Qualitative research employs various strategies for data collection and analysis that differ from quantitative methods. It focuses on understanding participants' perspectives in natural settings and emergent design. There are five key characteristics: natural setting, researcher as instrument, multiple sources, participants' meanings, and emergent design. Common strategies include narrative research, phenomenology, ethnography, case study and grounded theory. Data collection involves observations, interviews, documents and audiovisual materials. Analysis includes coding, identifying themes, and interpreting the overall meaning of the findings. Validity strategies help ensure accuracy and reliability. The qualitative write-up uses thick description, quotes, and narrative form.

1. Procedure

2. Qualitative procedures
Qualitative inquiry employs different philosophical assumptions,
strategies of inquiry, methods of data collection, analysis, and
interpretation. Although the processes are similar.
 qualitative procedures have unique steps in data analysis and draw
on diverse strategies of inquiry

3. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1- Natural setting: Qualitative researchers tend to collect data in the field at the site
where participants experience the issue or problem under study.
2- Researcher as key instrument: the researchers are the ones who actually gather the
information.
3- Multiple sources of data: Qualitative researchers typically gather multiple forms of
data, such as interviews, observations, and documents, rather than rely on a single data
source.

4. 4- Participants' meanings: the researcher keeps a focus on learning the meaning that
the participants hold about the problem or issue, rather than the meaning the researchers
have.
5- Emergent design: The research process is emergent. This means that the initial plan
for research cannot be tightly enough, rather it may change or shift.

5. According to Creswell five approaches to qualitative inquiry such as narrative, phenomenology
ethnography, case study, and grounded theory.
For writing a procedure for a qualitative proposal, consider the following:
• Identify the specific approach to inquiry that you will be using.
•Provide some background information about the strategy.
• Discuss why it is an appropriate strategy to use in the proposed study.
• Identify how the use of the strategy will shape the types of questions
STRATEGIES OF INQUIRY

6. THE RESEARCHER'S ROLE
• Include statements about past experiences that provide background data through which the
audience can better understand the topic.
• Indicate steps taken to obtain permission from the Institutional Review Board to protect the
rights of human participants.
•Discuss steps taken to gain entry to the setting and to secure permission to study the
participants.
•Comment about sensitive ethical issues that may arise, For example, when studying a
sensitive topic, it is necessary to mask names of people.

7. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
Indicate the types of data to be collected. The collection procedures in
qualitative research involve four basic types:
[1] Observations.
[2] Interviews .
[3] Documents.
[4] Audio-Visual Materials

8. Qualitative observations the researcher takes notes on the
behaviour and activities of individuals at the research site.

9. Qualitative interviews the researcher conducts face-to-face
interviews with participants, by telephone, or engages in group
interviews, with six to eight interviewees in each group.

10. Qualitative documents
public documents
(newspapers, minutes of meetings. official reports)
private documents
(personal journals and diaries, letters, e-mails).

11. Qualitative audio and visual materials
This data may take form of photographs, art objects, videotapes, or any
forms of sound.

12. DATA RECORDING PROCEDURES
Use a protocol for recording observational data.
 Use an interview protocol for asking questions and recording answers during an interview.
• The questions (typically an ice-breaker question at the beginning followed by 4-5 questions
that are often the sub questions, followed by some concluding statement or a question.
• Space between the questions to record responses .
• Thank-you statement to acknowledge the time the interviewee spent during the interview
• A heading (date, place, interviewer, interviewee)
 This protocol includes the following

13. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Data analysis involves collecting open-ended data, based on asking general questions
and developing an analysis from the information supplied by participants.
 It is a generic form of analysis. In this approach, the researcher collects qualitative
data, analyzes it for themes or perspectives, and reports 4-5 themes.

14. Steps of data analysis
 A final step in data analysis involves making an interpretation or meaning of the data.
 Organize and prepare the data for
analysis.
 Read through all the data.
 Begin detailed analysis with a coding
process.
Use the coding process to generate
a description of the setting or
people as well as categories or
themes for analysis .

15. RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND GENERALIZABILITY
Qualitative reliability indicates that the researcher's approach is consistent
across different researchers and different projects .
Qualitative validity means that the researcher checks for the accuracy of the
findings by employing certain procedures.
Generalizability (the external validity of applying results to new settings,
people, or samples)

16. Validity strategies
Use rich, thick description to convey the findings.
 Clarify the bias the researcher brings to the study.
 Present negative or discrepant information .
 Spend prolonged time in the field.
 Use peer debriefing to enhance the accuracy of the account.
 Use an external auditor to review the entire project

17. Qualitative generalization
This term used in a limited way in qualitative research, since the intent is not togeneralize
findings to individuals, sites of those under study.
 The generalization occurs when qualitative researchers study additional cases and
generalize findings to the new cases.

18. THE QUALITATIVE WRITE-UP
 Use quotes and vary their length from short to long embedded passages.
 Script conversation and report the conversation in different languages to reflect cultural sensitivity.
 Present text information in tabular form ( matrices, comparison tables of different codes).
 Use the wording from participants to form codes .
 Intertwine quotations with (the author's) interpretations.
 Use indents or other special formatting of the manuscript to call attention to quotations from participants.

19. THE QUALITATIVE WRITE-UP
 Use the first person "I" or collective "we" in the narrative form.
 Use metaphors and analogies.
 Use the narrative approach typically used within a qualitative strategy of inquiry.
 Describe how the narrative outcome will be compared with theories and the general
literature on the topic.