It defines what makes a sentence versus a sentence fragment or run-on sentence. A simple sentence contains one independent clause, a compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses joined by a conjunction, a complex sentence contains one independent clause and one subordinate clause, and a compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and one subordinate clause. Examples of each sentence type are provided.
Steps in Writing a Paragraph
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This document provides rules and guidelines for writing dialogue in stories:
- Dialogue is direct conversation between characters that reveals their thoughts, feelings, and personalities.
- Each time the speaking character changes, start a new paragraph and indent.
- Enclose the spoken words in quotation marks and place end punctuation inside the marks.
- Use commas to separate the speaker tag from the spoken words, unless the dialogue ends with a question mark or exclamation point.
- If dialogue is interrupted, end the first part with quotation marks and begin the second with quotation marks.
Types of writing
This document outlines different types of writing patterns and their characteristics. It discusses narrative writing, which tells a story, and identifies fiction and nonfiction narratives. It also covers descriptive writing, which uses sensory details to create vivid images, and expository writing, which relies on facts to inform or explain using a clear thesis statement, organized body, and concluding paragraph. Various forms of each type of writing are also defined.
Antonyms
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word, derived from Greek roots meaning "opposite" and "name". There are three categories of antonyms: graded antonyms involve scales of meaning between words like good and bad; complementary antonyms only allow two possibilities with no middle ground; and relational antonyms require both words to exist for their relationship. Antonyms can also be formed by adding prefixes like "un" or "in" to reverse a word's meaning. Reference sources like antonym dictionaries are useful for finding perfect antonyms.
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There are several types of essays including descriptive, definition, narrative, compare and contrast, persuasive, and argumentative. Descriptive essays provide vivid details to help readers visualize what is being described. Definition essays explain what a term means using facts and examples. Narrative essays tell a story from a subjective point of view using first-person perspective. Compare and contrast essays examine relationships between two or more topics. Persuasive essays try to convince readers of a point of view using strong supporting evidence. Argumentative essays address controversial issues by presenting a claim and supporting reasons while acknowledging other views.
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2. Suffix rules are explained, like dropping the silent "e" or changing the "y" to "i" depending on the preceding letter.
3. Exceptions to these suffix rules are also provided, like keeping the "e" in words like "judgment".
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A topic sentence helps readers focus their attention by stating both the subject of the paragraph and the controlling idea.
Sentence fragments
The document discusses different types of sentence fragments, including dependent-word fragments that begin with words like "because" or "while", "-ing" and "to" fragments, added-detail fragments introduced by words like "for example", and missing-subject fragments. It provides examples of each type and explains how to correct fragments by attaching them to another sentence, adding a subject or verb, or rewriting the sentence structure. Fragments occur when a group of words does not express a complete thought and lacks elements like a subject and verb.
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The body paragraphs in an essay should develop the topic, prove points, and have a consistent pattern. A paragraph contains a topic sentence stating the main idea, supporting sentences with details and examples, and optionally a concluding sentence summarizing the key points. Topic sentences should be complete sentences that are neither too broad nor narrow in scope. Supporting sentences explain, prove, or expand on the topic sentence with facts, examples, statistics or quotations. A concluding sentence restates the main idea or summarizes the key points of the paragraph.
Paraphrasing techniques
This document discusses techniques for paraphrasing text, including:
1. Rewriting text in your own words while keeping the main ideas. This involves changing clauses to phrases, quoted to indirect speech, active to passive voice, synonyms, and word forms.
2. Combining techniques like changing to a phrase and adding synonyms.
3. Interpreting the underlying meaning of statements.
4. Changing transitions between ideas.
The goal of paraphrasing is to restate information without copying directly from the original source.
Paragraph structure
Here are some key resources on writing paragraphs that may help you with your essay:
- The first link provides a helpful overview of the components of a paragraph (topic sentence, details, conclusion) and examples of well-written paragraphs. This is a good place to review the basic structure.
- The second link focuses specifically on writing effective topic sentences. Having a clear topic sentence to establish the main point is crucial.
- The third link provides a step-by-step process for paragraph planning and construction. It emphasizes mapping out the key points before writing.
Some main things to keep in mind:
- Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence up front stating the main idea.
- Use relevant facts
Unity, coherence, emphasis
The document discusses different ways to achieve unity and coherence in sentences. It provides tips for consistent use of tenses, number, person, subject, voice, mood, and language. It also explains how to avoid misplaced and dangling modifiers. Finally, it discusses different orders for organizing paragraphs, such as chronological, spatial, and order of importance.
Modifiers
This document provides instruction on different types of modifiers including adjectives, adverb clauses, infinitive phrases, and prepositional phrases. It explains the key characteristics of each modifier type and provides examples. Students are directed to complete practice exercises in their packet covering each modifier type, with links provided to additional explanatory materials. The goal is for students to learn to identify and properly use 8 different modifier types.
Sentence structure
This document discusses sentence structure and the four main types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. It defines what makes a sentence versus a sentence fragment or run-on sentence. A simple sentence contains one independent clause, a compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses joined by a conjunction, a complex sentence contains one independent clause and one subordinate clause, and a compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and one subordinate clause. Examples of each sentence type are provided.
Steps in Writing a Paragraph
The document provides guidance on writing effective paragraphs and techniques for good writing. It discusses 5 steps in paragraph writing including deciding on a controlling idea, explaining the idea, giving examples, explaining examples, and completing the paragraph's idea. It also outlines principles for writing effective paragraphs such as focusing on a main idea, using specific details, and making paragraphs coherent. The document recommends asking questions before, during, and after writing to improve paragraph structure and flow.
Cause and effect
This document provides information about identifying and expressing cause-and-effect relationships in writing. It discusses how to determine causes and effects by asking "why" and "what" questions. Several examples are given of causal language that can be used to link causes and effects, including verbs like "cause", "lead to", and "result in/from". The document also demonstrates how multiple cause-effect relationships can be connected into chains within a single paragraph.
Writing Dialogue: Intro
This document provides rules and guidelines for writing dialogue in stories:
- Dialogue is direct conversation between characters that reveals their thoughts, feelings, and personalities.
- Each time the speaking character changes, start a new paragraph and indent.
- Enclose the spoken words in quotation marks and place end punctuation inside the marks.
- Use commas to separate the speaker tag from the spoken words, unless the dialogue ends with a question mark or exclamation point.
- If dialogue is interrupted, end the first part with quotation marks and begin the second with quotation marks.
Types of writing
This document outlines different types of writing patterns and their characteristics. It discusses narrative writing, which tells a story, and identifies fiction and nonfiction narratives. It also covers descriptive writing, which uses sensory details to create vivid images, and expository writing, which relies on facts to inform or explain using a clear thesis statement, organized body, and concluding paragraph. Various forms of each type of writing are also defined.
Antonyms
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word, derived from Greek roots meaning "opposite" and "name". There are three categories of antonyms: graded antonyms involve scales of meaning between words like good and bad; complementary antonyms only allow two possibilities with no middle ground; and relational antonyms require both words to exist for their relationship. Antonyms can also be formed by adding prefixes like "un" or "in" to reverse a word's meaning. Reference sources like antonym dictionaries are useful for finding perfect antonyms.
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There are several types of essays including descriptive, definition, narrative, compare and contrast, persuasive, and argumentative. Descriptive essays provide vivid details to help readers visualize what is being described. Definition essays explain what a term means using facts and examples. Narrative essays tell a story from a subjective point of view using first-person perspective. Compare and contrast essays examine relationships between two or more topics. Persuasive essays try to convince readers of a point of view using strong supporting evidence. Argumentative essays address controversial issues by presenting a claim and supporting reasons while acknowledging other views.
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For more English tutorials, please visit:
https://www.thelecturette.com
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The document outlines several spelling rules in English:
1. It discusses rules for doubling consonants, using "ie" vs "ei", and exceptions like words ending in "ce" or "ge".
2. Suffix rules are explained, like dropping the silent "e" or changing the "y" to "i" depending on the preceding letter.
3. Exceptions to these suffix rules are also provided, like keeping the "e" in words like "judgment".
4. Final rules address doubling consonants in one-syllable or accented words, and words ending in consonant-vowel-consonant combinations.
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The argumentative essay allows writers to express their opinion on a topic and support that opinion with strong logic and evidence.
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This document provides an overview of essay writing. It defines what an essay is and lists its key characteristics as unity, order, brevity, style, and personal touch. Essays are classified into narrative, descriptive, expository, reflective, and imaginative. The document outlines the typical parts of an essay, including the introduction with a hook, thesis, and transition sentence; body paragraphs with a topic sentence, details and examples, and concluding sentence; and conclusion with a summary and clincher. It also discusses revision to improve clarity, unity, and coherence, as well as proofreading for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
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The document discusses collocations, or words that frequently occur together. It provides examples of verbs that collocate with certain nouns, such as "perform an operation" but not "perform a discussion". Adjectives are also discussed, such as "high probability" but not "high chance". Finally, it discusses adverb and adjective combinations like "terribly sorry" and "highly unlikely".
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This document provides guidance on writing a short article about a place visited. It recommends including a title, sub-headings to divide the article into paragraphs, interesting vocabulary, and linking words to connect ideas. The document also emphasizes answering the specific question, checking for errors, and planning before writing.
Topic Sentences
A topic sentence helps readers focus their attention by stating both the subject of the paragraph and the controlling idea.
Sentence fragments
The document discusses different types of sentence fragments, including dependent-word fragments that begin with words like "because" or "while", "-ing" and "to" fragments, added-detail fragments introduced by words like "for example", and missing-subject fragments. It provides examples of each type and explains how to correct fragments by attaching them to another sentence, adding a subject or verb, or rewriting the sentence structure. Fragments occur when a group of words does not express a complete thought and lacks elements like a subject and verb.
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This document provides guidance on developing effective paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting details. It defines a paragraph as dealing with one main idea and recommends including a topic sentence that introduces the main idea. A topic sentence contains a topic and controlling idea. Supporting details are then used to elaborate on the topic sentence. Coherence and unity are important to ensure all sentences in a paragraph relate to the main idea. Signal devices like transitions and pronouns can also help achieve coherence by connecting ideas. Examples are provided to illustrate how to write topic sentences and supporting details.
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The document discusses vocabulary and how it is taught. It defines vocabulary as the words used in a language. There are two main criteria teachers consider when choosing vocabulary - frequency of use and coverage. Frequency refers to how commonly words are used, while coverage refers to how broadly a word's meaning applies. The document also examines what it means to "know" a word and lists six components: meaning, use, word formation, spelling, grammar, and phonology. It distinguishes between active vocabulary that is used versus passive vocabulary that is understood but not used. Effective vocabulary teaching involves conveying meaning, checking understanding, and consolidation through practice.
TDC 1 - Class 25
Here are the combined sentences with adjective clauses:
a) The French language, which was once spoken throughout Europe, is different from the Latin language, which was once spoken throughout Europe.
b) Can you tell me the reason why you are looking upset?
c) He had several plans for making money quickly, all of which have failed.
d) The landlord, who despised the weakness of his tenants, was proud of his strength.
e) This is the village where I was born.
f) Show me the place where you put the keys.
RAW-prersentation.pptx
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Teaching vocabulary
This document discusses effective vocabulary teaching strategies. It begins by highlighting the importance of vocabulary acquisition for communication and thinking. It then provides background on key vocabulary-related terms like lexicon, lexeme, and lexicography. The rest of the document outlines various strategies for presenting, practicing, and evaluating new vocabulary, including using illustrations, definitions, contexts, translations, cognates, and examples of different word types. It also discusses challenges in vocabulary teaching and the need for multiple exposures and practice opportunities for students to fully acquire new words.
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This document provides information on parts of speech in the English language. It discusses the 8 parts of speech - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For each part of speech, the document provides the definition, examples, and sample sentences. It also discusses other grammar topics like the sentence, kinds of sentences, subject and predicate, and articles. The summary is below:
The document defines and provides examples of the 8 parts of speech in English - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. It also discusses topics like the structure of a sentence, the different kinds of sentences, and how to identify the subject and
Kinds of vocabulary
This document discusses different types of vocabulary including breadth, depth, and tiers. It provides strategies to increase vocabulary development such as implicit learning through wide reading and explicit instruction using structural analysis and context clues. Context clues are further broken down into four main types: rewording, synonyms, antonyms, and details. The document concludes with examples of context clue practice questions.
Ngu phap
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to grammar. It begins by defining grammar in both the broad and narrow sense. In the broad sense, grammar includes all aspects of language like morphology, syntax, semantics etc. In the narrow sense, grammar refers specifically to word formation and sentence structure.
It then contrasts prescriptive grammar, which provides normative rules, with descriptive grammar, which objectively describes language as used. There is disagreement between these approaches on sentences like "I don't know nothing".
The document also discusses key grammatical units like phrases, clauses, and morphemes. It explains differences between concepts like stems, roots, affixes and allomorphs. Finally, it outlines different types
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Writing Elements A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usag.docx
Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
Marzo
- Grammar is the system of rules and conventions that govern language use. While languages evolve over time without formal rules being created, understanding a language's grammar can help one learn it more quickly and efficiently.
- The five most common grammatical errors are run-on sentences, pronoun errors, mistakes in apostrophe usage, lack of subject-verb agreement, and misplaced modifiers. Knowing how to identify and fix these errors improves clarity.
- Structural grammar analyzes how elements of a sentence like phrases and parts of speech relate to each other. This provides meaning and is an important tool for improving communication.
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This document defines and provides examples of the main parts of speech in English including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and articles. It explains that nouns are naming words that identify people, places or things. The four types of nouns are common, proper, abstract, and collective nouns. Pronouns take the place of nouns. Verbs indicate actions or states of being. Adjectives describe nouns. Prepositions show relationships of direction, time, place or introduce an object. Conjunctions allow joining phrases and clauses. Articles are adjectives used before nouns, with the and a/an being the definite and indef
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE.pptx
This document discusses the 5 main components of language according to linguists: morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It provides details on each component, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. Morphology is the study of word structures and formation. Phonology is the study of sounds in a language. Syntax establishes rules for sentence structure. Semantics deals with meaning. Pragmatics examines how context contributes to meaning beyond what is literally said. The document serves as an overview of the main elements of human language.
13768148.ppt
This document discusses effective vocabulary teaching. It begins by explaining that communication is at stake with a limited vocabulary, so teachers should focus on vocabulary. It then outlines the objectives of effective vocabulary teaching, including exposing teachers to new strategies and reflecting on current practices. Finally, it discusses various theoretical approaches and strategies for presenting, practicing, and evaluating vocabulary, such as using visuals, examples, and varied activities for different learning styles. The key implication is that effective vocabulary instruction requires using a variety of teaching methods.
Descriptive TextJoe.pptx
The document discusses the structure and elements of descriptive text. Descriptive text aims to explain or describe something such as an animal, object, or location. It uses nouns, simple present tense verbs, action verbs, and figurative language to provide illustrations. The language rules for descriptive text structure include using topic-related words, words showing causality or chronology, and mental verbs. Examples are given of standard language use, conjunctions, verbs, adverbs, nouns, pronouns, and figures of speech.
Linguistics Theories MPB 2014 Progressive-edu.com
This document discusses several key theories and approaches in linguistics, including traditional grammar, structural linguistics, and transformational grammar. It provides examples analyzing the sentence "The woman was in front of the car" using each approach. Structural linguistics analyzes the constituents and relations in a sentence, focusing on form over meaning. Transformational grammar generates grammatical rules and transformations between deep and surface structures. The document also briefly outlines some core fields in linguistics, such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
Linguistics Theories MPB 2014 Progressive-edu.com
This Slide Describe about Linguistics Theories include the History and the scope the linguistics theories. It so amazing to understand about it
Discourse analysis and vocabulary
This document discusses discourse analysis and vocabulary. It summarizes Halliday and Hasan's description of lexical cohesion, which refers to related vocabulary items occurring across clause and sentence boundaries to create coherence. There are two principal kinds of lexical cohesion: reiteration, which restates an item through repetition, synonymy or hyponymy; and collocation, the probability that lexical items will co-occur. The document also discusses how speakers reiterate vocabulary in conversation through relexicalisation and how vocabulary helps organize texts into predictable patterns.
Cognitive psychology language and communication
The document provides an overview of language and communication. It discusses that language is a system that allows humans to express thoughts and ideas using sounds, symbols or signs. It also notes that language has structure and rules, and is universal across cultures despite differences in specific languages. The document then covers topics like how words and sentences are understood, the cognitive processes involved, and theories of language acquisition and development. It also discusses the scientific study of psycholinguistics and different aspects of communication like verbal and nonverbal forms.
Historical theories of language development
Prescriptive Grammar
Descriptive Linguistics
Behaviorism
Transformational Grammar
Krashen's Monitor Model
Communicative Competence
Discourse Theory
Meaning-Centered vs. Commonsense Approaches
Contributions of Semiotics
Contributions of Research about the Brain
STAGES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
The document discusses the stages of language development from infancy through adulthood. It begins with definitions of language and then outlines the major stages of language development, including caretaker speech in infancy, the one-word and two-word stages in toddlers, the development of function words and plurals in preschool years, literacy acquisition in school years, the emergence of personal linguistic styles in teen years, and variability in adult language depending on factors like education and occupation. The document also covers the five dimensions of the linguistic system: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
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Qualities of Good Writing
- 1. QUALITIES OF GOOD WRITING Communication Arts 2 Lesson | Preliminary Topic
- 2. UNITY One of the qualities is unity which refers to closely related sentences that are found in a paragraph. These sentences contain a single idea that is being developed. There are 7 steps to achieve unity of sentences/paragraphs.
- 3. 1. UNITY OF TENSES -tense means time of action 1. You should be consistent to the tenses of your paragraphs. 2. Shifting is allowed if it is: • Necessary • Justifiable • Unavoidable
- 4. 2. UNITY OF MOOD -mood means the state of mind of the writer 3 Kinds of Moods: 1. Indicative – facts and questions 2. Imperative – command, request, direction 3. Conjunctive – there are several parts in conjunctive mood.
- 5. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD Condition contrary to fact – uses past tense Wish – uses past tense Doubt – using past tense Suggestion – uses past tense Demand – uses present tense Parliamentary action / procedure – uses present tense Idea after as if or as though – uses past tense Necessity – uses present tense
- 6. 3. UNITY OF VOICE Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a do-er. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a do-er. It is shown with by + do-er or is not shown in the sentence. You can use the passive voice if (1) the action is more important than the doer of the action; or (2) the receiver is more important than the doer of the action. You can use passive voice only if you are news reporting, reporting research findings, and/or scientific processes (Investigatory projects, etc.). Other than that, you will use the Active Voice.
- 7. 4. UNITY OF PERSON/NUMBER Person refers to the form of a word as it relates to the subject. In English, the form of the word can change with the subject in the present verbs, the past of to be, and with personal pronouns. In English there are three persons. 1. First person refers to the speaker. 2. Second person refers to the one being spoken to. 3. Third person refers to the one being spoken about.
- 8. 4. UNITY OF PERSON/NUMBER -refers to the noun /pronoun used. Rules in Numbers 1. Singular prounoun paired with singular noun 2. Plural prounoun paired with Plural noun
- 9. 5. UNITY OF IDEAS Connecting Paragraphs with Transitions Managing Wordiness Create Beauty with Parallelism Note: Avoid sentences that is not related to each other.
- 10. 6. UNITY OF LANGUAGE TIPS 1. Use only one language (not TagLish, etc.) 2. Make sure that thw word is incorporated or accepted in English Language 3. If there are no other means of expressing the idea, use “”, (), italic, bold, and underlined styles/marks.
- 11. 7. UNITY OF TONE/LEVEL Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning. It is also the style or manner of expression. 1. Formal • In writing, we used it more on letters • And in speaking, we use it more on delivering a speech or lecture 2. Bulgar – instead of using bulgar words, use Euphimism words. 3. Do not practice hypocrisy talk.
- 12. COHERENCE
- 13. COHERENCE • Refers to how the flow of ideas is being treated in a paragraph through transitional markers, such as next, first, however, etc. • Smooth and logical flow of ideas • Sticking together of sentences
- 14. WAYS TO ACHIEVE COHERENCE 1. Using of transitional markers to have a smooth flow of ideas • These markers help connect related sentences to support a topic sentences of a paragraph. 2. Proper Organization – coherence follows proper organization according to its order a) Chronological order / Time Order – arranged according to the logical order of time. b) Topical Order – presented based on the nature of a topic itself.
- 15. WAYS TO ACHIEVE COHERENCE c) Spatial Order – organized according to their geographical position or relationship. d) Climactic order – are dramatically organized from the smallest part to the biggest whole or vice versa. 3. Clear reference of pronouns Antecedents are the word to which the noun refers to. 4. Do not avoid repeatition but be careful. 5. Usage of parallelism - is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure.
- 16. EMPHASIS
- 17. EMPHASIS - Best describe as position - To catch reader's interest - Force readers to read until the end
- 18. EMPHASIS | 3 PARTS 1. Proportion – refers to the giving of space to important ideas. 2. Varieties – refers to the use of different sentence structure where these ideas are presented. 3. Repetition – refers to the use of expressions where these ideas are repeated again and again.
- 19. REFERENCES http://www.talkenglish.com/Grammar/active-passive-voice.aspx http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000362.htm http://ehealer.hubpages.com/hub/effective-writing-the-unity-of-ideas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism_%28grammar%29 Ramos, I.D. , Gantuangco L.J. , Abangan V.C. (2010). Writing in the Discipline. Qualities of Good Writing.: LACSAMA Press & Publishing Corporation, p. 27-30.
- 20. THANKS Thanks for reading and making this as your reference. I am inspired to share and make this because I think this is not found on the internet. This was discussed by our Teacher in Communication Arts 2. I Hope you learned from this work. Thanks Again. God Bless. -kcl