This document compares adjectives in English and Arabic. It outlines several key differences: - In English, adjectives typically precede nouns, while in Arabic they follow nouns. - English adjectives stay the same form regardless of the noun's properties, but in Arabic the adjective and noun must agree in gender, plurality, definiteness, and case. - English adjectives are distinguished from nouns by lacking number/case inflection and occurring attributively or predicatively. They have comparative/superlative forms. The document then provides more details on the features and types of adjectives in each language.

1. Adjectives in Arabic &English
language
By :
Zahra Aamir Kamil

2. What does Adjective mean?
Adjective is a word that typically
denotes properties of objects,
people, and places. Adjectives in
Arabic and English are classified
according to the following criteria

3. Adjectives in English
The adjective can be defined as "a word that
modifies, or qualifies, a noun or pronoun, in
one of three forms of comparative degree:
positive (strong, beautiful), comparative
(stronger, more beautiful), or superlative
(strongest, most beautiful)

4. Adjective modifies a noun or a
pronoun by describing, identifying, or
quantifying words.
 A adjective usually precedes the
noun or the pronoun that it modifies.

5. Adjectives nearly always appear
immediately before the noun or noun
phrase that they modify. Sometimes
they appear in a string of adjectives,
and when they do, they appear in a set
order according to category.

6. When indefinite pronouns such as
something, someone, and
anybody are modified by an
adjective, the adjective comes
after the pronoun.

7.  There are two basic positions for adjectives:
1. Attributive adjectives (Before the noun)
She likes big black dogs.
2. Predicative adjectives (after some verbs)
She is afraid of ghosts.
That dress is new, isn't it?

8. Most English adjectives have the
same form for the singular as for
the plural. The only exceptions are
the demonstrative adjectives this
and that.

9. Notice that we have two words the
first is an adjective and the second is
the noun that describes or qualifies.
And needless to say, the adjective will
always stay the same while the noun
that it describes can be of any gender,
plurality, or definiteness.

10.  Gender: “The ferocious lion”
 Plurality: “the ferocious lion” and
“the ferocious lions”
 Definiteness: “the ferocious lion” and
“a ferocious lion”

11. Adjectives in English are distinguished from nouns in:
A. they have no number contrast: house houses,
new.
B. they have no case inflection of the child’s toy,
the child’s new toy.
C. they are either attributive or predicative
adjectives.
D. they have the comparative and superlative
degrees

12. FEATURES OF ENGLISH ADJECTIVES
Attributive adjectives premodify the noun with few
exceptions that post modify: attorney general,
president-elect
predicatively, they occur after a copula functioning either as
a subject complement the river is deep or object
complement: I found her upset.
Adjectives can be premodified by an intensifier:
she is very intelligent

13. Adjectives are not used with articles or
determiners. There is one that can be
preceded by the definite article as the
noun heads and does not accept the
plural (s) or the genitive (‘s).

14. They are of three types:
A. personal adjectives (having plural reference)
the rich men are generous .
B. nonpersonal adjective (having singular reference)
the evil is harmful.
C. certain adjectives denoting nationalities (having
plural reference) the Japanese are smart.

16. ADJECTIVES IN ARABIC
In English, adjectives come before the nouns
they modify. However, the opposite is true for
adjectives in Arabic; they follow the nouns.
Unlike in English, where the adjective stays the
same and the noun inflects for gender,
plurality, and definiteness, both parts in Arabic
must match. And the aspects in which they
match are four:

17. Gender – masculine or feminine.
Plurality – singular, dual, or plural
Definiteness – definite or indefinite
Grammatical case – nominative,
accusative, or genitive

20. Numbers, gender, case,
and definiteness agree
with the noun
‫الخجول‬ ‫الطفل‬
Usually, the indefinite adjective
is a predicate of a definite
noun. They agree, though, in
gender and number

21. The differences between English adjective and
Arabic adjectives